Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) has received an enormous amount of research attention (Butler et al. 2006) and has been identified as an empirically supported therapy for numerous psychiatric disorders and medical conditions with psychological components. It is one of the most commonly used psychotherapeutic treatments in adults (Leichsenring et al. 2006). Surveys indicate that CBT is expected to remain among the foremost foci of psychotherapy training in the coming years, and its importance in the field of psychotherapy is likely to increase (Norcross et al. 2002). In this chapter we review applications of individual CBT to a variety of psychiatric disorders and review their efficacy and indications. We also discuss the limitations of and knowledge gaps within the current empirical literature, and present suggestions for future research and applications.