0
Advanced Search
APA Practice Guidelines >
1

References

The following coding system is used to indicate the nature of the supporting evidence in the references:

  • [A] Randomized double-blind clinical trial. A study of an intervention in which subjects are prospectively followed over time, there are treatment and control groups, subjects are randomly assigned to the two groups, both the subjects and the investigators are blind to the assignments.
  • [A–] Randomized clinical trial. Same as above but not double-blind.
  • [B] Clinical trial. A prospective study in which an intervention is made and the results of that intervention are tracked longitudinally; study does not meet standards for a randomized clinical trial.
  • [C] Cohort or longitudinal study. A study in which subjects are prospectively followed over time without any specific intervention.
  • [D] Case-control study. A study in which a group of patients and a group of control subjects are identified in the present and information about them is pursued retrospectively or backward in time.
  • [E] Review with secondary data analysis. A structured analytic review of existing data, e.g., a meta-analysis or a decision analysis.
  • [F] Review. A qualitative review and discussion of previously published literature without a quantitative synthesis of the data.
  • [G] Other. Textbooks, expert opinion, case reports, and other reports not included above.

1. Institute of Medicine: Conflict of Interest in Medical Research, Education, and Practice. Washington, DC, National Academies Press, 2009 [G]

2. American Psychiatric Association: Practice guideline for the treatment of patients with bipolar disorder (revision). Am J Psychiatry 2002; 159 (April suppl):1–50 [G]

3. Birmaher B, Brent D, Bernet W, Bukstein O, Walter H, Benson RS, Chrisman A, Farchione T, Greenhill L, Hamilton J, Keable H, Kinlan J, Schoettle U, Stock S, Ptakowski KK, Medicus J: Practice Parameter for the Assessment and Treatment of Children and Adolescents With Depressive Disorders. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2007; 46:1503–1526 [G]
[PubMed]

4. Ankarberg P, Falkenstrom F: Treatment of depression with antidepressants is primarily a psychological treatment. Psychotherapy Theory, Research, Practice, Training 2008; 45:329–339 [G]

5. Blass DM: A pragmatic approach to teaching psychiatry residents the assessment and treatment of religious patients. Acad Psychiatry 2007; 31:25–31 [F] 1013440
[PubMed]

6. Cooper LA, Gonzales JJ, Gallo JJ, Rost KM, Meredith LS, Rubenstein LV, Wang NY, Ford DE: The acceptability of treatment for depression among African-American, Hispanic, and white primary care patients. Med Care 2003; 41:479–489 [G]
[PubMed]

7. Givens JL, Katz IR, Bellamy S, Holmes WC: Stigma and the acceptability of depression treatments among African Americans and whites. J Gen Intern Med 2007; 22:1292–1297 [G]
[PubMed]

8. American Psychiatric Association: Practice Guideline for the Psychiatric Evaluation of Adults, Second Edition. Am J Psychiatry 2006; 163(June suppl):3–36 [A–]

9. Keitner GI, Ryan CE, Miller IW, Zlotnick C: Psychosocial factors and the long-term course of major depression. J Affect Disord 1997; 44:57–67 [G]
[PubMed]

10. McDermut W, Miller IW, Solomon D, Ryan CE, Keitner GI: Family functioning and suicidality in depressed adults. Compr Psychiatry 2001; 42:96–104 [G]
[PubMed]

11. Weissman MM, Wickramaratne P, Nomura Y, Warner V, Verdeli H, Pilowsky DJ, Grillon C, Bruder G: Families at high and low risk for depression: a 3-generation study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2005; 62:29–36 [G]
[PubMed]

12. Olino TM, Pettit JW, Klein DN, Allen NB, Seeley JR, Lewinsohn PM: Influence of parental and grandparental major depressive disorder on behavior problems in early childhood: a three-generation study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2008; 47:53–60 [G]
[PubMed]

13. Hoffman RS, Koran LM: Detecting physical illness in patients with mental disorders. Psychosomatics 1984; 25:654–660 [G]
[PubMed]

14. Sox HC Jr, Koran LM, Sox CH, Marton KI, Dugger F, Smith T: A medical algorithm for detecting physical disease in psychiatric patients. Hosp Community Psychiatry 1989; 40:1270–1276 [G]
[PubMed]

15. Taylor RL: Psychological Masquerade: Distinguishing Psychological from Organic Disorder, 3rd ed. New York, Springer, 2007 [G]

16. American Psychiatric Association: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR), 4th ed. Washington, DC, American Psychiatric Association, 2000 [G]

17. Angst J, Sellaro R: Historical perspectives and natural history of bipolar disorder. Biol Psychiatry 2000; 48:445–457 [G]
[PubMed]

18. Hirschfeld RM, Williams JB, Spitzer RL, Calabrese JR, Flynn L, Keck PE Jr, Lewis L, McElroy SL, Post RM, Rapport DJ, Russell JM, Sachs GS, Zajecka J: Development and validation of a screening instrument for bipolar spectrum disorder: the Mood Disorder Questionnaire. Am J Psychiatry 2000; 157:1873–1875 [G] 1001420
[PubMed]

19. Solomon DA, Leon AC, Maser JD, Truman CJ, Coryell W, Endicott J, Teres JJ, Keller MB: Distinguishing bipolar major depression from unipolar major depression with the screening assessment of depression-polarity (SAD-P). J Clin Psychiatry 2006; 67:434–442 [G]
[PubMed]

20. Kocsis J: Chronic depression versus treatment refractory depression: evaluation and treatment, in Treatment Strategies for Refractory Depression. Edited by Roose S, Glassman AH. Washington, DC, American Psychiatric Publishing, 1990, pp 195–203 [G]

21. Kocsis JH, Gelenberg AJ, Rothbaum B, Klein DN, Trivedi MH, Manber R, Keller MB, Howland R, Thase ME: Chronic forms of major depression are still undertreated in the 21st century: systematic assessment of 801 patients presenting for treatment. J Affect Disord 2008; 110:55–61 [G]
[PubMed]

22. American Psychiatric Association: Practice Guideline for the Assessment and Treatment of Patients With Suicidal Behaviors. Am J Psychiatry 2003; 160(Nov suppl):1–60 [G]

23. Harris EC, Barraclough B: Excess mortality of mental disorder. Br J Psychiatry 1998; 173:11–53 [E]
[PubMed]

24. Osby U, Brandt L, Correia N, Ekbom A, Sparen P: Excess mortality in bipolar and unipolar disorder in Sweden. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2001; 58:844–850 [C]
[PubMed]

25. Bunney WE, Kleinman AM, Bell CC, Brent DA, Eggert L, Fawcett J, Gibbons RD, Jamison KR, Korbin JE, Mann JJ, May PA, Reynolds CF, Tsuang MT, Frank RG: Reducing Suicide: A National Imperative. Washington, DC, National Academy Press, 2002 [G]

26. Hammad TA, Laughren T, Racoosin J: Suicidality in pediatric patients treated with antidepressant drugs. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2006; 63:332–339 [E]
[PubMed]

27. Heru AM, Combrinck-Graham L: The family in psychiatric emergencies, in Emergency Psychiatry: Principles and Practice. Edited by Glick RL, Berlin JS, Fishkind AB, Zeller SL. Philadelphia, Pa, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2008, pp 107–114 [G]

28. Hatters FS, Hrouda DR, Holden CE, Noffsinger SG, Resnick PJ: Filicide-suicide: common factors in parents who kill their children and themselves. J Am Acad Psychiatry Law 2005; 33:496–504 [D]

29. Logan J, Hill HA, Black ML, Crosby AE, Karch DL, Barnes JD, Lubell KM: Characteristics of perpetrators in homicide-followed-by-suicide incidents: National Violent Death Reporting System—17 US states, 2003–2005. Am J Epidemiol 2008; 168:1056– 1064 [G]
[PubMed]

30. Schanda H, Knecht G, Schreinzer D, Stompe T, Ortwein-Swoboda G, Waldhoer T: Homicide and major mental disorders: a 25-year study. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2004; 110:98–107 [D]
[PubMed]

31. Oquendo MA, Galfalvy H, Russo S, Ellis SP, Grunebaum MF, Burke A, Mann JJ: Prospective study of clinical predictors of suicidal acts after a major depressive episode in patients with major depressive disorder or bipolar disorder. Am J Psychiatry 2004; 161:1433–1441 [C] 1001317
[PubMed]

32. Oquendo MA, Bongiovi-Garcia ME, Galfalvy H, Goldberg PH, Grunebaum MF, Burke AK, Mann JJ: Sex differences in clinical predictors of suicidal acts after major depression: a prospective study. Am J Psychiatry 2007; 164:134–141 [C] 1013365
[PubMed]

33. Spinelli MG: Maternal infanticide associated with mental illness: prevention and the promise of saved lives. Am J Psychiatry 2004; 161:1548–1557 [F] 1001286
[PubMed]

34. Fang H, Rizzo JA: Do psychiatrists have less access to medical services for their patients? J Ment Health Policy Econ 2007; 10:63–71 [G]
[PubMed]

35. Dewan M: Are psychiatrists cost-effective? An analysis of integrated versus split treatment. Am J Psychiatry 1999; 156:324–326 [G] 1002496
[PubMed]

36. Goldman W, McCulloch J, Cuffel B, Zarin DA, Suarez A, Burns BJ: Outpatient utilization patterns of integrated and split psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy for depression. Psychiatr Serv 1998; 49:477–482 [G] 1008281
[PubMed]

37. Mechanic D: Approaches for coordinating primary and specialty care for persons with mental illness. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 1997; 19:395–402 [G]
[PubMed]

38. Ustun TB, Sartorius N (eds): Mental Illness in General Health Care: An International Study. New York, NY, John Wiley and Sons, 1995 [G]

39. Mojtabai R, Olfson M: National patterns in antidepressant treatment by psychiatrists and general medical providers: results from the National Comorbidity Survey replication. J Clin Psychiatry 2008; 69:1064–1074 [G]
[PubMed]

40. Trivedi MH, Rush AJ, Gaynes BN, Stewart JW, Wisniewski SR, Warden D, Ritz L, Luther JF, Stegman D, Deveaugh-Geiss J, Howland R: Maximizing the adequacy of medication treatment in controlled trials and clinical practice: STAR(*)D measurement-based care. Neuropsychopharmacology 2007; 32:2479–2489 [B]
[PubMed]

41. Hamilton M: A rating scale for depression. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1960; 23:56–62 [G]
[PubMed]

42. McIntyre RS, Konarski JZ, Mancini DA, Fulton KA, Parikh SV, Grigoriadis S, Grupp LA, Bakish D, Filteau MJ, Gorman C, Nemeroff CB, Kennedy SH: Measuring the severity of depression and remission in primary care: validation of the HAMD-7 scale. CMAJ 2005; 173:1327–1334 [G]
[PubMed]

43. Montgomery SA, Asberg M: A new depression scale designed to be sensitive to change. Br J Psychiatry 1979; 134:382–389 [G]
[PubMed]

44. Duffy FF, Chung H, Trivedi M, Rae DS, Regier DA, Katzelnick DJ: Systematic use of patient-rated depression severity monitoring: is it helpful and feasible in clinical psychiatry? Psychiatr Serv 2008; 59:1148–1154 [G]
[PubMed]

45. Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JB: The PHQ-9: validity of a brief depression severity measure. J Gen Intern Med 2001; 16:606–613 [G]
[PubMed]

46. Beck AT, Steer RA, Brown GK: Manual for the Beck Depression Inventory-II. San Antonio, Tex, Psychological Corporation, 1996 [G]

47. Wisniewski SR, Rush AJ, Balasubramani GK, Trivedi MH, Nierenberg AA: Self-rated global measure of the frequency, intensity, and burden of side effects. J Psychiatr Pract 2006; 12:71–79 [G]
[PubMed]

48. Rush AJ, Fava M, Wisniewski SR, Lavori PW, Trivedi MH, Sackeim HA, Thase ME, Nierenberg AA, Quitkin FM, Kashner TM, Kupfer DJ, Rosenbaum JF, Alpert J, Stewart JW, McGrath PJ, Biggs MM, Shores-Wilson K, Lebowitz BD, Ritz L, Niederehe G: Sequenced treatment alternatives to relieve depression (STAR*D): rationale and design. Control Clin Trials 2004; 25:119–142 [G]
[PubMed]

49. Vanderkooy JD, Kennedy SH, Bagby RM: Antidepressant side effects in depression patients treated in a naturalistic setting: a study of bupropion, moclobemide, paroxetine, sertraline, and venlafaxine. Can J Psychiatry 2002; 47:174–180 [G]
[PubMed]

50. Lingjaerde O, Ahlfors UG, Bech P, Dencker SJ, Elgen K: The UKU side effect rating scale. A new comprehensive rating scale for psychotropic drugs and a cross-sectional study of side effects in neuroleptic-treated patients. Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl 1987; 334:1–100 [G]
[PubMed]

51. Zimmerman M, McGlinchey JB: Why don't psychiatrists use scales to measure outcome when treating depressed patients? J Clin Psychiatry 2008; 69:1916–1919 [G]
[PubMed]

52. Trivedi MH, Kern JK, Grannemann BD, Altshuler KZ, Sunderajan P: A computerized clinical decision support system as a means of implementing depression guidelines. Psychiatr Serv 2004; 55:879–885 [G] 1007923
[PubMed]

53. Lin EH, Von Korff M, Katon W, Bush T, Simon GE, Walker E, Robinson P: The role of the primary care physician in patients' adherence to antidepressant therapy. Med Care 1995; 33:67–74 [B]
[PubMed]

54. Mueser KT, Corrigan PW, Hilton DW, Tanzman B, Schaub A, Gingerich S, Essock SM, Tarrier N, Morey B, Vogel-Scibilia S, Herz MI: Illness management and recovery: a review of the research. Psychiatr Serv 2002; 53:1272–1284 [F] 1009618
[PubMed]

55. Dunn AL, Trivedi MH, Kampert JB, Clark CG, Chambliss HO: The DOSE study: a clinical trial to examine efficacy and dose response of exercise as treatment for depression. Control Clin Trials 2002; 23:584–603 [A]
[PubMed]

56. Dunn AL, Trivedi MH, Kampert JB, Clark CG, Chambliss HO: Exercise treatment for depression: efficacy and dose response. Am J Prev Med 2005; 28:1–8 [A]
[PubMed]

57. Penninx BW, Rejeski WJ, Pandya J, Miller ME, Di Bari M, Applegate WB, Pahor M: Exercise and depressive symptoms: a comparison of aerobic and resistance exercise effects on emotional and physical function in older persons with high and low depressive symptomatology. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2002; 57:124–132 [A]

58. Mather AS, Rodriguez C, Guthrie MF, McHarg AM, Reid IC, McMurdo ME: Effects of exercise on depressive symptoms in older adults with poorly responsive depressive disorder: randomised controlled trial. Br J Psychiatry 2002; 180:411–415 [A]
[PubMed]

59. Blumenthal JA, Babyak MA, Moore KA, Craighead WE, Herman S, Khatri P, Waugh R, Napolitano MA, Forman LM, Appelbaum M, Doraiswamy PM, Krishnan KR: Effects of exercise training on older patients with major depression. Arch Intern Med 1999; 159:2349–2356 [A]
[PubMed]

60. Herman S, Blumenthal JA, Babyak M, Khatri P, Craighead WE, Krishnan KR, Doraiswamy PM: Exercise therapy for depression in middle-aged and older adults: predictors of early dropout and treatment failure. Health Psychol 2002; 21:553–563 [A]
[PubMed]

61. Babyak M, Blumenthal JA, Herman S, Khatri P, Doraiswamy M, Moore K, Craighead WE, Baldewicz TT, Krishnan KR: Exercise treatment for major depression: maintenance of therapeutic benefit at 10 months. Psychosom Med 2000; 62:633–638 [A]
[PubMed]

62. Singh NA, Stavrinos TM, Scarbek Y, Galambos G, Liber C, Fiatarone Singh MA: A randomized controlled trial of high versus low intensity weight training versus general practitioner care for clinical depression in older adults. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2005; 60:768–776 [A]
[PubMed]

63. Singh NA, Clements KM, Singh MA: The efficacy of exercise as a long-term antidepressant in elderly subjects: a randomized, controlled trial. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2001; 56:M497–M504 [A]

64. Brown WJ, Ford JH, Burton NW, Marshall AL, Dobson AJ: Prospective study of physical activity and depressive symptoms in middle-aged women. Am J Prev Med 2005; 29:265–272 [G]
[PubMed]

65. Strawbridge WJ, Deleger S, Roberts RE, Kaplan GA: Physical activity reduces the risk of subsequent depression for older adults. Am J Epidemiol 2002; 156:328–334 [G]
[PubMed]

66. Lai SM, Studenski S, Richards L, Perera S, Reker D, Rigler S, Duncan PW: Therapeutic exercise and depressive symptoms after stroke. J Am Geriatr Soc 2006; 54:240–247 [A]
[PubMed]

67. DeRubeis RJ, Hollon SD, Amsterdam JD, Shelton RC, Young PR, Salomon RM, O'Reardon JP, Lovett ML, Gladis MM, Brown LL, Gallop R: Cognitive therapy vs medications in the treatment of moderate to severe depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2005; 62:409–416 [A–]

68. Hollon SD, DeRubeis RJ, Shelton RC, Amsterdam JD, Salomon RM, O'Reardon JP, Lovett ML, Young PR, Haman KL, Freeman BB, Gallop R: Prevention of relapse following cognitive therapy vs medications in moderate to severe depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2005; 62:417–422 [B]
[PubMed]

69. Dunn AL, Trivedi MH, O'Neal HA: Physical activity dose-response effects on outcomes of depression and anxiety. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2001; 33:S587–S597 [F]

70. Trivedi MH, Greer TL, Grannemann BD, Church TS, Galper DI, Sunderajan P, Wisniewski SR, Chambliss HO, Jordan AN, Finley C, Carmody TI: TREAD: TReatment with Exercise Augmentation for Depression: study rationale and design. Clin Trials 2006; 3:291–305 [G]
[PubMed]

71. Khan A, Leventhal RM, Khan SR, Brown WA: Severity of depression and response to antidepressants and placebo: an analysis of the Food and Drug Administration database. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2002; 22:40–45 [E]
[PubMed]

72. Kirsch I, Deacon BJ, Huedo-Medina TB, Scoboria A, Moore TJ, Johnson BT: Initial severity and antidepressant benefits: a meta-analysis of data submitted to the Food and Drug Administration. PLoS Med 2008; 5:e45 [E]

73. Fournier JC, DeRubeis RJ, Hollon SD, Dimidjian S, Amsterdam JD, Shelton RC, Fawcett J: Antidepressant drug effects and depression severity: a patient-level meta-analysis. JAMA 2010; 303:47–53 [E]
[PubMed]

74. Turner EH, Matthews AM, Linardatos E, Tell RA, Rosenthal R: Selective publication of antidepressant trials and its influence on apparent efficacy. N Engl J Med 2008; 358:252–260 [E]
[PubMed]

75. Turner EH, Rosenthal R: Efficacy of antidepressants. BMJ 2008; 336:516–517 [G]
[PubMed]

76. Stearns V, Johnson MD, Rae JM, Morocho A, Novielli A, Bhargava P, Hayes DF, Desta Z, Flockhart DA: Active tamoxifen metabolite plasma concentrations after coadministration of tamoxifen and the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor paroxetine. J Natl Cancer Inst 2003; 95:1758–1764 [G]
[PubMed]

77. Jin Y, Desta Z, Stearns V, Ward B, Ho H, Lee KH, Skaar T, Storniolo AM, Li L, Araba A, Blanchard R, Nguyen A, Ullmer L, Hayden J, Lemler S, Weinshilboum RM, Rae JM, Hayes DF, Flockhart DA: CYP2D6 genotype, antidepressant use, and tamoxifen metabolism during adjuvant breast cancer treatment. J Natl Cancer Inst 2005; 97:30–39 [G]
[PubMed]

78. Hoskins JM, Carey LA, McLeod HL: CYP2D6 and tamoxifen: DNA matters in breast cancer. Nat Rev Cancer 2009; 9:576–586 [F]
[PubMed]

