Buprenorphine is a partial opioid agonist and antagonist that was synthesized in 1973 and initially used for the treatment of pain. In the 1990s there developed growing evidence that buprenorphine was also efficacious for the treatment of opioid dependence; individuals addicted to heroin submitted fewer opioid-positive urine tests and reported less participation in illegal activities while receiving sublingual buprenorphine maintenance treatment (Bickel et al. 1988b; Johnson et al. 1992, 1995b; Ling et al. 1996, 1998; Schottenfeld et al. 1997; Strain et al. 1994). Outside of the United States, several countries, such as France, made buprenorphine available to general practitioners to prescribe in office-based settings for the treatment of opioid addiction and results also were positive (Strain et al. 2003). However, in the United States during the 1990s, the Harrison Narcotic Act of 1914 continued to make it illegal for physicians to prescribe opioids in an office-based setting for opioid addiction. Methadone remained the primary opioid maintenance medication treatment, but its availability was limited and many individuals who were addicted to opioids remained out of treatment despite having sought treatment.