Pharmaceutical products have been abused throughout the ages, and the current epidemic of prescription drug abuse in the United States represents the newest wave of a long-standing problem (Compton and Volkow 2006a). The extent of the problem is staggering, with national surveys showing that in 2004, approximately 15 million Americans, age 12 years and older, used a psychotherapeutic drug for a purpose other than medical use (Colliver et al. 2006). Past-year prevalence rates among twelfth grade students documented that prescription drugs were among the most abused illicit substances: 9%–10% reported Vicodin abuse, 4%–5% reported OxyContin abuse, 8%–9% reported amphetamine abuse, 6%–8% reported sedative abuse, and 5%–7% reported Ritalin abuse in each of the past several years (Johnston et al. 2007). Thus, prescription drug abuse has reemerged recently as a major and costly public health threat (Birnbaum et al. 2006). Furthermore, prescription drug abuse presents unusual difficulties for clinicians for two reasons: first, the medical system is the origin of the substances in many cases; and second, the boundary between therapeutic use, misuse, and addiction can be quite vague. Overall, physicians are in a unique situation of having to prescribe the optimal medication dosage to minimize the symptoms of the disease, such as when treating pain with opioids, hyperactivity with stimulants, or anxiety with sedatives. Simultaneously, physicians must monitor their prescribing practices to reduce the risk of substance abuse and addiction.