79. Desmarais JE, Looper KJ: Interactions between tamoxifen and antidepressants via cytochrome P450 2D6. J Clin Psychiatry 2009; 70:1688–1697 [F]
[PubMed]

80. Goetz MP, Knox SK, Suman VJ, Rae JM, Safgren SL, Ames MM, Visscher DW, Reynolds C, Couch FJ, Lingle WL, Weinshilboum RM, Fritcher EG, Nibbe AM, Desta Z, Nguyen A, Flockhart DA, Perez EA, Ingle JN: The impact of cytochrome P450 2D6 metabolism in women receiving adjuvant tamoxifen. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2007; 101:113–121 [D]
[PubMed]

81. Kelly CM, Juurlink DN, Gomes T, Duong-Hua M, Pritchard KI, Austin PC, Paszat LF: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and breast cancer mortality in women receiving tamoxifen: a population based cohort study. BMJ 2010; 340:c693 [C]

82. Lexi-Comp: Lexi-Comp Online [database]. http://www.lexi.com. Accessed Dec 13, 2008. [G]

83. Genelex: GeneMedRx [database]. http://www.genemedrx.com. Accessed Dec 13, 2008. [G]

84. Cipriani A, Brambilla P, Furukawa T, Geddes J, Gregis M, Hotopf M, Malvini L, Barbui C: Fluoxetine versus other types of pharmacotherapy for depression. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005; CD004185 [E]

85. Anderson IM: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors versus tricyclic antidepressants: a meta-analysis of efficacy and tolerability. J Affect Disord 2000; 58:19–36 [E]
[PubMed]

86. Montgomery SA: A meta-analysis of the efficacy and tolerability of paroxetine versus tricyclic antidepressants in the treatment of major depression. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2001; 16:169–178 [E]
[PubMed]

87. Macgillivray S, Arroll B, Hatcher S, Ogston S, Reid I, Sullivan F, Williams B, Crombie I: Efficacy and tolerability of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors compared with tricyclic antidepressants in depression treated in primary care: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 2003; 326:1014 [E]
[PubMed]

88. Arroll B, Elley CR, Fishman T, Goodyear-Smith FA, Kenealy T, Blashki G, Kerse N, Macgillivray S: Antidepressants versus placebo for depression in primary care. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2009; CD007954 [E]

89. Panzer MJ: Are SSRIs really more effective for anxious depression? Ann Clin Psychiatry 2005; 17:23–29 [F]
[PubMed]

90. Geddes JR, Freemantle N, Mason J, Eccles MP, Boynton J: SSRIs versus other antidepressants for depressive disorder. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2000; CD001851 [E]

91. Bauer M, Tharmanathan P, Volz HP, Moeller HJ, Freemantle N: The effect of venlafaxine compared with other antidepressants and placebo in the treatment of major depression: a meta-analysis. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2009; 259:172–185 [E]
[PubMed]

92. Barbui C, Hotopf M, Freemantle N, Boynton J, Churchill R, Eccles MP, Geddes JR, Hardy R, Lewis G, Mason JM: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors versus tricyclic and heterocyclic antidepressants: comparison of drug adherence. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2000; CD002791 [E]

93. Kennedy SH, Andersen HF, Lam RW: Efficacy of escitalopram in the treatment of major depressive disorder compared with conventional selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and venlafaxine XR: a meta-analysis. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2006; 31:122–131 [E]
[PubMed]

94. Murdoch D, Keam SJ: Escitalopram: a review of its use in the management of major depressive disorder. Drugs 2005; 65:2379–2404 [F]
[PubMed]

95. Gartlehner G, Gaynes BN, Hansen RA, Thieda P, DeVeaugh-Geiss A, Krebs EE, Moore CG, Morgan L, Lohr KN: Comparative benefits and harms of second-generation antidepressants: background paper for the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med 2008; 149:734–750 [E]
[PubMed]

96. Cipriani A, Furukawa TA, Salanti G, Geddes JR, Higgins JP, Churchill R, Watanabe N, Nakagawa A, Omori IM, McGuire H, Tansella M, Barbui C: Comparative efficacy and acceptability of 12 new-generation antidepressants: a multiple-treatments meta-analysis. Lancet 2009a; 373:746–758 [E]

97. Keller MB: Citalopram therapy for depression: a review of 10 years of European experience and data from US clinical trials. J Clin Psychiatry 2000; 61:896–908 [F]
[PubMed]

98. Edwards JG, Anderson I: Systematic review and guide to selection of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Drugs 1999; 57:507–533 [E]
[PubMed]

99. Thase ME, Kornstein SG, Germain JM, Jiang Q, Guico-Pabia C, Ninan PT: An integrated analysis of the efficacy of desvenlafaxine compared with placebo in patients with major depressive disorder. CNS Spectr 2009; 14:144–154 [E]
[PubMed]

100. Perahia DG, Pritchett YL, Kajdasz DK, Bauer M, Jain R, Russell JM, Walker DJ, Spencer KA, Froud DM, Raskin J, Thase ME: A randomized, double-blind comparison of duloxetine and venlafaxine in the treatment of patients with major depressive disorder. J Psychiatr Res 2008; 42:22–34 [A]
[PubMed]

101. Nemeroff CB, Entsuah R, Benattia I, Demitrack M, Sloan DM, Thase ME: Comprehensive analysis of remission (COMPARE) with venlafaxine versus SSRIs. Biol Psychiatry 2008; 63:424–434 [E]
[PubMed]

102. Thase ME, Pritchett YL, Ossanna MJ, Swindle RW, Xu J, Detke MJ: Efficacy of duloxetine and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors: comparisons as assessed by remission rates in patients with major depressive disorder. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2007; 27:672–676 [E]
[PubMed]

103. Papakostas GI, Fava M, Thase ME: Treatment of SSRI-resistant depression: a meta-analysis comparing within- versus across-class switches. Biol Psychiatry 2008; 63:699–704 [E]
[PubMed]

104. Smith D, Dempster C, Glanville J, Freemantle N, Anderson I: Efficacy and tolerability of venlafaxine compared with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and other antidepressants: a meta-analysis. Br J Psychiatry 2002; 180:396–404 [E]
[PubMed]

105. Agency for Healthcare Policy Research: Evidence Report on Treatment of Depression—Newer Pharmacotherapies. San Antonio Evidence-Based Practice Center. Washington, DC, AHCPR, Evidence-Based Practice Centers, 1999 [F]

106. Fava M, Rush AJ, Thase ME, Clayton A, Stahl SM, Pradko JF, Johnston JA: 15 years of clinical experience with bupropion HCl: from bupropion to bupropion SR to bupropion XL. Prim Care Companion. J Clin Psychiatry 2005; 7:106–113 [F]
[PubMed]

107. Papakostas GI, Stahl SM, Krishen A, Seifert CA, Tucker VL, Goodale EP, Fava M: Efficacy of bupropion and the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in the treatment of major depressive disorder with high levels of anxiety (anxious depression): a pooled analysis of 10 studies. J Clin Psychiatry 2008; 69:1287–1292 [E]
[PubMed]

108. Papakostas GI, Nutt DJ, Hallett LA, Tucker VL, Krishen A, Fava M: Resolution of sleepiness and fatigue in major depressive disorder: a comparison of bupropion and the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Biol Psychiatry 2006; 60:1350–1355 [E]
[PubMed]

109. Hughes JR, Stead LF, Lancaster T: Antidepressants for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007; CD000031 [E]

110. American Psychiatric Association: Practice Guideline for the Treatment of Patients With Substance Use Disorders, Second Edition. Am J Psychiatry 2007; 164(April suppl):5–123 [G]

111. Li Z, Maglione M, Tu W, Mojica W, Arterburn D, Shugarman LR, Hilton L, Suttorp M, Solomon V, Shekelle PG, Morton SC: Meta-analysis: pharmacologic treatment of obesity. Ann Intern Med 2005; 142:532–546 [E]
[PubMed]

112. Artigas F, Nutt DJ, Shelton R: Mechanism of action of antidepressants. Psychopharmacol Bull 2002; 36(suppl 2):123–132 [F]

113. Papakostas GI, Homberger CH, Fava M: A meta-analysis of clinical trials comparing mirtazapine with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors for the treatment of major depressive disorder. J Psychopharmacol 2008; 22:843-848 [E]

114. Schatzberg AF: Trazodone: a 5-year review of antidepressant efficacy. Psychopathology 1987; 20(suppl 1):48–56 [F]

115. Cunningham LA, Borison RL, Carman JS, Chouinard G, Crowder JE, Diamond BI, Fischer DE, Hearst E: A comparison of venlafaxine, trazodone, and placebo in major depression. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1994; 14:99–106 [A]
[PubMed]

116. Papakostas GI, Fava M: A meta-analysis of clinical trials comparing the serotonin (5HT)-2 receptor antagonists trazodone and nefazodone with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors for the treatment of major depressive disorder. Eur Psychiatry 2007; 22:444–447 [E]
[PubMed]

117. Anderson IM: SSRIs versus tricyclic antidepressants in depressed inpatients: a meta-analysis of efficacy and tolerability. Depress Anxiety 1998; 7(suppl 1):11–17 [E]

118. Barbui C, Hotopf M: Amitriptyline v the rest: still the leading antidepressant after 40 years of randomised controlled trials. Br J Psychiatry 2001; 178:129–144 [E]
[PubMed]

119. Thase ME, Trivedi MH, Rush AJ: MAOIs in the contemporary treatment of depression. Neuropsychopharmacology 1995; 12:185–219 [E]
[PubMed]

120. Quitkin F, Rifkin A, Klein DF: Monoamine oxidase inhibitors: a review of antidepressant effectiveness. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1979; 36:749–760 [A]
[PubMed]

121. McGrath PJ, Stewart JW, Fava M, Trivedi MH, Wisniewski SR, Nierenberg AA, Thase ME, Davis L, Biggs MM, Shores-Wilson K, Luther JF, Niederehe G, Warden D, Rush AJ: Tranylcypromine versus venlafaxine plus mirtazapine following three failed antidepressant medication trials for depression: a STAR*D report. Am J Psychiatry 2006; 163:1531–1541 [A] 1012996
[PubMed]

122. Henkel V, Mergl R, Allgaier AK, Kohnen R, Moller HJ, Hegerl U: Treatment of depression with atypical features: a meta-analytic approach. Psychiatry Res 2006; 141:89–101 [E]
[PubMed]

123. Robinson DS, Gilmor ML, Yang Y, Moonsammy G, Azzaro AJ, Oren DA, Campbell BJ: Treatment effects of selegiline transdermal system on symptoms of major depressive disorder: a meta-analysis of short-term, placebo-controlled, efficacy trials. Psychopharmacol Bull 2007; 40:15–28 [E]
[PubMed]

124. Amsterdam JD: A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of the safety and efficacy of selegiline transdermal system without dietary restrictions in patients with major depressive disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 2003; 64:208–214 [A]
[PubMed]

125. Feiger AD, Rickels K, Rynn MA, Zimbroff DL, Robinson DS: Selegiline transdermal system for the treatment of major depressive disorder: an 8-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled, flexible-dose titration trial. J Clin Psychiatry 2006; 67:1354–1361 [A]
[PubMed]

126. Cipriani A, La Ferla T, Furukawa TA, Signoretti A, Nakagawa A, Churchill R, McGuire H, Barbui C: Sertraline versus other antidepressive agents for depression. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2009b; CD006117 [E]

127. Power BM, Hackett LP, Dusci LJ, Ilett KF: Antidepressant toxicity and the need for identification and concentration monitoring in overdose. Clin Pharmacokinet 1995; 29:154–171 [F]
[PubMed]

128. Zemrak WR, Kenna GA: Association of antipsychotic and antidepressant drugs with Q-T interval prolongation. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2008; 65:1029–1038 [F]
[PubMed]

129. Caley CF: Extrapyramidal reactions and the selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors. Ann Pharmacother 1997; 31:1481–1489 [F]
[PubMed]

130. Walker PW, Cole JO, Gardner EA, Hughes AR, Johnston JA, Batey SR, Lineberry CG: Improvement in fluoxetine-associated sexual dysfunction in patients switched to bupropion. J Clin Psychiatry 1993; 54:459–465 [B]
[PubMed]

131. Landen M, Eriksson E, Agren H, Fahlen T: Effect of buspirone on sexual dysfunction in depressed patients treated with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1999; 19:268–271 [A]
[PubMed]

132. Clayton AH, Warnock JK, Kornstein SG, Pinkerton R, Sheldon-Keller A, McGarvey EL: A placebo-controlled trial of bupropion SR as an antidote for selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor-induced sexual dysfunction. J Clin Psychiatry 2004; 65:62–67 [A]
[PubMed]

133. Nurnberg HG, Hensley PL, Gelenberg AJ, Fava M, Lauriello J, Paine S: Treatment of antidepressant-associated sexual dysfunction with sildenafil: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2003; 289:56–64 [A]
[PubMed]

134. Segraves RT, Lee J, Stevenson R, Walker DJ, Wang WC, Dickson RA: Tadalafil for treatment of erectile dysfunction in men on antidepressants. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2007; 27:62–66 [B]
[PubMed]

135. Balon R, Segraves RT: Survey of treatment practices for sexual dysfunction(s) associated with anti-depressants. J Sex Marital Ther 2008; 34:353–365 [G]
[PubMed]

136. Segraves RT: Sexual dysfunction associated with antidepressant therapy. Urol Clin North Am 2007; 34:575–579, vii [F]

137. Hamilton JA, Halbreich U: Special aspects of neuropsychiatric illness in women: with a focus on depression. Annu Rev Med 1993; 44:355–364 [F]
[PubMed]

138. Doughty MJ, Lyle WM: Medications used to prevent migraine headaches and their potential ocular adverse effects. Optom Vis Sci 1995; 72:879–891 [F]
[PubMed]

139. Leo RJ: Movement disorders associated with the serotonin selective reuptake inhibitors. J Clin Psychiatry 1996; 57:449–454 [E]
[PubMed]

140. Gerber PE, Lynd LD: Selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitor-induced movement disorders. Ann Pharmacother 1998; 32:692–698 [E]
[PubMed]

141. Thapa PB, Gideon P, Cost TW, Milam AB, Ray WA: Antidepressants and the risk of falls among nursing home residents. N Engl J Med 1998; 339:875–882 [C]
[PubMed]

142. Arfken CL, Wilson JG, Aronson SM: Retrospective review of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and falling in older nursing home residents. Int Psychogeriatr 2001; 13:85–91 [D]
[PubMed]

143. Ensrud KE, Blackwell TL, Mangione CM, Bowman PJ, Whooley MA, Bauer DC, Schwartz AV, Hanlon JT, Nevitt MC: Central nervous system-active medications and risk for falls in older women. J Am Geriatr Soc 2002; 50:1629–1637 [C]
[PubMed]

144. Sterke CS, Verhagen AP, van Beeck EF, van der Cammen TJ: The influence of drug use on fall incidents among nursing home residents: a systematic review. Int Psychogeriatr 2008; 20:890–910 [E]
[PubMed]

145. Hartikainen S, Lonnroos E, Louhivuori K: Medication as a risk factor for falls: critical systematic review. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2007; 62:1172–1181 [E]
[PubMed]

146. Mezuk B, Eaton WW, Golden SH: Depression and osteoporosis: epidemiology and potential mediating pathways. Osteoporos Int 2008; 19:1–12 [F]
[PubMed]

147. Haney EM, Chan BK, Diem SJ, Ensrud KE, Cauley JA, Barrett-Connor E, Orwoll E, Bliziotes MM: Association of low bone mineral density with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor use by older men. Arch Intern Med 2007; 167:1246–1251 [G]
[PubMed]

148. Diem SJ, Blackwell TL, Stone KL, Yaffe K, Haney EM, Bliziotes MM, Ensrud KE: Use of antidepressants and rates of hip bone loss in older women: the study of osteoporotic fractures. Arch Intern Med 2007; 167:1240–1245 [C]
[PubMed]

149. Ensrud KE, Blackwell T, Mangione CM, Bowman PJ, Bauer DC, Schwartz A, Hanlon JT, Nevitt MC, Whooley MA: Central nervous system active medications and risk for fractures in older women. Arch Intern Med 2003; 163:949–957 [C]
[PubMed]

150. Isbister GK, Prior FH, Foy A: Citalopram-induced bradycardia and presyncope. Ann Pharmacother 2001; 35:1552–1555 [G]
[PubMed]

151. Allain H, Bentue-Ferrer D, Polard E, Akwa Y, Patat A: Postural instability and consequent falls and hip fractures associated with use of hypnotics in the elderly: a comparative review. Drugs Aging 2005; 22:749–765 [E]
[PubMed]

152. Oliver D, Connelly JB, Victor CR, Shaw FE, Whitehead A, Genc Y, Vanoli A, Martin FC, Gosney MA: Strategies to prevent falls and fractures in hospitals and care homes and effect of cognitive impairment: systematic review and meta-analyses. BMJ 2007; 334:82 [E]
[PubMed]

153. Ganz DA, Bao Y, Shekelle PG, Rubenstein LZ: Will my patient fall? JAMA 2007; 297:77–86 [E]
[PubMed]

154. Papakostas GI: Limitations of contemporary antidepressants: tolerability. J Clin Psychiatry 2007; 68(suppl 10):11–17 [G]

155. Fava M, Judge R, Hoog SL, Nilsson ME, Koke SC: Fluoxetine versus sertraline and paroxetine in major depressive disorder: changes in weight with long-term treatment. J Clin Psychiatry 2000; 61:863–867 [A]
[PubMed]

156. Michelson D, Amsterdam JD, Quitkin FM, Reimherr FW, Rosenbaum JF, Zajecka J, Sundell KL, Kim Y, Beasley CM Jr: Changes in weight during a 1-year trial of fluoxetine. Am J Psychiatry 1999; 156:1170–1176 [A] 1002139
[PubMed]

157. Boyer EW, Shannon M: The serotonin syndrome. N Engl J Med 2005; 352:1112–1120 [F]
[PubMed]

158. Sola CL, Bostwick JM, Hart DA, Lineberry TW: Anticipating potential linezolid-SSRI interactions in the general hospital setting: an MAOI in disguise. Mayo Clin Proc 2006; 81:330–334 [G]
[PubMed]

159. Huang V, Gortney JS: Risk of serotonin syndrome with concomitant administration of linezolid and serotonin agonists. Pharmacotherapy 2006; 26:1784–1793 [G]
[PubMed]

160. Sandson NB, Armstrong SC, Cozza KL: An overview of psychotropic drug-drug interactions. Psychosomatics 2005; 46:464–494 [F] 1011859
[PubMed]

161. Armstrong SC, Cozza KL, Sandson NB: Six patterns of drug-drug interactions. Psychosomatics 2003; 44:255–258 [F] 1010101
[PubMed]

162. Beasley CM Jr, Masica DN, Heiligenstein JH, Wheadon DE, Zerbe RL: Possible monoamine oxidase inhibitor-serotonin uptake inhibitor interaction: fluoxetine clinical data and preclinical findings. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1993; 13:312–320 [F]
[PubMed]

163. Fava M: Prospective studies of adverse events related to antidepressant discontinuation. J Clin Psychiatry 2006; 67(suppl 4):14–21 [G]

164. Taylor D, Stewart S, Connolly A: Antidepressant withdrawal symptoms—telephone calls to a national medication helpline. J Affect Disord 2006; 95:129–133 [G]
[PubMed]

165. Schatzberg AF, Blier P, Delgado PL, Fava M, Haddad PM, Shelton RC: Antidepressant discontinuation syndrome: consensus panel recommendations for clinical management and additional research. J Clin Psychiatry 2006; 67(suppl 4):27–30 [G]

166. Thase ME: Effects of venlafaxine on blood pressure: a meta-analysis of original data from 3744 depressed patients. J Clin Psychiatry 1998; 59:502–508 [E]
[PubMed]

167. Thase ME, Tran PV, Wiltse C, Pangallo BA, Mallinckrodt C, Detke MJ: Cardiovascular profile of duloxetine, a dual reuptake inhibitor of serotonin and norepinephrine. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2005; 25:132–140 [E]
[PubMed]

