More than twice as many women as men are referred to treatment by social service agencies, a difference probably related to women making up the majority of single parents (Brady and Ashley 2005). MacMahon (1997) reviewed the cases of 53 mothers in San Mateo County, California, who were reported to child protective services (CPS) when their infants in the newborn nursery tested positive for illicit substances. All mothers were then court-ordered to participate in a drug rehabilitation program and to undergo monitoring through urine toxicology testing. The 44% who complied with treatment had repeatedly drug-free urine tests; these mothers regained custody of their infants.