168. Clayton AH, Kornstein SG, Rosas G, Guico-Pabia C, Tourian KA: An integrated analysis of the safety and tolerability of desvenlafaxine compared with placebo in the treatment of major depressive disorder. CNS Spectr 2009; 14:183–195 [E]
[PubMed]

169. Thase ME, Haight BR, Richard N, Rockett CB, Mitton M, Modell JG, VanMeter S, Harriett AE, Wang Y: Remission rates following antidepressant therapy with bupropion or selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors: a meta-analysis of original data from 7 randomized controlled trials. J Clin Psychiatry 2005; 66:974–981 [E]
[PubMed]

170. American Psychiatric Association: Practice Guideline for the Treatment of Patients With Eating Disorders, Third Edition. Am J Psychiatry 2006; 163(July suppl):4–54 [G]

171. Davis R, Wilde MI: Mirtazapine: a review of its pharmacology and therapeutic potential in the management of major depression. CNS Drugs 1996; 5:389–402 [F]

172. Szegedi A, Schwertfeger N: Mirtazapine: a review of its clinical efficacy and tolerability. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2005; 6:631–641 [F]
[PubMed]

173. Mendelson WB: A review of the evidence for the efficacy and safety of trazodone in insomnia. J Clin Psychiatry 2005; 66:469–476 [F]
[PubMed]

174. Thompson JW Jr, Ware MR, Blashfield RK: Psychotropic medication and priapism: a comprehensive review. J Clin Psychiatry 1990; 51:430–433 [F]
[PubMed]

175. Jayaram G, Rao P: Safety of trazodone as a sleep agent for inpatients. Psychosomatics 2005; 46:367–369 [G] 1011441
[PubMed]

176. Schatzberg AF, Prather MR, Keller MB, Rush AJ, Laird LK, Wright CW: Clinical use of nefazodone in major depression: a 6-year perspective. J Clin Psychiatry 2002; 63(suppl 1):18–31 [F]

177. Rush AJ, Armitage R, Gillin JC, Yonkers KA, Winokur A, Moldofsky H, Vogel GW, Kaplita SB, Fleming JB, Montplaisir J, Erman MK, Albala BJ, McQuade RD: Comparative effects of nefazodone and fluoxetine on sleep in outpatients with major depressive disorder. Biol Psychiatry 1998; 44:3–14 [A]
[PubMed]

178. Feiger A, Kiev A, Shrivastava RK, Wisselink PG, Wilcox CS: Nefazodone versus sertraline in outpatients with major depression: focus on efficacy, tolerability, and effects on sexual function and satisfaction. J Clin Psychiatry 1996; 57(suppl 2):53–62 [A]

179. Ferguson JM, Shrivastava RK, Stahl SM, Hartford JT, Borian F, Ieni J, McQuade RD, Jody D: Reemergence of sexual dysfunction in patients with major depressive disorder: double-blind comparison of nefazodone and sertraline. J Clin Psychiatry 2001; 62:24–29 [A]
[PubMed]

180. Kostrubsky SE, Strom SC, Kalgutkar AS, Kulkarni S, Atherton J, Mireles R, Feng B, Kubik R, Hanson J, Urda E, Mutlib AE: Inhibition of hepatobiliary transport as a predictive method for clinical hepatotoxicity of nefazodone. Toxicol Sci 2006; 90:451–459 [G]
[PubMed]

181. DeSanty KP, Amabile CM: Antidepressant-induced liver injury. Ann Pharmacother 2007; 41:1201–1211 [F]
[PubMed]

182. Miller MD, Curtiss EI, Marino L, Houck PR, Paradis CF, Mazumdar S, Pollock BG, Foglia J, Reynolds CF III: Long-term ECG changes in depressed elderly patients treated with nortriptyline. A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled evaluation. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 1998; 6:59–66 [A]
[PubMed]

183. Roden DM: Antiarrhythmic drugs, in Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. Edited by Brunton LL, Lazo JS, Parker KL. New York, McGraw-Hill, 2006, pp 899–932 [G]

184. Schwartz PJ, Wolf S: QT interval prolongation as predictor of sudden death in patients with myocardial infarction. Circulation 1978; 57:1074–1077 [G]
[PubMed]

185. Roose SP, Glassman AH, Giardina EG, Walsh BT, Woodring S, Bigger JT: Tricyclic antidepressants in depressed patients with cardiac conduction disease. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1987; 44:273–275 [A]
[PubMed]

186. Roose SP, Miyazaki M: Pharmacologic treatment of depression in patients with heart disease. Psychosom Med 2005; 67(suppl 1):S54–S57 [F]

187. Vieweg WV, Wood MA: Tricyclic antidepressants, QT interval prolongation, and torsade de pointes. Psychosomatics 2004; 45:371–377 [F] 1009846
[PubMed]

188. Reilly JG, Ayis SA, Ferrier IN, Jones SJ, Thomas SH: QTc-interval abnormalities and psychotropic drug therapy in psychiatric patients. Lancet 2000; 355:1048–1052 [D]
[PubMed]

189. Roose SP, Laghrissi-Thode F, Kennedy JS, Nelson JC, Bigger JT Jr, Pollock BG, Gaffney A, Narayan M, Finkel MS, McCafferty J, Gergel I: Comparison of paroxetine and nortriptyline in depressed patients with ischemic heart disease. JAMA 1998; 279:287–291 [A]
[PubMed]

190. Harrigan RA, Brady WJ: ECG abnormalities in tricyclic antidepressant ingestion. Am J Emerg Med 1999; 17:387–393 [F]
[PubMed]

191. Thanacoody HK, Thomas SH: Tricyclic antidepressant poisoning: cardiovascular toxicity. Toxicol Rev 2005; 24:205–214 [F]
[PubMed]

192. Joo JH, Lenze EJ, Mulsant BH, Begley AE, Weber EM, Stack JA, Mazumdar S, Reynolds CF III, Pollock BG: Risk factors for falls during treatment of late-life depression. J Clin Psychiatry 2002; 63:936–941 [C]
[PubMed]

193. Baldessarini RJ: Drug therapy of depression and anxiety disorders, in Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. Edited by Brunton LL, Lazo JS, Parker KL. New York, McGraw-Hill, 2006, pp 429–460 [G]

194. Preskorn SH, Jerkovich GS: Central nervous system toxicity of tricyclic antidepressants: phenomenology, course, risk factors, and role of therapeutic drug monitoring. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1990; 10:88–95 [E]
[PubMed]

195. Deshmukh R, Franco K: Managing weight gain as a side effect of antidepressant therapy. Cleve Clin J Med 2003; 70:614, 616, 618, passim [G]

196. Garvey MJ, Tollefson GD: Occurrence of myoclonus in patients treated with cyclic antidepressants. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1987; 44:269–272 [E]
[PubMed]

197. Ruffmann C, Bogliun G, Beghi E: Epileptogenic drugs: a systematic review. Expert Rev Neurother 2006; 6:575–589 [E]
[PubMed]

198. Hayes PE, Kristoff CA: Adverse reactions to five new antidepressants. Clin Pharm 1986; 5:471–480 [F]
[PubMed]

199. Gupta V, Lipsitz LA: Orthostatic hypotension in the elderly: diagnosis and treatment. Am J Med 2007; 120:841–847 [F]
[PubMed]

200. Nelson JC: Tricyclic and tetracyclic drugs, in Essentials of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 2nd ed. Edited by Schatzberg AF, Nemeroff CB. Arlington, VA, American Psychiatric Publishing, 2006, pp 5–29 [G]

201. Perry PJ, Zeilmann C, Arndt S: Tricyclic antidepressant concentrations in plasma: an estimate of their sensitivity and specificity as a predictor of response. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1994; 14:230–240 [E]
[PubMed]

202. Rapaport MH: Dietary restrictions and drug interactions with monoamine oxidase inhibitors: the state of the art. J Clin Psychiatry 2007; 68(suppl 8):42–46 [G]

203. Gardner DM, Shulman KI, Walker SE, Tailor SA: The making of a user friendly MAOI diet. J Clin Psychiatry 1996; 57:99–104 [F]
[PubMed]

204. Stahl SM, Felker A: Monoamine oxidase inhibitors: a modern guide to an unrequited class of antidepressants. CNS Spectr 2008; 13:855–870 [F]
[PubMed]

205. Feighner JP, Herbstein J, Damlouji N: Combined MAOI, TCA, and direct stimulant therapy of treatment-resistant depression. J Clin Psychiatry 1985; 46:206–209 [G]
[PubMed]

206. Fawcett J, Kravitz HM, Zajecka JM, Schaff MR: CNS stimulant potentiation of monoamine oxidase inhibitors in treatment-refractory depression. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1991; 11:127–132 [B]
[PubMed]

207. Culpepper L, Kovalick LJ: A review of the literature on the selegiline transdermal system: an effective and well-tolerated monoamine oxidase inhibitor for the treatment of depression. Prim Care Companion J Clin Psychiatry 2008; 10:25–30 [F]
[PubMed]

208. Robinson DS, Amsterdam JD: The selegiline transdermal system in major depressive disorder: a systematic review of safety and tolerability. J Affect Disord 2008; 105:15–23 [E]
[PubMed]

209. Schenk CH, Remick RA: Sublingual nifedipine in the treatment of hypertensive crisis associated with monoamine oxidase inhibitors. Ann Emerg Med 1989; 18:114–115 [B]
[PubMed]

210. Grossman E, Messerli FH, Grodzicki T, Kowey P: Should a moratorium be placed on sublingual nifedipine capsules given for hypertensive emergencies and pseudoemergencies? JAMA 1996; 276:1328–1331 [F]
[PubMed]

211. Sternbach H: The serotonin syndrome. Am J Psychiatry 1991; 148:705–713 [F]
[PubMed]

212. Amsterdam JD, Bodkin JA: Selegiline transdermal system in the prevention of relapse of major depressive disorder: a 52-week, double-blind, placebo-substitution, parallel-group clinical trial. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2006; 26:579–586 [A]
[PubMed]

213. Clayton AH, Campbell BJ, Favit A, Yang Y, Moonsammy G, Piontek CM, Amsterdam JD: Symptoms of sexual dysfunction in patients treated for major depressive disorder: a meta-analysis comparing selegiline transdermal system and placebo using a patient-rated scale. J Clin Psychiatry 2007; 68:1860–1866 [E]
[PubMed]

214. Katz MM, Koslow SH, Maas JW, Frazer A, Bowden CL, Casper R, Croughan J, Kocsis J, Redmond E Jr: The timing, specificity and clinical prediction of tricyclic drug effects in depression. Psychol Med 1987; 17:297–309 [C]
[PubMed]

215. Taylor MJ, Freemantle N, Geddes JR, Bhagwagar Z: Early onset of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor antidepressant action: systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2006; 63:1217–1223 [E]
[PubMed]

216. Posternak MA, Zimmerman M: Therapeutic effect of follow-up assessments on antidepressant and placebo response rates in antidepressant efficacy trials: meta-analysis. Br J Psychiatry 2007; 190:287–292 [E]
[PubMed]

217. Nierenberg AA, McLean NE, Alpert JE, Worthington JJ, Rosenbaum JF, Fava M: Early nonresponse to fluoxetine as a predictor of poor 8-week outcome. Am J Psychiatry 1995; 152:1500–1503 [B] 1004076
[PubMed]

218. Nierenberg AA, Farabaugh AH, Alpert JE, Gordon J, Worthington JJ, Rosenbaum JF, Fava M: Timing of onset of antidepressant response with fluoxetine treatment. Am J Psychiatry 2000; 157:1423–1428 [B] 1001544
[PubMed]

219. Szegedi A, Muller MJ, Anghelescu I, Klawe C, Kohnen R, Benkert O: Early improvement under mirtazapine and paroxetine predicts later stable response and remission with high sensitivity in patients with major depression. J Clin Psychiatry 2003; 64:413–420 [A]
[PubMed]

220. Stassen HH, Angst J, Hell D, Scharfetter C, Szegedi A: Is there a common resilience mechanism underlying antidepressant drug response? Evidence from 2848 patients. J Clin Psychiatry 2007; 68:1195–1205 [G]
[PubMed]

221. Quitkin FM, Rabkin JG, Ross D, McGrath PJ: Duration of antidepressant drug treatment. What is an adequate trial? Arch Gen Psychiatry 1984; 41:238–245 [G]
[PubMed]

222. Quitkin FM, Rabkin JD, Markowitz JM, Stewart JW, McGrath PJ, Harrison W: Use of pattern analysis to identify true drug response: a replication. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1987; 44:259–264 [A]
[PubMed]

223. Trivedi MH, Morris DW, Pan JY, Grannemann BD, Rush AJ: What moderator characteristics are associated with better prognosis for depression? Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment 2005; 1:51–57 [G]
[PubMed]

224. Trivedi MH, Rush AJ, Wisniewski SR, Nierenberg AA, Warden D, Ritz L, Norquist G, Howland RH, Lebowitz B, McGrath PJ, Shores-Wilson K, Biggs MM, Balasubramani GK, Fava M: Evaluation of outcomes with citalopram for depression using measurement-based care in STAR*D: implications for clinical practice. Am J Psychiatry 2006; 163:28–40 [B] 1012277
[PubMed]

225. Keller MB, Gelenberg AJ, Hirschfeld RM, Rush AJ, Thase ME, Kocsis JH, Markowitz JC, Fawcett JA, Koran LM, Klein DN, Russell JM, Kornstein SG, McCullough JP, Davis SM, Harrison WM: The treatment of chronic depression, part 2: a double-blind, randomized trial of sertraline and imipramine. J Clin Psychiatry 1998; 59:598–607 [A]
[PubMed]

226. Keller MB, Trivedi MH, Thase ME, Shelton RC, Kornstein SG, Nemeroff CB, Friedman ES, Gelenberg AJ, Kocsis JH, Dunner DL, Hirschfeld RM, Rothschild AJ, Ferguson JM, Schatzberg AF, Zajecka JM, Pedersen RD, Yan B, Ahmed S, Musgnung J, Ninan PT: The Prevention of Recurrent Episodes of Depression with Venlafaxine for Two Years (PREVENT) Study: outcomes from the 2-year and combined maintenance phases. J Clin Psychiatry 2007; 68:1246–1256 [A]
[PubMed]

227. Rush AJ, Trivedi MH, Wisniewski SR, Nierenberg AA, Stewart JW, Warden D, Niederehe G, Thase ME, Lavori PW, Lebowitz BD, McGrath PJ, Rosenbaum JF, Sackeim HA, Kupfer DJ, Luther J, Fava M: Acute and longer-term outcomes in depressed outpatients requiring one or several treatment steps: a STAR*D report. Am J Psychiatry 2006; 163:1905–1917 [A–]

228. Eap CB, Jaquenoud SE, Baumann P: Therapeutic monitoring of antidepressants in the era of pharmacogenetics studies. Ther Drug Monit 2004; 26:152–155 [F]
[PubMed]

229. Malhotra AK, Murphy GM Jr, Kennedy JL: Pharmacogenetics of psychotropic drug response. Am J Psychiatry 2004; 161:780–796 [F] 1003460
[PubMed]

230. Lepine JP, Caillard V, Bisserbe JC, Troy S, Hotton JM, Boyer P: A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of sertraline for prophylactic treatment of highly recurrent major depressive disorder. Am J Psychiatry 2004; 161:836–842 [A] 1003453
[PubMed]

231. Burke WJ, Gergel I, Bose A: Fixed-dose trial of the single isomer SSRI escitalopram in depressed outpatients. J Clin Psychiatry 2002; 63:331–336 [A]
[PubMed]

232. Preskorn SH, Dorey RC, Jerkovich GS: Therapeutic drug monitoring of tricyclic antidepressants. Clin Chem 1988; 34:822–828 [F]
[PubMed]

233. Ulrich S, Lauter J: Comprehensive survey of the relationship between serum concentration and therapeutic effect of amitriptyline in depression. Clin Pharmacokinet 2002; 41:853–876 [E]
[PubMed]

234. Kellner CH, Knapp RG, Petrides G, Rummans TA, Husain MM, Rasmussen K, Mueller M, Bernstein HJ, O'Connor K, Smith G, Biggs M, Bailine SH, Malur C, Yim E, McClintock S, Sampson S, Fink M: Continuation electroconvulsive therapy vs pharmacotherapy for relapse prevention in major depression: a multisite study from the Consortium for Research in Electroconvulsive Therapy (CORE). Arch Gen Psychiatry 2006; 63:1337–1344 [A–]

235. UK ECT Group: Efficacy and safety of electroconvulsive therapy in depressive disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet 2003; 361:799–808 [E]

236. Greenhalgh J, Knight C, Hind D, Beverley C, Walters S: Clinical and cost-effectiveness of electroconvulsive therapy for depressive illness, schizophrenia, catatonia and mania: systematic reviews and economic modelling studies. Health Technol Assess 2005; 9:1-iv [E]

237. Prudic J, Olfson M, Marcus SC, Fuller RB, Sackeim HA: Effectiveness of electroconvulsive therapy in community settings. Biol Psychiatry 2004; 55:301–312 [B]
[PubMed]

238. McCall WV, Prudic J, Olfson M, Sackeim H: Health-related quality of life following ECT in a large community sample. J Affect Disord 2006; 90:269–274 [B]
[PubMed]

239. American Psychiatric Association: The Practice of Electroconvulsive Therapy: Recommendations for Treatment, Training, and Privileging (A Task Force Report of the American Psychiatric Association), Second Edition. Washington, DC, American Psychiatric Association, 2001 [B]

240. Husain MM, Rush AJ, Fink M, Knapp R, Petrides G, Rummans T, Biggs MM, O'Connor K, Rasmussen K, Litle M, Zhao W, Bernstein HJ, Smith G, Mueller M, McClintock SM, Bailine SH, Kellner CH: Speed of response and remission in major depressive disorder with acute electroconvulsive therapy (ECT): a Consortium for Research in ECT (CORE) report. J Clin Psychiatry 2004; 65:485–491 [B]
[PubMed]

241. Petrides G, Fink M, Husain MM, Knapp RG, Rush AJ, Mueller M, Rummans TA, O'Connor KM, Rasmussen KG Jr, Bernstein HJ, Biggs M, Bailine SH, Kellner CH: ECT remission rates in psychotic versus nonpsychotic depressed patients: a report from CORE. J ECT 2001; 17:244–253 [B]
[PubMed]

242. Bush G, Fink M, Petrides G, Dowling F, Francis A: Catatonia. II. Treatment with lorazepam and electroconvulsive therapy. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1996; 93:137–143 [B]
[PubMed]

243. Kellner CH, Fink M, Knapp R, Petrides G, Husain M, Rummans T, Mueller M, Bernstein H, Rasmussen K, O'Connor K, Smith G, Rush AJ, Biggs M, McClintock S, Bailine S, Malur C: Relief of expressed suicidal intent by ECT: a consortium for research in ECT study. Am J Psychiatry 2005; 162:977–982 [B] 1011262
[PubMed]

244. Abrams R: The mortality rate with ECT. Convuls Ther 1997; 13:125–127 [G]
[PubMed]

245. Nuttall GA, Bowersox MR, Douglass SB, McDonald J, Rasmussen LJ, Decker PA, Oliver WC Jr, Rasmussen KG: Morbidity and mortality in the use of electroconvulsive therapy. J ECT 2004; 20:237–241 [G]
[PubMed]

246. Sackeim HA, Portnoy S, Neeley P, Steif BL, Decina P, Malitz S: Cognitive consequences of low-dosage electroconvulsive therapy. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1986; 462:326–340 [F]
[PubMed]

247. Lisanby SH: Electroconvulsive therapy for depression. N Engl J Med 2007; 357:1939–1945 [F]
[PubMed]

248. Lisanby SH, Maddox JH, Prudic J, Devanand DP, Sackeim HA: The effects of electroconvulsive therapy on memory of autobiographical and public events. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2000; 57:581–590 [A]
[PubMed]

249. Squire LR, Slater PC, Miller PL: Retrograde amnesia and bilateral electroconvulsive therapy. Long-term follow-up. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1981; 38:89–95 [C]
[PubMed]

250. Weiner RD, Rogers HJ, Davidson JR, Squire LR: Effects of stimulus parameters on cognitive side effects. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1986; 462:315–325 [B]
[PubMed]

251. Sobin C, Sackeim HA, Prudic J, Devanand DP, Moody BJ, McElhiney MC: Predictors of retrograde amnesia following ECT. Am J Psychiatry 1995; 152:995–1001 [A] 1004171
[PubMed]

252. Sackeim HA, Prudic J, Fuller R, Keilp J, Lavori PW, Olfson M: The cognitive effects of electroconvulsive therapy in community settings. Neuropsychopharmacology 2007; 32:244–254 [B]
[PubMed]

253. Sackeim HA, Prudic J, Devanand DP, Kiersky JE, Fitzsimons L, Moody BJ, McElhiney MC, Coleman EA, Settembrino JM: Effects of stimulus intensity and electrode placement on the efficacy and cognitive effects of electroconvulsive therapy. N Engl J Med 1993; 328:839–846 [A]
[PubMed]

254. Rose D, Fleischmann P, Wykes T, Leese M, Bindman J: Patients' perspectives on electroconvulsive therapy: systematic review. BMJ 2003; 326:1363 [E]
[PubMed]

255. Donahue AB: Electroconvulsive therapy and memory loss: a personal journey. J ECT 2000; 16:133–143 [G]
[PubMed]

256. Prudic J, Peyser S, Sackeim HA: Subjective memory complaints: a review of patient self-assessment of memory after electroconvulsive therapy. J ECT 2000; 16:121–132 [F]
[PubMed]

257. Taylor Tavares JV, Clark L, Cannon DM, Erickson K, Drevets WC, Sahakian BJ: Distinct profiles of neurocognitive function in unmedicated unipolar depression and bipolar II depression. Biol Psychiatry 2007; 62:917–924 [D]

258. Bearden CE, Glahn DC, Monkul ES, Barrett J, Najt P, Villarreal V, Soares JC: Patterns of memory impairment in bipolar disorder and unipolar major depression. Psychiatry Res 2006; 142:139–150 [D]
[PubMed]

259. Baghai TC, Marcuse A, Brosch M, Schule C, Eser D, Nothdurfter C, Steng Y, Noack I, Pietschmann K, Moller HJ, Rupprecht R: The influence of concomitant antidepressant medication on safety, tolerability and clinical effectiveness of electroconvulsive therapy. World J Biol Psychiatry 2006; 7:82–90 [B]
[PubMed]

260. Kellner CH, Bourgon LN: Combining ECT and antidepressants: time to reassess. J ECT 1998; 14:65–67 [G]
[PubMed]

261. Naguib M, Koorn R: Interactions between psychotropics, anaesthetics and electroconvulsive therapy: implications for drug choice and patient management. CNS Drugs 2002; 16:229–247 [F]
[PubMed]

262. Dolenc TJ, Rasmussen KG: The safety of electroconvulsive therapy and lithium in combination: a case series and review of the literature. J ECT 2005; 21:165–170 [F]
[PubMed]

263. Pettinati HM, Stephens SM, Willis KM, Robin SE: Evidence for less improvement in depression in patients taking benzodiazepines during unilateral ECT. Am J Psychiatry 1990; 147:1029–1035 [B]
[PubMed]

264. Krystal AD, Dean MD, Weiner RD, Tramontozzi LA III, Connor KM, Lindahl VH, Massie RW: ECT stimulus intensity: are present ECT devices too limited? Am J Psychiatry 2000; 157:963–967 [G] 1001693
[PubMed]

265. Lerer B, Shapira B, Calev A, Tubi N, Drexler H, Kindler S, Lidsky D, Schwartz JE: Antidepressant and cognitive effects of twice- versus three-times-weekly ECT. Am J Psychiatry 1995; 152:564–570 [A] 1004326
[PubMed]

266. Hales RE, Yudofsky SC, Gabbard GO: The American Psychiatric Publishing Textbook of Psychiatry, 5th ed. Arlington, VA, American Psychiatric Publishing, 2008 [G]

267. Prudic J: Strategies to minimize cognitive side effects with ECT: aspects of ECT technique. J ECT 2008; 24:46–51 [F]
[PubMed]

268. O'Reardon JP, Solvason HB, Janicak PG, Sampson S, Isenberg KE, Nahas Z, McDonald WM, Avery D, Fitzgerald PB, Loo C, Demitrack MA, George MS, Sackeim HA: Efficacy and safety of transcranial magnetic stimulation in the acute treatment of major depression: a multisite randomized controlled trial. Biol Psychiatry 2007; 62:1208–1216 [A]
[PubMed]

269. Herwig U, Fallgatter AJ, Hoppner J, Eschweiler GW, Kron M, Hajak G, Padberg F, Naderi-Heiden A, Abler B, Eichhammer P, Grossheinrich N, Hay B, Kammer T, Langguth B, Laske C, Plewnia C, Richter MM, Schulz M, Unterecker S, Zinke A, Spitzer M, Schonfeldt-Lecuona C: Antidepressant effects of augmentative transcranial magnetic stimulation: randomised multicentre trial. Br J Psychiatry 2007; 191:441–448 [A]
[PubMed]

270. Lam RW, Chan P, Wilkins-Ho M, Yatham LN: Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for treatment-resistant depression: a systematic review and metaanalysis. Can J Psychiatry 2008; 53:621–631 [E]
[PubMed]

271. Herrmann LL, Ebmeier KP: Factors modifying the efficacy of transcranial magnetic stimulation in the treatment of depression: a review. J Clin Psychiatry 2006; 67:1870–1876 [E]
[PubMed]

272. Schutter DJ: Antidepressant efficacy of high-frequency transcranial magnetic stimulation over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in double-blind sham-controlled designs: a meta-analysis. Psychol Med 2009; 39:65–75 [E]
[PubMed]

273. Couturier JL: Efficacy of rapid-rate repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in the treatment of depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2005; 30:83–90 [E]
[PubMed]

274. Lisanby SH, Husain MM, Rosenquist PB, Maixner D, Gutierrez R, Krystal A, Gilmer W, Marangell LB, Aaronson S, Daskalakis ZJ, Canterbury R, Richelson E, Sackeim HA, George MS: Daily left prefrontal repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in the acute treatment of major depression: clinical predictors of outcome in a multisite, randomized controlled clinical trial. Neuropsychopharmacology 2009; 34:522–534 [B]
[PubMed]

275. Eranti S, Mogg A, Pluck G, Landau S, Purvis R, Brown RG, Howard R, Knapp M, Philpot M, Rabe-Hesketh S, Romeo R, Rothwell J, Edwards D, McLoughlin DM: A randomized, controlled trial with 6-month follow-up of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation and electroconvulsive therapy for severe depression. Am J Psychiatry 2007; 164:73–81 [A–]

276. Rosa MA, Gattaz WF, Pascual-Leone A, Fregni F, Rosa MO, Rumi DO, Myczkowski M, Silva MF, Mansur C, Rigonatti SP, Jacobsen TM, Marcolin MA: Comparison of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation and electroconvulsive therapy in unipolar non-psychotic refractory depression: a randomized, single-blind study. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2006; 9:667–676 [A–]

277. Grunhaus L, Schreiber S, Dolberg OT, Polak D, Dannon PN: A randomized controlled comparison of electroconvulsive therapy and repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in severe and resistant nonpsychotic major depression. Biol Psychiatry 2003; 53:324–331 [A–]

278. Janicak PG, Dowd SM, Martis B, Alam D, Beedle D, Krasuski J, Strong MJ, Sharma R, Rosen C, Viana M: Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation versus electroconvulsive therapy for major depression: preliminary results of a randomized trial. Biol Psychiatry 2002; 51:659–667 [A–]

279. Schulze-Rauschenbach SC, Harms U, Schlaepfer TE, Maier W, Falkai P, Wagner M: Distinctive neurocognitive effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation and electroconvulsive therapy in major depression. Br J Psychiatry 2005; 186:410–416 [B]
[PubMed]

280. Janicak PG, O'Reardon JP, Sampson SM, Husain MM, Lisanby SH, Rado JT, Heart KL, Demitrack MA: Transcranial magnetic stimulation in the treatment of major depressive disorder: a comprehensive summary of safety experience from acute exposure, extended exposure, and during reintroduction treatment. J Clin Psychiatry 2008; 69:222–232 [G]
[PubMed]

281. Sackeim HA, Rush AJ, George MS, Marangell LB, Husain MM, Nahas Z, Johnson CR, Seidman S, Giller C, Haines S, Simpson RK, Jr., Goodman RR: Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) for treatment-resistant depression: efficacy, side effects, and predictors of outcome. Neuropsychopharmacology 2001; 25:713–728 [B]
[PubMed]

282. Rush AJ, Marangell LB, Sackeim HA, George MS, Brannan SK, Davis SM, Howland R, Kling MA, Rittberg BR, Burke WJ, Rapaport MH, Zajecka J, Nierenberg AA, Husain MM, Ginsberg D, Cooke RG: Vagus nerve stimulation for treatment-resistant depression: a randomized, controlled acute phase trial. Biol Psychiatry 2005; 58:347–354 [A–]

283. Miller IW, Norman WH, Keitner GI, Bishop SB: Cognitive-behavioral treatment of depressed inpatients. Behav Ther 1989; 20:25–47 [B]

284. Stuart S, Wright JH, Thase ME, Beck AT: Cognitive therapy with inpatients. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 1997; 19:42–50 [F]
[PubMed]

285. Schramm E, van Calker D, Dykierek P, Lieb K, Kech S, Zobel I, Leonhart R, Berger M: An intensive treatment program of interpersonal psychotherapy plus pharmacotherapy for depressed inpatients: acute and long-term results. Am J Psychiatry 2007; 164:768–777 [A–]

286. Cuijpers P, van Straten A, Andersson G, van Oppen P: Psychotherapy for depression in adults: a meta-analysis of comparative outcome studies. J Consult Clin Psychol 2008; 76:909–922 [E]
[PubMed]

287. Vittengl JR, Clark LA, Dunn TW, Jarrett RB: Reducing relapse and recurrence in unipolar depression: a comparative meta-analysis of cognitive-behavioral therapy's effects. J Consult Clin Psychol 2007; 75:475–488 [E]
[PubMed]

288. Dobson KS, Hollon SD, Dimidjian S, Schmaling KB, Kohlenberg RJ, Gallop RJ, Rizvi SL, Gollan JK, Dunner DL, Jacobson NS: Randomized trial of behavioral activation, cognitive therapy, and antidepressant medication in the prevention of relapse and recurrence in major depression. J Consult Clin Psychol 2008; 76:468–477 [A–]

289. Frank E, Kupfer DJ, Buysse DJ, Swartz HA, Pilkonis PA, Houck PR, Rucci P, Novick DM, Grochocinski VJ, Stapf DM: Randomized trial of weekly, twice-monthly, and monthly interpersonal psychotherapy as maintenance treatment for women with recurrent depression. Am J Psychiatry 2007; 164:761–767 [A–]

290. Sotsky SM, Glass DR, Shea MT, Pilkonis PA, Collins JF, Elkin I, Watkins JT, Imber SD, Leber WR, Moyer J, Oliveri ME: Patient predictors of response to psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy: findings in the NIMH Treatment of Depression Collaborative Research Program. Am J Psychiatry 1991; 148:997–1008 [E]
[PubMed]

291. Imel ZE, Malterer MB, McKay KM, Wampold BE: A meta-analysis of psychotherapy and medication in unipolar depression and dysthymia. J Affect Disord 2008; 110:197–206 [E]
[PubMed]

292. Markowitz JC: Psychotherapy of dysthymia. Am J Psychiatry 1994; 151:1114–1121 [F] 1004584
[PubMed]

293. Ravindran AV, Anisman H, Merali Z, Charbonneau Y, Telner J, Bialik RJ, Wiens A, Ellis J, Griffiths J: Treatment of primary dysthymia with group cognitive therapy and pharmacotherapy: clinical symptoms and functional impairments. Am J Psychiatry 1999; 156:1608–1617 [A–]

294. Browne G, Steiner M, Roberts J, Gafni A, Byrne C, Dunn E, Bell B, Mills M, Chalklin L, Wallik D, Kraemer J: Sertraline and/or interpersonal psychotherapy for patients with dysthymic disorder in primary care: 6-month comparison with longitudinal 2-year follow-up of effectiveness and costs. J Affect Disord 2002; 68:317–330 [A–]

295. Markowitz JC, Kocsis JH, Bleiberg KL, Christos PJ, Sacks M: A comparative trial of psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy for "pure" dysthymic patients. J Affect Disord 2005; 89:167–175 [A–]

296. Hollon SD, Thase ME, Markowitz JC: Treatment and prevention of depression. Psychological Science in the Public Interest 2002; 3:39–77 [F]

297. Markowitz JC: Psychotherapy of the post-dysthymic patient. J Psychother Pract Res 1993; 2:157–163 [G]

298. Beck AT, Rush AJ, Shaw BF, Emery G: Cognitive Therapy of Depression. New York, Guilford, 1979 [G]

299. Wampold BE, Minami T, Baskin TW, Callen TS: A meta-(re)analysis of the effects of cognitive therapy versus 'other therapies' for depression. J Affect Disord 2002; 68:159–165 [E]
[PubMed]

300. Parker G, Roy K, Eyers K: Cognitive behavior therapy for depression? Choose horses for courses. Am J Psychiatry 2003; 160:825–834 [G] 1005782
[PubMed]

301. Ferster CB: A functional analysis of depression. Am Psychol 1973; 28:857–870 [F]
[PubMed]

302. Bandura A: Social Learning Theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ, Prentice-Hall, 1977 [G]

303. Cuijpers P, van Straten A, Warmerdam L: Behavioral activation treatments of depression: a meta-analysis. Clin Psychol Rev 2007; 27:318–326 [E]
[PubMed]

304. Lewinsohn PM, Antonuccio DA, Steinmetz-Breckinridge J, Teri L: The Coping With Depression Course: A Psychoeducational Intervention for Unipolar Depression. Eugene, Ore, Castalia Publishing, 1984 [G]

305. Lewinsohn PM, Clarke G: Group treatment of depressed individuals: the Coping With Depression Course. Advances in Behavioral Research and Therapy 1984; 6:99–114 [F]

306. Rehm LP: Behavior Therapy for Depression. New York, Academic Press, 1979 [G]

307. Bellack AS, Hersen M, Himmelhoch JM: A comparison of social-skills training, pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy for depression. Behav Res Ther 1983; 21:101–107 [A]
[PubMed]

308. Nezu AM: Efficacy of a social problem-solving therapy approach for unipolar depression. J Consult Clin Psychol 1986; 54:196–202 [A]
[PubMed]

309. Martell CR, Addis ME, Jacobson NS: Depression in Context: Strategies for Guided Action. New York, W.W. Norton, 2001 [G]

310. Dimidjian S, Hollon SD, Dobson KS, Schmaling KB, Kohlenberg RJ, Addis ME, Gallop R, McGlinchey JB, Markley DK, Gollan JK, Atkins DC, Dunner DL, Jacobson NS: Randomized trial of behavioral activation, cognitive therapy, and antidepressant medication in the acute treatment of adults with major depression. J Consult Clin Psychol 2006; 74:658–670 [A–]

311. Weissman MM, Markowitz JC, Klerman GL: Comprehensive Guide to Interpersonal Psychotherapy. New York, Basic Books, 2000 [G]

312. Weissman MM, Markowitz JC, Klerman GL: Clinician's Quick Guide to Interpersonal Psychotherapy. New York, Oxford University Press, 2007 [G]

313. Markowitz JC, Weissman MM: Applications of individual interpersonal psychotherapy to specific disorders: efficacy and indications, in Textbook of Psychotherapeutic Treatments. Edited by Gabbard GO. Washington, DC, American Psychiatric Publishers, 2008, pp 339–364 [G]

314. Frank E, Kupfer DJ, Perel JM, Cornes C, Jarrett DB, Mallinger AG, Thase ME, McEachran AB, Grochocinski VJ: Three-year outcomes for maintenance therapies in recurrent depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1990; 47:1093–1099 [A–]

315. Reynolds CF III, Frank E, Perel JM, Imber SD, Cornes C, Miller MD, Mazumdar S, Houck PR, Dew MA, Stack JA, Pollock BG, Kupfer DJ: Nortriptyline and interpersonal psychotherapy as maintenance therapies for recurrent major depression: a randomized controlled trial in patients older than 59 years. JAMA 1999; 281:39–45 [A]
[PubMed]

316. Markowitz JC, Kocsis JH, Fishman B, Spielman LA, Jacobsberg LB, Frances AJ, Klerman GL, Perry SW: Treatment of depressive symptoms in human immunodeficiency virus-positive patients. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1998; 55:452–457 [A–]

317. Barber JP, Muenz LR: The role of avoidance and obsessiveness in matching patients to cognitive and interpersonal psychotherapy: empirical findings from the treatment for depression collaborative research program. J Consult Clin Psychol 1996; 64:951–958 [B]
[PubMed]

318. Bibring E: Psychoanalysis and the dynamic psychotherapies. J Am Psychoanal Assoc 1954; 2:745–770 [G]
[PubMed]

319. Bash M: Understanding Psychotherapy: The Science Behind the Art. New York, Basic Books, 1988 [G]

320. Gray SH: Quality assurance and utilization review of individual medical psychotherapies, in Manual of Quality Assurance Review. Edited by Mattson MR. Washington, DC, American Psychiatric Press, 1992, pp 159–166 [F]

321. Freud S: Mourning and melancholia (1917 [1915]), in Complete Psychological Works, vol. 14. London, Hogarth Press, 1957, pp 243–258 [G]

322. Zetzel ER: On the incapacity to bear depression (1965), in The Capacity for Emotional Growth. New York, International Universities Press, 1970, pp 82–224 [G]

323. Kohut H: Thoughts on narcissism and narcissistic rage. Psychoanal Study Child 1972; 27:360–400 [G]

324. Brenner C: Depression, anxiety and affect theory. Int J Psychoanal 1974; 55:25–32 [G]
[PubMed]

325. Blatt SJ: Contributions of psychoanalysis to the understanding and treatment of depression. J Am Psychoanal Assoc 1998; 46:722–752 [F]
[PubMed]

326. Rado S: The problem of melancholia (1927), in Psychoanalysis of Behavior: Collected Papers. New York, Grune and Stratton, 1956 [G]

327. Brenner C: Psychoanalytic Technique and Psychic Conflict. New York, International Universities Press, 1976 [F]

328. Loewald HW: Perspectives on memory (1972), in Papers on Psychoanalysis. New Haven, Conn, Yale University Press, 1980, pp 148–173 [G]

329. Karasu TB: Developmentalist metatheory of depression and psychotherapy. Am J Psychother 1992; 46:37–49 [F]
[PubMed]

330. Tasman A, Kay J, Lieberman JA: Psychiatry. Philadelphia, WB Saunders, 1996 [G]

331. Gray SH: Developing practice guidelines for psychoanalysis. J Psychother Pract Res 1996; 5:213–227 [F]

332. Arean P, Hegel M, Vannoy S, Fan MY, Unuzter J: Effectiveness of problem-solving therapy for older, primary care patients with depression: results from the IMPACT project. Gerontologist 2008; 48:311–323 [B]
[PubMed]

333. Rovner BW, Casten RJ: Preventing late-life depression in age-related macular degeneration. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2008; 16:454–459 [A–]

334. Robinson RG, Jorge RE, Moser DJ, Acion L, Solodkin A, Small SL, Fonzetti P, Hegel M, Arndt S: Escitalopram and problem-solving therapy for prevention of poststroke depression: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2008; 299:2391–2400 [A–]

335. Alexopoulos GS, Raue P, Arean P: Problem-solving therapy versus supportive therapy in geriatric major depression with executive dysfunction. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2003; 11:46–52 [A–]

336. Sargeant JK, Bruce ML, Florio LP, Weissman MM: Factors associated with 1-year outcome of major depression in the community. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1990; 47:519–526 [C]
[PubMed]

337. Keitner GI, Miller IW: Family functioning and major depression: an overview. Am J Psychiatry 1990; 147:1128–1137 [G]
[PubMed]

338. Beach SRH, Sandeen EE, O'Leary KD: Depression in Marriage. New York, Guilford, 1990 [G]

339. Yager J: Mood disorders and marital and family problems, in American Psychiatric Press Review of Psychiatry, vol. 11. Edited by Tasman A, Riba MB. Washington, DC, American Psychiatric Press, 1992, pp 477–493 [G]

340. Ryan CE, Epstein BE, Keitner G, Miller IW, Bishop DS: Evaluating and Treating Families: The McMaster Approach. New York, Routledge Taylor Francis Group, 2005 [G]

341. Coyne JC: Strategic therapy, in Affective Disorders and the Family: Assessment and Treatment. Edited by Clarkin JF, Haas GL, Glick JD. New York, Guilford, 1988, pp 89–113 [F]

342. Leff J, Vearnals S, Brewin CR, Wolff G, Alexander B, Asen E, Dayson D, Jones E, Chisholm D, Everitt B: The London Depression Intervention Trial. Randomised controlled trial of antidepressants v couple therapy in the treatment and maintenance of people with depression living with a partner: clinical outcome and costs. Br J Psychiatry 2000; 177:95–100 [A–]

343. Miller IW, Keitner GI, Ryan CE, Solomon DA, Cardemil EV, Beevers CG: Treatment matching in the posthospital care of depressed patients. Am J Psychiatry 2005; 162:2131–2138 [A–]

344. Neimeyer RA, Feixas G: The role of homework and skill acquisition in the outcome of group cognitive therapy for depression. Behavior Therapy 1990; 21:281–292 [B]

345. Neimeyer RA, Baker KD, Haykal RF, Akiskal HS: Patterns of symptomatic change in depressed patients in a private inpatient mood disorders program. Bull Menninger Clin 1995; 59:460–471 [C]
[PubMed]

346. Bright JI, Baker KD, Neimeyer RA: Professional and paraprofessional group treatments for depression: a comparison of cognitive-behavioral and mutual support interventions. J Consult Clin Psychol 1999; 67:491–501 [A]
[PubMed]

347. Ayen I, Hautzinger M: [Cognitive behavior therapy for depression in menopausal women: a controlled, randomized treatment study]. Zeitschrift fur Klinishe Psychologie und Psychotherapie 2004;290–299 [A–]

348. Yalom ID: The Theory and Practice of Group Psychotherapy, 4th ed. New York, Basic Books, 1995 [G]

349. Klier CM, Muzik M, Rosenblum KL, Lenz G: Interpersonal psychotherapy adapted for the group setting in the treatment of postpartum depression. J Psychother Pract Res 2001; 10:124–131 [B]
[PubMed]

350. Zlotnick C, Johnson SL, Miller IW, Pearlstein T, Howard M: Postpartum depression in women receiving public assistance: pilot study of an interpersonal-therapy-oriented group intervention. Am J Psychiatry 2001; 158:638–640 [A–]

351. Bolton P, Bass J, Neugebauer R, Verdeli H, Clougherty KF, Wickramaratne P, Speelman L, Ndogoni L, Weissman M: Group interpersonal psychotherapy for depression in rural Uganda: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2003; 289:3117–3124 [A–]

352. Smith ML, Glass GV, Miller TI: The Benefits of Psychotherapy. Baltimore, Md, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1980 [G]

353. Toseland RW, Siporin M: When to recommend group treatment: a review of the clinical and the research literature. Int J Group Psychother 1986; 36:171–201 [F]
[PubMed]

354. Piper WE, Joyce AS: A consideration of factors influencing the utilization of time-limited, short-term group therapy. Int J Group Psychother 1996; 46:311–328 [F]
[PubMed]

355. McRoberts C: Comparative efficacy of individual and group psychotherapy: a meta-analytic perspective. Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice 1998; 2:101–117 [E]

356. Targ EF, Karasic DH, Diefenbach PN, Anderson DA, Bystritsky A, Fawzy FI: Structured group therapy and fluoxetine to treat depression in HIV-positive persons. Psychosomatics 1994; 35:132–137 [B] 1009941
[PubMed]

357. Lieberman MA, Borman LD: Self-Help Groups for Coping With Crisis. San Francisco, Calif, Jossey-Bass, 1979 [G]

358. Shapiro DA, Barkham M, Rees A, Hardy GE, Reynolds S, Startup M: Effects of treatment duration and severity of depression on the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral and psychodynamic-interpersonal psychotherapy. J Consult Clin Psychol 1994; 62:522–534 [B]
[PubMed]

359. Thase ME, Greenhouse JB, Frank E, Reynolds CF III, Pilkonis PA, Hurley K, Grochocinski V, Kupfer DJ: Treatment of major depression with psychotherapy or psychotherapy-pharmacotherapy combinations. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1997; 54:1009–1015 [E]
[PubMed]

360. Pampallona S, Bollini P, Tibaldi G, Kupelnick B, Munizza C: Combined pharmacotherapy and psychological treatment for depression: a systematic review. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2004; 61:714–719 [E]
[PubMed]

361. de Maat S, Dekker J, Schoevers R, van Aalst G, Gijsbers-van Wilk C, Hendriksen M, Kool S, Peen J, Van R, de Jonghe F: Short psychodynamic supportive psychotherapy, antidepressants, and their combination in the treatment of major depression: a mega-analysis based on three randomized clinical trials. Depress Anxiety 2008; 25:565–574 [E]

362. Keller MB, McCullough JP, Klein DN, Arnow B, Dunner DL, Gelenberg AJ, Markowitz JC, Nemeroff CB, Russell JM, Thase ME, Trivedi MH, Zajecka J: A comparison of nefazodone, the cognitive behavioral-analysis system of psychotherapy, and their combination for the treatment of chronic depression. N Engl J Med 2000; 342:1462–1470 [A–]

363. Hollon SD, Jarrett RB, Nierenberg AA, Thase ME, Trivedi M, Rush AJ: Psychotherapy and medication in the treatment of adult and geriatric depression: which monotherapy or combined treatment? J Clin Psychiatry 2005; 66:455–468 [F]
[PubMed]

364. Fava GA, Grandi S, Zielezny M, Canestrari R, Morphy MA: Cognitive behavioral treatment of residual symptoms in primary major depressive disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1994; 151:1295–1299 [B] 1004548
[PubMed]

365. Fava M, Kaji J: Continuation and maintenance treatments of major depressive disorder. Psychiatr Annals 1994; 24:281–290 [F]

366. Fava M, Davidson KG: Definition and epidemiology of treatment-resistant depression. Psychiatr Clin North Am 1996; 19:179–200 [F]
[PubMed]

367. Fava GA, Rafanelli C, Grandi S, Conti S, Belluardo P: Prevention of recurrent depression with cognitive behavioral therapy: preliminary findings. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1998; 55:816–820 [G]
[PubMed]

368. Paykel ES, Scott J, Teasdale JD, Johnson AL, Garland A, Moore R, Jenaway A, Cornwall PL, Hayhurst H, Abbott R, Pope M: Prevention of relapse in residual depression by cognitive therapy: a controlled trial. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1999; 56:829–835 [A–]

369. Thase ME, Friedman ES, Biggs MM, Wisniewski SR, Trivedi MH, Luther JF, Fava M, Nierenberg AA, McGrath PJ, Warden D, Niederehe G, Hollon SD, Rush AJ: Cognitive therapy versus medication in augmentation and switch strategies as second-step treatments: a STAR*D report. Am J Psychiatry 2007; 164:739–752 [A–]

370. Davidson JRT, Gadde KM, Fairbank JA, Krishnan KRR, Califf RM, Binanay C, Parker CB, Pugh N, Hartwell TD, Vitiello B, Ritz L, Severe J, Cole JO, de Battista C, Doraiswamy PM, Feighner JP, Keck P, Kelsey J, Lin K-M, Londborg PD, Nemeroff CB, Schatzberg AF, Sheehan DV, Srivastava RK, Taylor L, Trivedi MH, Weisler RH (Hypericum Depression Study Group): Effect of Hypericum perforatum (St John's wort) in major depressive disorder: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2002; 287:1807–1814 [A]

371. Shelton RC, Keller MB, Gelenberg A, Dunner DL, Hirschfeld R, Thase ME, Russell J, Lydiard RB, Crits-Cristoph P, Gallop R, Todd L, Hellerstein D, Goodnick P, Keitner G, Stahl SM, Halbreich U: Effectiveness of St John's wort in major depression: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2001; 285:1978–1986 [A]
[PubMed]

372. Mills E, Montori VM, Wu P, Gallicano K, Clarke M, Guyatt G: Interaction of St John's wort with conventional drugs: systematic review of clinical trials. BMJ 2004; 329:27–30 [E]
[PubMed]

373. Mannel M: Drug interactions with St John's wort: mechanisms and clinical implications. Drug Saf 2004; 27:773–797 [F]
[PubMed]

374. Hammerness P, Basch E, Ulbricht C, Barrette EP, Foppa I, Basch S, Bent S, Boon H, Ernst E: St John's wort: a systematic review of adverse effects and drug interactions for the consultation psychiatrist. Psychosomatics 2003; 44:271–282 [F] 1010095
[PubMed]

375. Roby CA, Anderson GD, Kantor E, Dryer DA, Burstein AH: St John's wort: effect on CYP3A4 activity. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2000; 67:451–457 [G]
[PubMed]

376. Schwarz UI, Buschel B, Kirch W: Unwanted pregnancy on self-medication with St John's wort despite hormonal contraception. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2003; 55:112–113 [G]
[PubMed]

377. Mischoulon D, Fava M: Role of S-adenosyl-l-methionine in the treatment of depression: a review of the evidence. Am J Clin Nutr 2002; 76:1158S–1161S [F]

378. Bottiglieri T, Godfrey P, Flynn T, Carney MW, Toone BK, Reynolds EH: Cerebrospinal fluid S-adenosylmethionine in depression and dementia: effects of treatment with parenteral and oral S-adenosylmethionine. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1990; 53:1096–1098 [G]
[PubMed]

379. Carney MW, Edeh J, Bottiglieri T, Reynolds EM, Toone BK: Affective illness and S-adenosyl methionine: a preliminary report. Clin Neuropharmacol 1986; 9:379–385 [G]
[PubMed]

380. Pies R: Adverse neuropsychiatric reactions to herbal and over-the-counter "antidepressants." J Clin Psychiatry 2000; 61:815–820 [F]
[PubMed]

381. Bressa GM: S-adenosyl-l-methionine (SAMe) as antidepressant: meta-analysis of clinical studies. Acta Neurol Scand Suppl 1994; 154:7–14 [E]
[PubMed]

382. Pancheri P, Scapicchio P, Chiaie RD: A double-blind, randomized parallel-group, efficacy and safety study of intramuscular S-adenosyl-l-methionine 1,4-butanedisulphonate (SAMe) versus imipramine in patients with major depressive disorder. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2002; 5:287–294 [A]
[PubMed]

383. Bell KM, Plon L, Bunney WE Jr, Potkin SG: S-adenosylmethionine treatment of depression: a controlled clinical trial. Am J Psychiatry 1988; 145:1110–1114 [B]
[PubMed]

384. Parker G, Gibson NA, Brotchie H, Heruc G, Rees AM, Hadzi-Pavlovic D: Omega-3 fatty acids and mood disorders. Am J Psychiatry 2006; 163:969–978 [F] 1012767
[PubMed]

385. Freeman MP, Hibbeln JR, Wisner KL, Davis JM, Mischoulon D, Peet M, Keck PE Jr, Marangell LB, Richardson AJ, Lake J, Stoll AL: Omega-3 fatty acids: evidence basis for treatment and future research in psychiatry. J Clin Psychiatry 2006; 67:1954–1967 [E]
[PubMed]

386. Papakostas GI, Petersen T, Mischoulon D, Ryan JL, Nierenberg AA, Bottiglieri T, Rosenbaum JF, Alpert JE, Fava M: Serum folate, vitamin B12, and homocysteine in major depressive disorder, Part 1: predictors of clinical response in fluoxetine-resistant depression. J Clin Psychiatry 2004; 65:1090–1095 [A]
[PubMed]

387. Papakostas GI, Petersen T, Lebowitz BD, Mischoulon D, Ryan JL, Nierenberg AA, Bottiglieri T, Alpert JE, Rosenbaum JF, Fava M: The relationship between serum folate, vitamin B12, and homocysteine levels in major depressive disorder and the timing of improvement with fluoxetine. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2005; 8:523–528 [G]
[PubMed]

388. Alpert M, Silva RR, Pouget ER: Prediction of treatment response in geriatric depression from baseline folate level: interaction with an SSRI or a tricyclic antidepressant. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2003; 23:309–313 [G]
[PubMed]

389. Coppen A, Bailey J: Enhancement of the antidepressant action of fluoxetine by folic acid: a randomised, placebo controlled trial. J Affect Disord 2000; 60:121–130 [A]
[PubMed]

390. Eastman CI, Young MA, Fogg LF, Liu L, Meaden PM: Bright light treatment of winter depression: a placebo-controlled trial. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1998; 55:883–889 [B]
[PubMed]

391. Terman M, Terman JS, Quitkin FM, McGrath PJ, Stewart JW, Rafferty B: Light therapy for seasonal affective disorder. A review of efficacy. Neuropsychopharmacology 1989; 2:1–22 [B]
[PubMed]

392. Kripke DF, Mullaney DJ, Klauber MR, Risch SC, Gillin JC: Controlled trial of bright light for nonseasonal major depressive disorders. Biol Psychiatry 1992; 31:119–134 [A–]

393. Yamada N, Martin-Iverson MT, Daimon K, Tsujimoto T, Takahashi S: Clinical and chronobiological effects of light therapy on nonseasonal affective disorders. Biol Psychiatry 1995; 37:866–873 [B]
[PubMed]

394. Sumaya IC, Rienzi BM, Deegan JF, Moss DE: Bright light treatment decreases depression in institutionalized older adults: a placebo-controlled crossover study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2001; 56:M356–M360 [A–]

395. Golden RN, Gaynes BN, Ekstrom RD, Hamer RM, Jacobsen FM, Suppes T, Wisner KL, Nemeroff CB: The efficacy of light therapy in the treatment of mood disorders: a review and meta-analysis of the evidence. Am J Psychiatry 2005; 162:656–662 [E] 1011327
[PubMed]

396. Avissar S, Schreiber G, Nechamkin Y, Neuhaus I, Lam GK, Schwartz P, Turner E, Matthews J, Naim S, Rosenthal NE: The effects of seasons and light therapy on G protein levels in mononuclear leukocytes of patients with seasonal affective disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1999; 56:178–183 [G]
[PubMed]

397. Benedetti F, Colombo C, Serretti A, Lorenzi C, Pontiggia A, Barbini B, Smeraldi E: Antidepressant effects of light therapy combined with sleep deprivation are influenced by a functional polymorphism within the promoter of the serotonin transporter gene. Biol Psychiatry 2003; 54:687–692 [G]
[PubMed]

398. Benedetti F, Colombo C, Pontiggia A, Bernasconi A, Florita M, Smeraldi E: Morning light treatment hastens the antidepressant effect of citalopram: a placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Psychiatry 2003; 64:648–653 [A–]

399. Levitt AJ, Joffe RT, Kennedy SH: Bright light augmentation in antidepressant nonresponders. J Clin Psychiatry 1991; 52:336–337 [B]
[PubMed]

400. Beauchemin KM, Hays P: Phototherapy is a useful adjunct in the treatment of depressed in-patients. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1997; 95:424–427 [A–]

401. Neumeister A, Goessler R, Lucht M, Kapitany T, Bamas C, Kasper S: Bright light therapy stabilizes the antidepressant effect of partial sleep deprivation. Biol Psychiatry 1996; 39:16–21 [A–]

402. Colombo C, Lucca A, Benedetti F, Barbini B, Campori E, Smeraldi E: Total sleep deprivation combined with lithium and light therapy in the treatment of bipolar depression: replication of main effects and interaction. Psychiatry Res 2000; 95:43–53 [A–]

403. Halbreich U: Systematic reviews of clinical trials of acupuncture as treatment for depression: how systematic and accurate are they? CNS Spectr 2008; 13:293–300 [G]
[PubMed]

404. Luo H, Meng F, Jia Y, Zhao X: Clinical research on the therapeutic effect of the electro-acupuncture treatment in patients with depression. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 1998; 52 Suppl:S338–S340 [A]

405. Allen JJB, Schnyer RN, Hitt SK: The efficacy of acupuncture in the treatment of major depressive disorder in women. Psychol Sci 1998; 9:397–401 [A–]

406. Allen JJ, Schnyer RN, Chambers AS, Hitt SK, Moreno FA, Manber R: Acupuncture for depression: a randomized controlled trial. J Clin Psychiatry 2006; 67:1665–1673 [A]
[PubMed]

407. Wang H, Qi H, Wang BS, Cui YY, Zhu L, Rong ZX, Chen HZ: Is acupuncture beneficial in depression: a meta-analysis of 8 randomized controlled trials? J Affect Disord 2008; 111(2–3):125–134 [E]

408. Rush AJ, Kraemer HC, Sackeim HA, Fava M, Trivedi MH, Frank E, Ninan PT, Thase ME, Gelenberg AJ, Kupfer DJ, Regier DA, Rosenbaum JF, Ray O, Schatzberg AF: Report by the ACNP Task Force on response and remission in major depressive disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology 2006; 31:1841–1853 [G]
[PubMed]

409. Judd LL, Akiskal HS, Zeller PJ, Paulus M, Leon AC, Maser JD, Endicott J, Coryell W, Kunovac JL, Mueller TI, Rice JP, Keller MB: Psychosocial disability during the long-term course of unipolar major depressive disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2000; 57:375–380 [C]
[PubMed]

410. Judd LL, Akiskal HS, Maser JD, Zeller PJ, Endicott J, Coryell W, Paulus MP, Kunovac JL, Leon AC, Mueller TI, Rice JA, Keller MB: Major depressive disorder: a prospective study of residual subthreshold depressive symptoms as predictor of rapid relapse. J Affect Disord 1998; 50:97–108 [C]
[PubMed]

411. Judd LL, Paulus MJ, Schettler PJ, Akiskal HS, Endicott J, Leon AC, Maser JD, Mueller T, Solomon DA, Keller MB: Does incomplete recovery from first lifetime major depressive episode herald a chronic course of illness? Am J Psychiatry 2000; 157:1501–1504 [C] 1001533
[PubMed]

412. Paykel ES: Remission and residual symptomatology in major depression. Psychopathology 1998; 31:5–14 [C]
[PubMed]

413. Guscott R, Grof P: The clinical meaning of refractory depression: a review for the clinician. Am J Psychiatry 1991; 148:695–704 [G]
[PubMed]

414. Sackeim HA, Prudic J, Devanand DP, Decina P, Kerr B, Malitz S: The impact of medication resistance and continuation pharmacotherapy on relapse following response to electroconvulsive therapy in major depression. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1990; 10:96–104 [G]
[PubMed]

415. Keitner GI, Ryan CE, Solomon DA: Realistic expectations and a disease management model for depressed patients with persistent symptoms. J Clin Psychiatry 2006; 67:1412–1421 [E]
[PubMed]

416. Badamgarav E, Weingarten SR, Henning JM, Knight K, Hasselblad V, Gano A Jr, Ofman JJ: Effectiveness of disease management programs in depression: a systematic review. Am J Psychiatry 2003; 160:2080–2090 [E] 1005563
[PubMed]

417. Frank E, Kupfer DJ: Axis II personality disorders and personality features in treatment-resistant and refractory depression, in Treatment Strategies for Refractory Depression. Edited by Roose SP, Glassman AH. Washington, DC, American Psychiatric Press, 1990, pp 207–221 [F]

418. Trivedi MH, Morris DW, Grannemann BD, Mahadi S: Symptom clusters as predictors of late response to antidepressant treatment. J Clin Psychiatry 2005; 66:1064–1070 [B]
[PubMed]

419. Quitkin FM, Petkova E, McGrath PJ, Taylor B, Beasley C, Stewart J, Amsterdam J, Fava M, Rosenbaum J, Reimherr F, Fawcett J, Chen Y, Klein D: When should a trial of fluoxetine for major depression be declared failed? Am J Psychiatry 2003; 160:734–740 [B] 1005803
[PubMed]

420. Rush AJ, Wisniewski SR, Warden D, Luther JF, Davis LL, Fava M, Nierenberg AA, Trivedi MH: Selecting among second-step antidepressant medication monotherapies: predictive value of clinical, demographic, or first-step treatment features. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2008; 65:870–880 [A]
[PubMed]

421. Rush AJ, Trivedi MH, Wisniewski SR, Stewart JW, Nierenberg AA, Thase ME, Ritz L, Biggs MM, Warden D, Luther JF, Shores-Wilson K, Niederehe G, Fava M: Bupropion-SR, sertraline, or venlafaxine-XR after failure of SSRIs for depression. N Engl J Med 2006; 354:1231–1242 [A]
[PubMed]

422. Wisniewski SR, Fava M, Trivedi MH, Thase ME, Warden D, Niederehe G, Friedman ES, Biggs MM, Sackeim HA, Shores-Wilson K, McGrath PJ, Lavori PW, Miyahara S, Rush AJ: Acceptability of second-step treatments to depressed outpatients: a STAR*D report. Am J Psychiatry 2007; 164:753–760 [G] 1013751
[PubMed]

423. Weisler R, Joyce M, McGill L, Lazarus A, Szamosi J, Eriksson H: Extended release quetiapine fumarate monotherapy for major depressive disorder: results of a double-blind, randomized, placebo controlled study. CNS Spectr 2009; 4:299–313 [A]

424. Cutler AJ, Montgomery SA, Feifel D, Lazarus A, Astrom M, Brecher M: Extended release quetiapine fumarate monotherapy in major depressive disorder: a placebo- and duloxetine-controlled study. J Clin Psychiatry 2009; 70:526–539 [A]
[PubMed]

425. Pagnin D, de Queiroz V, Pini S, Cassano GB: Efficacy of ECT in depression: a meta-analytic review. J ECT 2004; 20:13–20 [E]
[PubMed]

426. Rasmussen KG, Mueller M, Knapp RG, Husain MM, Rummans TA, Sampson SM, O'Connor MK, Petrides G, Fink M, Kellner CH: Antidepressant medication treatment failure does not predict lower remission with ECT for major depressive disorder: a report from the consortium for research in electroconvulsive therapy. J Clin Psychiatry 2007; 68:1701–1706 [B]
[PubMed]

427. Prudic J, Sackeim HA, Devanand DP: Medication resistance and clinical response to electroconvulsive therapy. Psychiatry Res 1990; 31:287–296 [G]
[PubMed]

428. Husain SS, Kevan IM, Linnell R, Scott AI: Electroconvulsive therapy in depressive illness that has not responded to drug treatment. J Affect Disord 2004; 83:121–126 [B]
[PubMed]

429. Trivedi MH, Fava M, Wisniewski SR, Thase ME, Quitkin F, Warden D, Ritz L, Nierenberg AA, Lebowitz BD, Biggs MM, Luther JF, Shores-Wilson K, Rush AJ: Medication augmentation after the failure of SSRIs for depression. N Engl J Med 2006; 354:1243–1252 [A]
[PubMed]

430. Kennedy SH, McCann SM, Masellis M, McIntyre RS, Raskin J, McKay G, Baker GB: Combining bupropion SR with venlafaxine, paroxetine, or fluoxetine: a preliminary report on pharmacokinetic, therapeutic, and sexual dysfunction effects. J Clin Psychiatry 2002; 63:181–186 [B]
[PubMed]

431. Lam RW, Hossie H, Solomons K, Yatham LN: Citalopram and bupropion-SR: combining versus switching in patients with treatment-resistant depression. J Clin Psychiatry 2004; 65:337–340 [B]
[PubMed]

432. Carpenter LL, Yasmin S, Price LH: A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of antidepressant augmentation with mirtazapine. Biol Psychiatry 2002; 51:183–188 [A]
[PubMed]

433. Demyttenaere K, Bonnewyn A, Bruffaerts R, De GG, Gasquet I, Kovess V, Haro JM, Alonso J: Clinical factors influencing the prescription of antidepressants and benzodiazepines: results from the European study of the epidemiology of mental disorders (ESEMeD). J Affect Disord 2008; 110:84–93 [G]
[PubMed]

434. Valenstein M, Taylor KK, Austin K, Kales HC, McCarthy JF, Blow FC: Benzodiazepine use among depressed patients treated in mental health settings. Am J Psychiatry 2004; 161:654–661 [G] 1003494
[PubMed]

435. Smith WT, Londborg PD, Glaudin V, Painter JR: Short-term augmentation of fluoxetine with clonazepam in the treatment of depression: a double-blind study. Am J Psychiatry 1998; 155:1339–1345 [A] 1002676
[PubMed]

436. Asnis GM, Chakraburtty A, DuBoff EA, Krystal A, Londborg PD, Rosenberg R, Roth-Schechter B, Scharf MB, Walsh JK: Zolpidem for persistent insomnia in SSRI-treated depressed patients. J Clin Psychiatry 1999; 60:668–676 [A–]

437. Fava M, McCall WV, Krystal A, Wessel T, Rubens R, Caron J, Amato D, Roth T: Eszopiclone co-administered with fluoxetine in patients with insomnia coexisting with major depressive disorder. Biol Psychiatry 2006; 59:1052–1060 [A]
[PubMed]

438. Smith WT, Londborg PD, Glaudin V, Painter JR: Is extended clonazepam cotherapy of fluoxetine effective for outpatients with major depression? J Affect Disord 2002; 70:251–259 [A]
[PubMed]

439. Krystal A, Fava M, Rubens R, Wessel T, Caron J, Wilson P, Roth T, McCall WV: Evaluation of eszopiclone discontinuation after cotherapy with fluoxetine for insomnia with coexisting depression. J Clin Sleep Med 2007; 3:48–55 [A]
[PubMed]

440. Crossley NA, Bauer M: Acceleration and augmentation of antidepressants with lithium for depressive disorders: two meta-analyses of randomized, placebo-controlled trials. J Clin Psychiatry 2007; 68:935–940 [E]
[PubMed]

441. Cipriani A, Smith K, Burgess S, Carney S, Goodwin G, Geddes J: Lithium versus antidepressants in the long-term treatment of unipolar affective disorder. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006; CD003492 [E]

442. Austin MP, Souza FG, Goodwin GM: Lithium augmentation in antidepressant-resistant patients. A quantitative analysis. Br J Psychiatry 1991; 159:510–514 [E]
[PubMed]

443. Bauer M, Dopfmer S: Lithium augmentation in treatment-resistant depression: meta-analysis of placebo-controlled studies. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1999; 19:427–434 [E]
[PubMed]

444. Cipriani A, Pretty H, Hawton K, Geddes JR: Lithium in the prevention of suicidal behavior and all-cause mortality in patients with mood disorders: a systematic review of randomized trials. Am J Psychiatry 2005; 162:1805–1819 [E] 1011957
[PubMed]

445. Aronson R, Offman HJ, Joffe RT, Naylor CD: Triiodothyronine augmentation in the treatment of refractory depression. A meta-analysis. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1996; 53:842–848 [E]
[PubMed]

446. Nierenberg AA, Fava M, Trivedi MH, Wisniewski SR, Thase ME, McGrath PJ, Alpert JE, Warden D, Luther JF, Niederehe G, Lebowitz B, Shores-Wilson K, Rush AJ: A comparison of lithium and T(3) augmentation following two failed medication treatments for depression: a STAR*D report. Am J Psychiatry 2006; 163:1519–1530 [A] 1012997
[PubMed]

447. Cooper-Kazaz R, Apter JT, Cohen R, Karagichev L, Muhammed-Moussa S, Grupper D, Drori T, Newman ME, Sackeim HA, Glaser B, Lerer B: Combined treatment with sertraline and liothyronine in major depression: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2007; 64:679–688 [A]
[PubMed]

448. Nelson JC, Papakostas GI: Atypical antipsychotic augmentation in major depressive disorder: a meta-analysis of placebo-controlled randomized trials. Am J Psychiatry 2009; 166:980–991 [E] 1015500
[PubMed]

449. Shelton RC, Tollefson GD, Tohen M, Stahl S, Gannon KS, Jacobs TG, Buras WR, Bymaster FP, Zhang W, Spencer KA, Feldman PD, Meltzer HY: A novel augmentation strategy for treating resistant major depression. Am J Psychiatry 2001; 158:131–134 [A] 1001212
[PubMed]

450. Shelton RC, Williamson DJ, Corya SA, Sanger TM, Van Campen LE, Case M, Briggs SD, Tollefson GD: Olanzapine/fluoxetine combination for treatment-resistant depression: a controlled study of SSRI and nortriptyline resistance. J Clin Psychiatry 2005; 66:1289–1297 [A]
[PubMed]

451. Corya SA, Williamson D, Sanger TM, Briggs SD, Case M, Tollefson G: A randomized, double-blind comparison of olanzapine/fluoxetine combination, olanzapine, fluoxetine, and venlafaxine in treatment-resistant depression. Depress Anxiety 2006; 23:364–372 [A]
[PubMed]

452. Thase ME, Corya SA, Osuntokun O, Case M, Henley DB, Sanger TM, Watson SB, Dube S: A randomized, double-blind comparison of olanzapine/fluoxetine combination, olanzapine, and fluoxetine in treatment-resistant major depressive disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 2007; 68:224–236 [A]
[PubMed]

453. Berman RM, Marcus RN, Swanink R, McQuade RD, Carson WH, Corey-Lisle PK, Khan A: The efficacy and safety of aripiprazole as adjunctive therapy in major depressive disorder: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Clin Psychiatry 2007; 68:843–853 [A]
[PubMed]

454. McIntyre A, Gendron A, McIntyre A: Quetiapine adjunct to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors or venlafaxine in patients with major depression, comorbid anxiety, and residual depressive symptoms: a randomized, placebo-controlled pilot study. Depress Anxiety 2007; 24:487–494 [A]
[PubMed]

455. Doree JP, Des Rosiers J, Lew V, Gendron A, Elie R, Stip E, Tourjman SV: Quetiapine augmentation of treatment-resistant depression: a comparison with lithium. Curr Med Res Opin 2007; 23:333–341 [B]
[PubMed]

456. Garakani A, Martinez JM, Marcus S, Weaver J, Rickels K, Fava M, Hirschowitz J: A randomized, double-blind, and placebo-controlled trial of quetiapine augmentation of fluoxetine in major depressive disorder. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2008; 23:269–275 [A]
[PubMed]

457. Mahmoud RA, Pandina GJ, Turkoz I, Kosik-Gonzalez C, Canuso CM, Kujawa MJ, Gharabawi-Garibaldi GM: Risperidone for treatment-refractory major depressive disorder: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 2007; 147:593–602 [A]
[PubMed]

458. Keitner GI, Garlow SJ, Ryan CE, Ninan PT, Solomon DA, Nemeroff CB, Keller MB: A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of risperidone augmentation for patients with difficult-to-treat unipolar, non-psychotic major depression. J Psychiatr Res 2009; 43:205–214 [A]
[PubMed]

459. Andersen SW, Clemow DB, Corya SA: Long-term weight gain in patients treated with open-label olanzapine in combination with fluoxetine for major depressive disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 2005; 66:1468–1476 [B]
[PubMed]

460. Lavretsky H, Park S, Siddarth P, Kumar A, Reynolds CF III: Methylphenidate-enhanced antidepressant response to citalopram in the elderly: a double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot trial. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2006; 14:181–185 [B]
[PubMed]

461. Masand PS, Anand VS, Tanquary JF: Psychostimulant augmentation of second generation antidepressants: a case series. Depress Anxiety 1998; 7:89–91 [G]
[PubMed]

462. Ravindran AV, Kennedy SH, O'Donovan MC, Fallu A, Camacho F, Binder CE: Osmotic-release oral system methylphenidate augmentation of antidepressant monotherapy in major depressive disorder: results of a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Psychiatry 2008; 69:87–94 [A]
[PubMed]

463. Patkar AA, Masand PS, Pae CU, Peindl K, Hooper-Wood C, Mannelli P, Ciccone P: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of augmentation with an extended release formulation of methylphenidate in outpatients with treatment-resistant depression. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2006; 26:653–656 [A]
[PubMed]

464. DeBattista C, Doghramji K, Menza MA, Rosenthal MH, Fieve RR: Adjunct modafinil for the short-term treatment of fatigue and sleepiness in patients with major depressive disorder: a preliminary double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Clin Psychiatry 2003; 64:1057–1064 [A]
[PubMed]

465. Dunlop BW, Crits-Christoph P, Evans DL, Hirschowitz J, Solvason HB, Rickels K, Garlow SJ, Gallop RJ, Ninan PT: Coadministration of modafinil and a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor from the initiation of treatment of major depressive disorder with fatigue and sleepiness: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2007; 27:614–619 [A]
[PubMed]

466. Fava M, Thase ME, DeBattista C, Doghramji K, Arora S, Hughes RJ: Modafinil augmentation of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor therapy in MDD partial responders with persistent fatigue and sleepiness. Ann Clin Psychiatry 2007; 19:153–159 [A]
[PubMed]

467. Ninan PT, Hassman HA, Glass SJ, McManus FC: Adjunctive modafinil at initiation of treatment with a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor enhances the degree and onset of therapeutic effects in patients with major depressive disorder and fatigue. J Clin Psychiatry 2004; 65:414–420 [B]
[PubMed]

468. Thase ME, Fava M, DeBattista C, Arora S, Hughes RJ: Modafinil augmentation of SSRI therapy in patients with major depressive disorder and excessive sleepiness and fatigue: a 12-week, open-label, extension study. CNS Spectr 2006; 11:93–102 [B]
[PubMed]

469. Cephalon: Updated Safety Information: Warnings regarding serious rash, including Stevens-Johnson Syndrome and hypersensitivity reactions, and psychiatric symptoms, Sept 12, 2007. http://www.fda.gov/medwatch/safety/2007/Provigil_dhcpletter091207_final.pdf [G]

470. Cullen M, Mitchell P, Brodaty H, Boyce P, Parker G, Hickie I, Wilhelm K: Carbamazepine for treatment-resistant melancholia. J Clin Psychiatry 1991; 52:472–476 [C]
[PubMed]

471. Fava M, Rush AJ, Wisniewski SR, Nierenberg AA, Alpert JE, McGrath PJ, Thase ME, Warden D, Biggs M, Luther JF, Niederehe G, Ritz L, Trivedi MH: A comparison of mirtazapine and nortriptyline following two consecutive failed medication treatments for depressed outpatients: a STAR*D report. Am J Psychiatry 2006; 163:1161–1172 [A] 1012826
[PubMed]

472. Schindler F, Anghelescu IG: Lithium versus lamotrigine augmentation in treatment resistant unipolar depression: a randomized, open-label study. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2007; 22:179–182 [B]
[PubMed]

473. Barbosa L, Berk M, Vorster M: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of augmentation with lamotrigine or placebo in patients concomitantly treated with fluoxetine for resistant major depressive episodes. J Clin Psychiatry 2003; 64:403–407 [A]
[PubMed]

474. White K, Simpson G: Combined MAOI-tricyclic antidepressant treatment: a reevaluation. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1981; 1:264–282 [F]
[PubMed]

475. Lader M: Combined use of tricyclic antidepressants and monoamine oxidase inhibitors. J Clin Psychiatry 1983; 44:20–24 [F]
[PubMed]

476. George MS, Rush AJ, Marangell LB, Sackeim HA, Brannan SK, Davis SM, Howland R, Kling MA, Moreno F, Rittberg B, Dunner D, Schwartz T, Carpenter L, Burke M, Ninan P, Goodnick P: A one-year comparison of vagus nerve stimulation with treatment as usual for treatment-resistant depression. Biol Psychiatry 2005; 58:364–373 [B]
[PubMed]

477. Rush AJ, Sackeim HA, Marangell LB, George MS, Brannan SK, Davis SM, Lavori P, Howland R, Kling MA, Rittberg B, Carpenter L, Ninan P, Moreno F, Schwartz T, Conway C, Burke M, Barry JJ: Effects of 12 months of vagus nerve stimulation in treatment-resistant depression: a naturalistic study. Biol Psychiatry 2005; 58:355–363 [B]
[PubMed]

478. Sackeim HA, Brannan SK, Rush AJ, George MS, Marangell LB, Allen J: Durability of antidepressant response to vagus nerve stimulation (VNS). Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2007; 10:817–826 [B]
[PubMed]

479. Nahas Z, Marangell LB, Husain MM, Rush AJ, Sackeim HA, Lisanby SH, Martinez JM, George MS: Two-year outcome of vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) for treatment of major depressive episodes. J Clin Psychiatry 2005; 66:1097–1104 [B]
[PubMed]

480. Daban C, Martinez-Aran A, Cruz N, Vieta E: Safety and efficacy of vagus nerve stimulation in treatment-resistant depression. A systematic review. J Affect Disord 2008; 110:1–15 [E]
[PubMed]

481. Schlaepfer TE, Frick C, Zobel A, Maier W, Heuser I, Bajbouj M, O'Keane V, Corcoran C, Adolfsson R, Trimble M, Rau H, Hoff HJ, Padberg F, Muller-Siecheneder F, Audenaert K, Van den Abbeele D, Stanga Z, Hasdemir M: Vagus nerve stimulation for depression: efficacy and safety in a European study. Psychol Med 2008; 38:651–661 [B]
[PubMed]

482. Depression Physician's Manual: VNS Therapy™ Pulse Model 102 Generator and VNS Therapy™ Pulse Duo Model 102R Generator (#26-0005-6300/10). Houston, TX, Cyberonics, Inc., July 2005. http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/cdrh_docs/pdf/P970003S050c.pdf [G]

483. McGrath PJ, Stewart JW, Petkova E, Quitkin FM, Amsterdam JD, Fawcett J, Reimherr FW, Rosenbaum JF, Beasley CM Jr: Predictors of relapse during fluoxetine continuation or maintenance treatment of major depression. J Clin Psychiatry 2000; 61:518–524 [A]
[PubMed]

484. Solomon DA, Keller MB, Leon AC, Mueller TI, Lavori PW, Shea MT, Coryell W, Warshaw M, Turvey C, Maser JD, Endicott J: Multiple recurrences of major depressive disorder. Am J Psychiatry 2000; 157:229–233 [C] 1001907
[PubMed]

485. Consensus Development Panel: NIMH/NIH Consensus Development Conference Statement: mood disorders: pharmacologic prevention of recurrences. Am J Psychiatry 1985; 142:469–476 [F]

486. Maj M, Veltro F, Pirozzi R, Lobrace S, Magliano L: Pattern of recurrence of illness after recovery from an episode of major depression: a prospective study. Am J Psychiatry 1992; 149:795–800 [B]
[PubMed]

487. Depression Guideline Panel: Clinical Practice Guideline Number 5: Depression in Primary Care, Treatment of Major Depression: HHS Publication 93–0551. Rockville, Md, Agency for Health Care Policy and Research, 1993 [E]

488. Tew JD Jr, Mulsant BH, Haskett RF, Joan P, Begley AE, Sackeim HA: Relapse during continuation pharmacotherapy after acute response to ECT: a comparison of usual care versus protocolized treatment. Ann Clin Psychiatry 2007; 19:1–4 [B]
[PubMed]

489. Sackeim HA, Haskett RF, Mulsant BH, Thase ME, Mann JJ, Pettinati HM, Greenberg RM, Crowe RR, Cooper TB, Prudic J: Continuation pharmacotherapy in the prevention of relapse following electroconvulsive therapy: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2001; 285:1299–1307 [A]
[PubMed]

490. Papakostas GI, Perlis RH, Seifert C, Fava M: Antidepressant dose reduction and the risk of relapse in major depressive disorder. Psychother Psychosom 2007; 76:266–270 [E]
[PubMed]

491. Thase ME, Simons AD, McGeary J, Cahalane JF, Hughes C, Harden T, Friedman E: Relapse after cognitive behavior therapy of depression: potential implications for longer courses of treatment. Am J Psychiatry 1992; 149:1046–1052 [C]
[PubMed]

492. Koran LM, Gelenberg AJ, Kornstein SG, Howland RH, Friedman RA, DeBattista C, Klein D, Kocsis JH, Schatzberg AF, Thase ME, Rush AJ, Hirschfeld RM, LaVange LM, Keller MB: Sertraline versus imipramine to prevent relapse in chronic depression. J Affect Disord 2001; 65:27–36 [A]
[PubMed]

493. Jarrett RB, Basco MR, Risser R, Ramanan J, Marwill M, Kraft D, Rush AJ: Is there a role for continuation phase cognitive therapy for depressed outpatients? J Consult Clin Psychol 1998; 66:1036–1040 [B]
[PubMed]

494. Fava GA, Grandi S, Zielezny M, Rafanelli C, Canestrari R: Four-year outcome for cognitive behavioral treatment of residual symptoms in major depression. Am J Psychiatry 1996; 153:945–947 [B] 1003738
[PubMed]

495. Prien RF, Kupfer DJ: Continuation drug therapy for major depressive episodes: how long should it be maintained? Am J Psychiatry 1986; 143:18–23 [B]
[PubMed]

496. Bauer M, Dopfmer S: Lithium augmentation in treatment-resistant depression: meta-analysis of placebo-controlled studies. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2000; 20:287 [E]
[PubMed]

497. Bockting CL, Schene AH, Spinhoven P, Koeter MW, Wouters LF, Huyser J, Kamphuis JH: Preventing relapse/recurrence in recurrent depression with cognitive therapy: a randomized controlled trial. J Consult Clin Psychol 2005; 73:647–657 [A–]

498. Teasdale JD, Segal ZV, Williams JM, Ridgeway VA, Soulsby JM, Lau MA: Prevention of relapse/recurrence in major depression by mindfulness-based cognitive therapy. J Consult Clin Psychol 2000; 68:615–623 [A–]

499. Fink M, Rush AJ, Knapp R, Rasmussen K, Mueller M, Rummans TA, O'Connor K, Husain M, Biggs M, Bailine S, Kellner CH: DSM melancholic features are unreliable predictors of ECT response: a CORE publication. J ECT 2007; 23:139–146 [B]
[PubMed]

500. Schmidt ME, Fava M, Zhang S, Gonzales J, Raute NJ, Judge R: Treatment approaches to major depressive disorder relapse. Part 1: dose increase. Psychother Psychosom 2002; 71:190–194 [A]
[PubMed]

501. Lisanby SH, Sampson S, Husain MM, Petrides G, Knapp RG, McCall V, Young RC, Prudic J, Kellner CH: Toward individualized post-electroconvulsive therapy care: piloting the Symptom-Titrated, Algorithm-Based Longitudinal ECT (STABLE) intervention. J ECT 2008; 24:179–182 [G]
[PubMed]

502. Eaton WW, Shao H, Nestadt G, Lee BH, Bienvenu OJ, Zandi P: Population-based study of first onset and chronicity in major depressive disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2008; 65:513–520 [C]
[PubMed]

503. Mueller TI, Leon AC, Keller MB, Solomon DA, Endicott J, Coryell W, Warshaw M, Maser JD: Recurrence after recovery from major depressive disorder during 15 years of observational follow-up. Am J Psychiatry 1999; 156:1000–1006 [C] 1002219
[PubMed]

504. Burcusa SL, Iacono WG: Risk for recurrence in depression. Clin Psychol Rev 2007; 27:959–985 [F]
[PubMed]

505. Solomon DA, Bauer MS: Continuation and maintenance pharmacotherapy for unipolar and bipolar mood disorders. Psychiatr Clin North Am 1993; 16:515–540 [F]
[PubMed]

506. Kupfer DJ, Frank E, Perel JM, Cornes C, Mallinger AG, Thase ME, McEachran AB, Grochocinski VJ: Five-year outcome for maintenance therapies in recurrent depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1992; 49:769–773 [A]
[PubMed]

507. Hansen R, Gaynes B, Thieda P, Gartlehner G, DeVeaugh-Geiss A, Krebs E, Lohr K: Meta-analysis of major depressive disorder relapse and recurrence with second-generation antidepressants. Psychiatr Serv 2008; 59:1121–1130 [E]
[PubMed]

508. Frank E, Kupfer DJ, Perel JM, Cornes C, Mallinger AG, Thase ME, McEachran AB, Grochocinski VJ: Comparison of full-dose versus half-dose pharmacotherapy in the maintenance treatment of recurrent depression. J Affect Disord 1993; 27:139–145 [A]
[PubMed]

509. Solomon DA, Leon AC, Mueller TI, Coryell W, Teres JJ, Posternak MA, Judd LL, Endicott J, Keller MB: Tachyphylaxis in unipolar major depressive disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 2005; 66:283–290 [C]
[PubMed]

510. Posternak MA, Zimmerman M: Dual reuptake inhibitors incur lower rates of tachyphylaxis than selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors: a retrospective study. J Clin Psychiatry 2005; 66:705–707 [G]
[PubMed]

511. Zimmerman M, Thongy T: How often do SSRIs and other new-generation antidepressants lose their effect during continuation treatment? Evidence suggesting the rate of true tachyphylaxis during continuation treatment is low. J Clin Psychiatry 2007; 68:1271–1276 [E]
[PubMed]

512. Byrne S, Rothschild AJ: Psychiatrists' responses to failure of maintenance therapy with antidepressants. Psychiatr Serv 1997; 48:835–837 [G] 1008468
[PubMed]

513. Frank E, Kupfer DJ, Wagner EF, McEachran AB, Cornes C: Efficacy of interpersonal psychotherapy as a maintenance treatment of recurrent depression. Contributing factors. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1991; 48:1053–1059 [A–]

514. Blackburn IM, Moore RG: Controlled acute and follow-up trial of cognitive therapy and pharmacotherapy in out-patients with recurrent depression. Br J Psychiatry 1997; 171:328–334 [B]
[PubMed]

515. Belsher G, Costello CG: Relapse after recovery from unipolar depression: a critical review. Psychol Bull 1988; 104:84–96 [F]
[PubMed]

516. Scott J: Chronic depression: can cognitive therapy succeed when other treatments fail? Behavioural Psychotherapy 1992; 20:25–36 [B]

517. Lejoyeux M, Ades J: Antidepressant discontinuation: a review of the literature. J Clin Psychiatry 1997; 58(suppl 7):11–15 [F]

518. Coupland NJ, Bell CJ, Potokar JP: Serotonin reuptake inhibitor withdrawal. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1996; 16:356–362 [D]
[PubMed]

519. Dilsaver SC, Kronfol Z, Sackellares JC, Greden JF: Antidepressant withdrawal syndromes: evidence supporting the cholinergic overdrive hypothesis. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1983; 3:157–164 [F]
[PubMed]

520. Fava M, Schmidt ME, Zhang S, Gonzales J, Raute NJ, Judge R: Treatment approaches to major depressive disorder relapse. Part 2: reinitiation of antidepressant treatment. Psychother Psychosom 2002; 71:195–199 [A]
[PubMed]

521. Prudic J, Sackeim HA: Electroconvulsive therapy and suicide risk. J Clin Psychiatry 1999; 60(suppl 2):104–110 [F]

522. Busch KA, Fawcett J, Jacobs DG: Clinical correlates of inpatient suicide. J Clin Psychiatry 2003; 64:14–19 [C]
[PubMed]

523. Bridge JA, Iyengar S, Salary CB, Barbe RP, Birmaher B, Pincus HA, Ren L, Brent DA: Clinical response and risk for reported suicidal ideation and suicide attempts in pediatric antidepressant treatment: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. JAMA 2007; 297:1683–1696 [E]
[PubMed]

524. Dubicka B, Hadley S, Roberts C: Suicidal behaviour in youths with depression treated with new-generation antidepressants: meta-analysis. Br J Psychiatry 2006; 189:393–398 [E]
[PubMed]

525. Goodman WK, Murphy TK, Storch EA: Risk of adverse behavioral effects with pediatric use of antidepressants. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2007; 191:87–96 [E]
[PubMed]

526. Hall WD, Lucke J: How have the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor antidepressants affected suicide mortality? Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2006; 40:941–950 [F]
[PubMed]

527. Hetrick S, Merry S, McKenzie J, Sindahl P, Proctor M: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) for depressive disorders in children and adolescents. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007; CD004851 [E]

528. Kaizar EE, Greenhouse JB, Seltman H, Kelleher K: Do antidepressants cause suicidality in children? A Bayesian meta-analysis. Clin Trials 2006; 3:73–90 [E]
[PubMed]

529. Mosholder AD, Willy M: Suicidal adverse events in pediatric randomized, controlled clinical trials of antidepressant drugs are associated with active drug treatment: a meta-analysis. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2006; 16:25–32 [E]
[PubMed]

530. Wohlfarth TD, van Zwieten BJ, Lekkerkerker FJ, Gispen-de Wied CC, Ruis JR, Elferink AJ, Storosum JG: Antidepressants use in children and adolescents and the risk of suicide. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2006; 16:79–83 [E]
[PubMed]

531. Hammad TA, Laughren TP, Racoosin JA: Suicide rates in short-term randomized controlled trials of newer antidepressants. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2006; 26:203–207 [E]
[PubMed]

532. Mann JJ, Emslie G, Baldessarini RJ, Beardslee W, Fawcett JA, Goodwin FK, Leon AC, Meltzer HY, Ryan ND, Shaffer D, Wagner KD: ACNP Task Force report on SSRIs and suicidal behavior in youth. Neuropsychopharmacology 2006; 31:473–492 [G]
[PubMed]

533. Tsapakis EM, Soldani F, Tondo L, Baldessarini RJ: Efficacy of antidepressants in juvenile depression: meta-analysis. Br J Psychiatry 2008; 193:10–17 [E]
[PubMed]

534. March JS, Klee BJ, Kremer CM: Treatment benefit and the risk of suicidality in multicenter, randomized, controlled trials of sertraline in children and adolescents. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2006; 16:91–102 [E]
[PubMed]

535. Simon GE, Savarino J: Suicide attempts among patients starting depression treatment with medications or psychotherapy. Am J Psychiatry 2007; 164:1029–1034 [C] 1013889
[PubMed]

536. US Food and Drug Administration: FDA Proposes New Warnings About Suicidal Thinking, Behavior in Young Adults Who Take Antidepressant Medications, May 2, 2007. http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/NEWS/2007/NEW01624.html [G]

537. Stoudemire A, Hill C, Gulley LR, Morris R: Neuropsychological and biomedical assessment of depression-dementia syndromes. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 1989; 1:347–361 [C]
[PubMed]

538. Caine ED: Pseudodementia. Current concepts and future directions. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1981; 38:1359–1364 [F]
[PubMed]

539. American Psychiatric Association: Practice Guideline for the Treatment of Patients With Alzheimer's Disease and Other Dementias, Second Edition. Am J Psychiatry 2007; 164(Dec suppl):5–56 [A–]

540. Saez-Fonseca JA, Lee L, Walker Z: Long-term outcome of depressive pseudodementia in the elderly. J Affect Disord 2007; 101:123–129 [C]
[PubMed]

541. Alexopoulos GS, Meyers BS, Young RC, Mattis S, Kakuma T: The course of geriatric depression with "reversible dementia": a controlled study. Am J Psychiatry 1993; 150:1693–1699 [C] 1005106
[PubMed]

542. Alexopoulos GS, Kiosses DN, Heo M, Murphy CF, Shanmugham B, Gunning-Dixon F: Executive dysfunction and the course of geriatric depression. Biol Psychiatry 2005; 58:204–210 [G]
[PubMed]

543. Alexopoulos GS, Kiosses DN, Klimstra S, Kalayam B, Bruce ML: Clinical presentation of the "depression-executive dysfunction syndrome" of late life. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2002; 10:98–106 [G]
[PubMed]

544. Andreescu C, Mulsant BH, Peasley-Miklus C, Rothschild AJ, Flint AJ, Heo M, Caswell M, Whyte EM, Meyers BS: Persisting low use of antipsychotics in the treatment of major depressive disorder with psychotic features. J Clin Psychiatry 2007; 68:194–200 [G]
[PubMed]

545. Mulsant BH, Haskett RF, Prudic J, Thase ME, Malone KM, Mann JJ, Pettinati HM, Sackeim HA: Low use of neuroleptic drugs in the treatment of psychotic major depression. Am J Psychiatry 1997; 154:559–561 [D] 1003311
[PubMed]

546. Rasmussen KG, Mueller M, Kellner CH, Knapp RG, Petrides G, Rummans TA, Husain MM, O'Connor MK, Black JL, Sampson S, Fink M: Patterns of psychotropic medication use among patients with severe depression referred for electroconvulsive therapy: data from the Consortium for Research on Electroconvulsive Therapy. J ECT 2006; 22:116–123 [G]
[PubMed]

547. Parker G, Roy K, Hadzi-Pavlovic D, Pedic F: Psychotic (delusional) depression: a meta-analysis of physical treatments. J Affect Disord 1992; 24:17–24 [E]
[PubMed]

548. Spiker DG, Weiss JC, Dealy RS, Griffin SJ, Hanin I, Neil JF, Perel JM, Rossi AJ, Soloff PH: The pharmacological treatment of delusional depression. Am J Psychiatry 1985; 142:430–436 [A]
[PubMed]

549. Rothschild AJ, Williamson DJ, Tohen MF, Schatzberg A, Andersen SW, Van Campen LE, Sanger TM, Tollefson GD: A double-blind, randomized study of olanzapine and olanzapine/fluoxetine combination for major depression with psychotic features. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2004; 24:365–373 [A]
[PubMed]

550. Mulsant BH, Sweet RA, Rosen J, Pollock BG, Zubenko GS, Flynn T, Begley AE, Mazumdar S, Reynolds CF III: A double-blind randomized comparison of nortriptyline plus perphenazine versus nortriptyline plus placebo in the treatment of psychotic depression in late life. J Clin Psychiatry 2001; 62:597–604 [A]
[PubMed]

551. Wijkstra J, Lijmer J, Balk FJ, Geddes JR, Nolen WA: Pharmacological treatment for unipolar psychotic depression: systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Psychiatry 2006; 188:410–415 [E]
[PubMed]

552. Price LH, Conwell Y, Nelson JC: Lithium augmentation of combined neuroleptic-tricyclic treatment in delusional depression. Am J Psychiatry 1983; 140:318–322 [E]
[PubMed]

553. Rosebush PI, Hildebrand AM, Furlong BG, Mazurek MF: Catatonic syndrome in a general psychiatric inpatient population: frequency, clinical presentation, and response to lorazepam. J Clin Psychiatry 1990; 51:357–362 [B]
[PubMed]

554. Pataki J, Zervas IM, Jandorf L: Catatonia in a university inpatient service (1985–1990). Convuls Ther 1992; 8:163–173 [G]
[PubMed]

555. Starkstein SE, Petracca G, Teson A, Chemerinski E, Merello M, Migliorelli R, Leiguarda R: Catatonia in depression: prevalence, clinical correlates, and validation of a scale. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1996; 60:326–332 [G]
[PubMed]

556. Taylor MA, Fink M: Catatonia in psychiatric classification: a home of its own. Am J Psychiatry 2003; 160:1233–1241 [F] 1005708
[PubMed]

557. Bush G, Fink M, Petrides G, Dowling F, Francis A: Catatonia. I. Rating scale and standardized examination. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1996; 93:129–136 [G]
[PubMed]

558. Caroff SN, Mann SC, Francis A, Fricchione GL (eds): Catatonia: From Psychopathology to Neurobiology. Arlington, VA, American Psychiatric Publishing, 2006 [G]

559. Fink M, Taylor MA: Catatonia: A Clinician's Guide to Diagnosis and Treatment Cambridge, UK, Cambridge University Press, 2003 [G]

560. White DA, Robins AH: An analysis of 17 catatonic patients diagnosed with neuroleptic malignant syndrome. CNS Spectr 2000; 5:58–65 [G]
[PubMed]

561. Clerc GE, Ruimy P, Verdeau-Palles J: A double-blind comparison of venlafaxine and fluoxetine in patients hospitalized for major depression and melancholia. The Venlafaxine French Inpatient Study Group. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 1994; 9:139–143 [A]
[PubMed]

562. Perry PJ: Pharmacotherapy for major depression with melancholic features: relative efficacy of tricyclic versus selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor antidepressants. J Affect Disord 1996; 39:1–6 [F]
[PubMed]

563. Thase ME, Friedman ES: Is psychotherapy an effective treatment for melancholia and other severe depressive states? J Affect Disord 1999; 54:1–19 [F]
[PubMed]

564. Grunebaum MF, Galfalvy HC, Oquendo MA, Burke AK, Mann JJ: Melancholia and the probability and lethality of suicide attempts. Br J Psychiatry 2004; 184:534–535 [C]
[PubMed]

565. Novick JS, Stewart JW, Wisniewski SR, Cook IA, Manev R, Nierenberg AA, Rosenbaum JF, Shores-Wilson K, Balasubramani GK, Biggs MM, Zisook S, Rush AJ: Clinical and demographic features of atypical depression in outpatients with major depressive disorder: preliminary findings from STAR*D. J Clin Psychiatry 2005; 66:1002–1011 [B]
[PubMed]

566. Thase ME: Recognition and diagnosis of atypical depression. J Clin Psychiatry 2007; 68(suppl 8):11–16 [F]

567. Mitchell PB, Goodwin GM, Johnson GF, Hirschfeld RM: Diagnostic guidelines for bipolar depression: a probabilistic approach. Bipolar Disord 2008; 10:144–152 [F]
[PubMed]

568. Akiskal HS, Benazzi F: Atypical depression: a variant of bipolar II or a bridge between unipolar and bipolar II? J Affect Disord 2005; 84:209–217 [G]
[PubMed]

569. Stewart JW, McGrath PJ, Quitkin FM, Harrison W, Markowitz J, Wager S, Leibowitz MR: Relevance of DMS-III depressive subtype and chronicity of antidepressant efficacy in atypical depression. Differential response to phenelzine, imipramine, and placebo. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1989; 46:1080–1087 [B]
[PubMed]

570. Liebowitz MR, Quitkin FM, Stewart JW, McGrath PJ, Harrison WM, Markowitz JS, Rabkin JG, Tricamo E, Goetz DM, Klein DF: Antidepressant specificity in atypical depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1988; 45:129–137 [A–]

571. Quitkin FM, Stewart JW, McGrath PJ, Liebowitz MR, Harrison WM, Tricamo E, Klein DF, Rabkin JG, Markowitz JS, Wager SG: Phenelzine versus imipramine in the treatment of probable atypical depression: defining syndrome boundaries of selective MAOI responders. Am J Psychiatry 1988; 145:306–311 [A]
[PubMed]

572. Quitkin FM, Harrison W, Stewart JW, McGrath PJ, Tricamo E, Ocepek-Welikson K, Rabkin JG, Wager SG, Nunes E, Klein DF: Response to phenelzine and imipramine in placebo nonresponders with atypical depression: a new application of the crossover design. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1991; 48:319–323 [A]
[PubMed]

573. Goodnick PJ, Extein I: Bupropion and fluoxetine in depressive subtypes. Ann Clin Psychiatry 1989; 1:119–122 [C]

574. Goodnick PJ: Acute and long-term bupropion therapy: response and side effects. Ann Clin Psychiatry 1991; 3:311–313 [C]

575. Pande AC, Birkett M, Fechner-Bates S, Haskett RF, Greden JF: Fluoxetine versus phenelzine in atypical depression. Biol Psychiatry 1996; 40:1017–1020 [A]
[PubMed]

576. Jarrett RB, Schaffer M, McIntire D, Witt-Browder A, Kraft D, Risser RC: Treatment of atypical depression with cognitive therapy or phenelzine: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1999; 56:431–437 [A–]

577. Shea MT, Elkin I, Sotsky SM: Patient characteristics associated with successful treatment: outcome findings from the NIMH Treatment of Depression Collaborative Research Program, in Psychotherapy Indications and Outcomes. Edited by Janowsky DS. Washington, DC, American Psychiatric Publishing, 1999, pp 71–90 [F]

578. Husain MM, McClintock SM, Rush AJ, Knapp RG, Fink M, Rummans TA, Rasmussen K, Claassen C, Petrides G, Biggs MM, Mueller M, Sampson S, Bailine SH, Lisanby SH, Kellner CH: The efficacy of acute electroconvulsive therapy in atypical depression. J Clin Psychiatry 2008; 69:406–411 [B]
[PubMed]

579. Howland RH: Pharmacotherapy of dysthymia: a review. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1991; 11:83–92 [G]
[PubMed]

580. Keller MB, Hanks DL, Klein DN: Summary of the DSM-IV mood disorders field trial and issue overview. Psychiatr Clin North Am 1996; 19:1–28 [F]
[PubMed]

581. Kocsis JH, Frances AJ, Voss C, Mann JJ, Mason BJ, Sweeney J: Imipramine treatment for chronic depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1988; 45:253–257 [A]
[PubMed]

582. Rush AJ, Thase ME: Psychotherapies for depressive disorders: a review, in Depressive Disorders. Edited by Maj M, Sartorius N. Chichester, UK, John Wiley & Sons, 2003, pp 161–206 [G]

583. Zimmerman M, Chelminski I, McDermut W: Major depressive disorder and Axis I diagnostic comorbidity. J Clin Psychiatry 2002; 63:187–193 [F]
[PubMed]

584. Kessler RC, Chiu WT, Demler O, Merikangas KR, Walters EE: Prevalence, severity, and comorbidity of 12-month DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2005; 62:617–627 [G]
[PubMed]

585. Dunner DL: Clinical consequences of under-recognized bipolar spectrum disorder. Bipolar Disord 2003; 5:456–463 [F]
[PubMed]

586. Schatzberg AF, Ballenger JC: Decisions for the clinician in the treatment of panic disorder: when to treat, which treatment to use, and how long to treat. J Clin Psychiatry 1991; 52(suppl):26–31 [G]

587. Schneier FR, Blanco C, Campeas R, Lewis-Fernandez R, Lin SH, Marshall R, Schmidt AB, Sanchez-Lacay JA, Simpson HB, Liebowitz MR: Citalopram treatment of social anxiety disorder with comorbid major depression. Depress Anxiety 2003; 17:191–196 [B]
[PubMed]

588. Brady KT, Clary CM: Affective and anxiety comorbidity in post-traumatic stress disorder treatment trials of sertraline. Compr Psychiatry 2003; 44:360–369 [A]
[PubMed]

589. Simon NM, Emmanuel N, Ballenger J, Worthington JJ, Kinrys G, Korbly NB, Farach FJ, Pollack MH: Bupropion sustained release for panic disorder. Psychopharmacol Bull 2003; 37:66–72 [B]
[PubMed]

590. Sheehan DV, Davidson J, Manschreck T, Van Wyck FJ: Lack of efficacy of a new antidepressant (bupropion) in the treatment of panic disorder with phobias. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1983; 3:28–31 [C]
[PubMed]

591. American Psychiatric Association: Practice Guidelines for the Treatment of Patients With Panic Disorder, Second Edition. Am J Psychiatry 2009; 166:(Jan suppl)1–68 [G]

592. Ninan PT, Rush AJ, Crits-Christoph P, Kornstein SG, Manber R, Thase ME, Trivedi MH, Rothbaum BO, Zajecka J, Borian FE, Keller MB: Symptomatic and syndromal anxiety in chronic forms of major depression: effect of nefazodone, cognitive behavioral analysis system of psychotherapy, and their combination. J Clin Psychiatry 2002; 63:434–441 [A–]

593. Jenike MA, Buttolph L, Baer L, Ricciardi J, Holland A: Open trial of fluoxetine in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1989; 146:909–911 [A]
[PubMed]

594. The Clomipramine Collaborative Study Group: Clomipramine in the treatment of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1991; 48:730–738 [A]

595. American Psychiatric Association: Practice Guideline for the Treatment of Patients With Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. Am J Psychiatry 2007; 164(July suppl):5–53 [G]

596. Alexopoulos GS, Abrams RC, Young RC, Shamoian CA: Cornell Scale for Depression in Dementia. Biol Psychiatry 1988; 23:271–284 [G]
[PubMed]

597. Bains J, Birks JS, Dening TR: The efficacy of antidepressants in the treatment of depression in dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2002; CD003944 [E]

598. Lyketsos CG, DelCampo L, Steinberg M, Miles Q, Steele CD, Munro C, Baker AS, Sheppard JM, Frangakis C, Brandt J, Rabins PV: Treating depression in Alzheimer disease: efficacy and safety of sertraline therapy, and the benefits of depression reduction: the DIADS. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2003; 60:737–746 [A–]

599. Thompson S, Herrmann N, Rapoport MJ, Lanctot KL: Efficacy and safety of antidepressants for treatment of depression in Alzheimer's disease: a metaanalysis. Can J Psychiatry 2007; 52:248–255 [E]
[PubMed]

600. Moore AR, O'Keeffe ST: Drug-induced cognitive impairment in the elderly. Drugs Aging 1999; 15:15–28 [G]
[PubMed]

601. Krystal AD, Coffey CE: Neuropsychiatric considerations in the use of electroconvulsive therapy. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 1997; 9:283–292 [F] 1006513
[PubMed]

602. Weiner RD, Coffey CE, Krystal AD: Electroconvulsive therapy in the medical and neurologic patient, in Psychiatric Care of the Medical Patient. Edited by Stoudemire A, Fogel B, Greenberg D. New York, Oxford University Press, 2000, pp 419–428 [F]

603. Blair-West GW, Cantor CH, Mellsop GW, Eyeson-Annan ML: Lifetime suicide risk in major depression: sex and age determinants. J Affect Disord 1999; 55:171–178 [C]
[PubMed]

604. Mann JJ, Waternaux C, Haas GL, Malone KM: Toward a clinical model of suicidal behavior in psychiatric patients. Am J Psychiatry 1999; 156:181–189 [C] 1002523
[PubMed]

605. Dhossche DM, Meloukheia AM, Chakravorty S: The association of suicide attempts and comorbid depression and substance abuse in psychiatric consultation patients. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2000; 22:281–288 [C]
[PubMed]

606. Arsenault-Lapierre G, Kim C, Turecki G: Psychiatric diagnoses in 3275 suicides: a meta-analysis. BMC Psychiatry 2004; 4:37 [E]
[PubMed]

607. Currie SR, Patten SB, Williams JV, Wang J, Beck CA, El Guebaly N, Maxwell C: Comorbidity of major depression with substance use disorders. Can J Psychiatry 2005; 50:660–666 [C]
[PubMed]

608. Kung HC, Pearson JL, Wei R: Substance use, firearm availability, depressive symptoms, and mental health service utilization among white and African American suicide decedents aged 15 to 64 years. Ann Epidemiol 2005; 15:614–621 [D]
[PubMed]

609. Sands BF, Ciraulo DA: Cocaine drug-drug interactions. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1992; 12:49–55 [G]
[PubMed]

610. American Psychiatric Association: Practice Guideline for the Treatment of Patients With Borderline Personality Disorder. Am J Psychiatry 2001; 158(Oct suppl):1–52 [G]

611. Linehan MM: Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Borderline Personality Disorder. New York, Guilford, 1993 [G]

612. Linehan MM, Armstrong HE, Suarez A, Allmon D, Heard HL: Cognitive-behavioral treatment of chronically parasuicidal borderline patients. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1991; 48:1060–1064 [A–]

613. Bateman A, Fonagy P: Treatment of borderline personality disorder with psychoanalytically oriented partial hospitalization: an 18-month follow-up. Am J Psychiatry 2001; 158:36–42 [A–]

614. Clarkin JF, Levy KN, Lenzenweger MF, Kernberg OF: Evaluating three treatments for borderline personality disorder: a multiwave study. Am J Psychiatry 2007; 164:922–928 [A–]

615. Giesen-Bloo J, van Dyck R, Spinhoven P, van Tilburg W, Dirksen C, van Asselt T, Kremers I, Nadort M, Arntz A: Outpatient psychotherapy for borderline personality disorder: randomized trial of schema-focused therapy vs transference-focused psychotherapy. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2006; 63:649–658 [A–]

616. Newton-Howes G, Tyrer P, Johnson T: Personality disorder and the outcome of depression: meta-analysis of published studies. Br J Psychiatry 2006; 188:13–20 [E]
[PubMed]

617. Shea MT, Glass DR, Pilkonis PA, Watkins J, Docherty JP: Frequency and implications of personality disorders in a sample of depressed outpatients. J Personal Disord 1987; 1:27–42 [C]

618. Grilo CM, Sanislow CA, Shea MT, Skodol AE, Stout RL, Gunderson JG, Yen S, Bender DS, Pagano ME, Zanarini MC, Morey LC, McGlashan TH: Two-year prospective naturalistic study of remission from major depressive disorder as a function of personality disorder comorbidity. J Consult Clin Psychol 2005; 73:78–85 [C]
[PubMed]

619. Gunderson JG, Stout RL, Sanislow CA, Shea MT, McGlashan TH, Zanarini MC, Daversa MT, Grilo CM, Yen S, Skodol AE: New episodes and new onsets of major depression in borderline and other personality disorders. J Affect Disord 2008; 111:40–45 [C]
[PubMed]

620. Vieta E, Nieto E, Gasto C, Cirera E: Serious suicide attempts in affective patients. J Affect Disord 1992; 24:147–152 [D]
[PubMed]

621. Cyranowski JM, Frank E, Winter E, Rucci P, Novick D, Pilkonis P, Fagiolini A, Swartz HA, Houck P, Kupfer DJ: Personality pathology and outcome in recurrently depressed women over 2 years of maintenance interpersonal psychotherapy. Psychol Med 2004; 34:659–669 [E]
[PubMed]

622. Grant BF, Chou SP, Goldstein RB, Huang B, Stinson FS, Saha TD, Smith SM, Dawson DA, Pulay AJ, Pickering RP, Ruan WJ: Prevalence, correlates, disability, and comorbidity of DSM-IV borderline personality disorder: results from the Wave 2 National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. J Clin Psychiatry 2008; 69:533–545 [G]
[PubMed]

623. Gunderson JG: Borderline Personality Disorder: A Clinical Guide. Washington, DC, American Psychiatric Publishing, 2001 [G]

624. Koenigsberg HW, Anwunah I, New AS, Mitropoulou V, Schopick F, Siever LJ: Relationship between depression and borderline personality disorder. Depress Anxiety 1999; 10:158–167 [G]
[PubMed]

625. Soloff PH, George A, Nathan RS, Schulz PM, Perel JM: Paradoxical effects of amitriptyline on borderline patients. Am J Psychiatry 1986; 143:1603–1605 [A]
[PubMed]

626. Soloff PH, George A, Nathan RS, Schulz PM, Ulrich RF, Perel JM: Progress in pharmacotherapy of borderline disorders. A double-blind study of amitriptyline, haloperidol, and placebo. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1986; 43:691–697 [A]
[PubMed]

627. Soloff PH: Psychopharmacology of borderline personality disorder. Psychiatr Clin North Am 2000; 23:169–92, ix [G]

628. Soloff PH: Studying the treatment contract in intensive psychotherapy with borderline patients. Interpersonal and Biological Processes 1993; 56:264–267 [G]

629. Links PS, Steiner M, Boiago I, Irwin D: Lithium therapy for borderline patients: preliminary findings. J Personal Disord 1990; 4:173–181 [G]

630. Gunderson JG, Morey LC, Stout RL, Skodol AE, Shea MT, McGlashan TH, Zanarini MC, Grilo CM, Sanislow CA, Yen S, Daversa MT, Bender DS: Major depressive disorder and borderline personality disorder revisited: longitudinal interactions. J Clin Psychiatry 2004; 65:1049–1056 [C]
[PubMed]

631. Javaras KN, Pope HG, Lalonde JK, Roberts JL, Nillni YI, Laird NM, Bulik CM, Crow SJ, McElroy SL, Walsh BT, Tsuang MT, Rosenthal NR, Hudson JI: Co-occurrence of binge eating disorder with psychiatric and medical disorders. J Clin Psychiatry 2008; 69:266–273 [G]
[PubMed]

632. Stroud CB, Davila J, Moyer A: The relationship between stress and depression in first onsets versus recurrences: a meta-analytic review. J Abnorm Psychol 2008; 117:206–213 [E]
[PubMed]

633. Galea S, Ahern J, Nandi A, Tracy M, Beard J, Vlahov D: Urban neighborhood poverty and the incidence of depression in a population-based cohort study. Ann Epidemiol 2007; 17:171–179 [E]
[PubMed]

634. Huurre T, Eerola M, Rahkonen O, Aro H: Does social support affect the relationship between socioeconomic status and depression? A longitudinal study from adolescence to adulthood. J Affect Disord 2007; 100:55–64 [C]
[PubMed]

635. Gilman SE, Kawachi I, Fitzmaurice GM, Buka SL: Socioeconomic status in childhood and the lifetime risk of major depression. Int J Epidemiol 2002; 31:359–367 [C]
[PubMed]

636. Breslau N, Davis GC, Peterson EL, Schultz LR: A second look at comorbidity in victims of trauma: the posttraumatic stress disorder-major depression connection. Biol Psychiatry 2000; 48:902–909 [G]
[PubMed]

637. Fazel M, Wheeler J, Danesh J: Prevalence of serious mental disorder in 7000 refugees resettled in western countries: a systematic review. Lancet 2005; 365:1309–1314 [E]
[PubMed]

638. Gagnon MD, Hersen M, Kabacoff RI, Van Hasselt VB: Interpersonal and psychological correlates of marital dissatisfaction in late life: a review. Clin Psychol Rev 1999; 19:359–378 [G]
[PubMed]

639. Whisman MA, Bruce ML: Marital dissatisfaction and incidence of major depressive episode in a community sample. J Abnorm Psychol 1999; 108:674–678 [C]
[PubMed]

640. Shear K, Frank E, Houck PR, Reynolds CF, III: Treatment of complicated grief: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2005; 293:2601–2608 [A–]

641. Parkes CM: Bereavement in adult life. BMJ 1998; 316:856–859 [F]
[PubMed]

642. Neria Y, Gross R, Litz B, Maguen S, Insel B, Seirmarco G, Rosenfeld H, Suh EJ, Kishon R, Cook J, Marshall RD: Prevalence and psychological correlates of complicated grief among bereaved adults 2.5–3.5 years after September 11th attacks. J Trauma Stress 2007; 20:251–262 [G]
[PubMed]

643. Shear KM, Jackson CT, Essock SM, Donahue SA, Felton CJ: Screening for complicated grief among Project Liberty service recipients 18 months after September 11, 2001. Psychiatr Serv 2006; 57:1291–1297 [G] 1013056
[PubMed]

644. Zisook S, Shuchter SR: Depression through the first year after the death of a spouse. Am J Psychiatry 1991; 148:1346–1352 [C]
[PubMed]

645. Lewis-Fernandez R, Diaz N: The cultural formulation: a method for assessing cultural factors affecting the clinical encounter. Psychiatr Q 2002; 73:271–295 [F]
[PubMed]

646. Lim RF (ed): Clinical Manual of Cultural Psychiatry. Arlington, VA, American Psychiatric Publishing, 2006 [G]

647. American Psychiatric Association: Appendix I. Outline for Cultural Formulation and Glossary of Culture-Bound Syndromes, in Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR). Washington, DC, American Psychiatric Association, 2000, pp 897–903 [G]

648. Sclar DA, Robison LM, Skaer TL, Galin RS: Ethnicity and the prescribing of antidepressant pharmacotherapy: 1992–1995. Harv Rev Psychiatry 1999; 7:29–36 [F]
[PubMed]

649. Turner RJ, Lloyd DA: Stress burden and the lifetime incidence of psychiatric disorder in young adults: racial and ethnic contrasts. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2004; 61:481–488 [G]
[PubMed]

650. Demyttenaere K, Bruffaerts R, Posada-Villa J, Gasquet I, Kovess V, Lepine JP, Angermeyer MC, Bernert S, de Girolamo G, Morosini P, Polidori G, Kikkawa T, Kawakami N, Ono Y, Takeshima T, Uda H, Karam EG, Fayyad JA, Karam AN, Mneimneh ZN, Medina-Mora ME, Borges G, Lara C, de Graaf R, Ormel J, Gureje O, Shen Y, Huang Y, Zhang M, Alonso J, Haro JM, Vilagut G, Bromet EJ, Gluzman S, Webb C, Kessler RC, Merikangas KR, Anthony JC, Von Korff MR, Wang PS, Brugha TS, Aguilar-Gaxiola S, Lee S, Heeringa S, Pennell BE, Zaslavsky AM, Ustun TB, Chatterji S: Prevalence, severity, and unmet need for treatment of mental disorders in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys. JAMA 2004; 291:2581–2590 [G]
[PubMed]

651. Weissman MM, Bland RC, Canino GJ, Faravelli C, Greenwald S, Hwu HG, Joyce PR, Karam EG, Lee CK, Lellouch J, Lepine JP, Newman SC, Rubio-Stipec M, Wells JE, Wickramaratne PJ, Wittchen H, Yeh EK: Cross-national epidemiology of major depression and bipolar disorder. JAMA 1996; 276:293–299 [G]
[PubMed]

652. Williams DR, Gonzalez HM, Neighbors H, Nesse R, Abelson JM, Sweetman J, Jackson JS: Prevalence and distribution of major depressive disorder in African Americans, Caribbean blacks, and non-Hispanic whites: results from the National Survey of American Life. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2007; 64:305–315 [G]
[PubMed]

653. Grant BF, Stinson FS, Hasin DS, Dawson DA, Chou SP, Anderson K: Immigration and lifetime prevalence of DSM-IV psychiatric disorders among Mexican Americans and non-Hispanic whites in the United States: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2004; 61:1226–1233 [G]
[PubMed]

654. Breslau J, Aguilar-Gaxiola S, Kendler KS, Su M, Williams D, Kessler RC: Specifying race-ethnic differences in risk for psychiatric disorder in a USA national sample. Psychol Med 2006; 36:57–68 [G]
[PubMed]

655. Hasin DS, Goodwin RD, Stinson FS, Grant BF: Epidemiology of major depressive disorder: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcoholism and Related Conditions. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2005; 62:1097–1106 [G]
[PubMed]

656. Parker G, Chan B, Hadzi-Pavlovic D: Lower rates of depression in westernised Chinese in the US. J Affect Disord 2007; 104:175–178 [G]
[PubMed]

657. Escobar JI, Gomez J, Tuason VB: Depressive phenomenology in North and South American patients. Am J Psychiatry 1983; 140:47–51 [C]
[PubMed]

658. Miller G: Mental health in developing countries. China: healing the metaphorical heart. Science 2006; 311:462–463 [G]
[PubMed]

659. Marcos LR, Uruyo L, Kesselman M, Alpert M: The language barrier in evaluating Spanish-American patients. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1973; 29:655–659 [C]
[PubMed]

660. Rodriguez CI, Cabaniss DL, Arbuckle MR, Oquendo MA: The role of culture in psychodynamic psychotherapy: parallel process resulting from cultural similarities between patient and therapist. Am J Psychiatry 2008; 165:1402–1406 [G] 1014937
[PubMed]

661. Chatters LM, Bullard KM, Taylor RJ, Woodward AT, Neighbors HW, Jackson JS: Religious participation and DSM-IV disorders among older African Americans: findings from the National Survey of American Life. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2008; 16:957–965 [G]
[PubMed]

662. Norton MC, Singh A, Skoog I, Corcoran C, Tschanz JT, Zandi PP, Breitner JC, Welsh-Bohmer KA, Steffens DC: Church attendance and new episodes of major depression in a community study of older adults: the Cache County Study. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2008; 63:129–137 [G]

663. Hatzenbuehler ML, Keyes KM, Narrow WE, Grant BF, Hasin DS: Racial/ethnic disparities in service utilization for individuals with co-occurring mental health and substance use disorders in the general population: results from the national epidemiologic survey on alcohol and related conditions. J Clin Psychiatry 2008; 69:1112–1121 [G]
[PubMed]

664. Ojeda VD, McGuire TG: Gender and racial/ethnic differences in use of outpatient mental health and substance use services by depressed adults. Psychiatr Q 2006; 77:211–222 [G]
[PubMed]

665. Mojtabai R, Olfson M: Treatment seeking for depression in Canada and the United States. Psychiatr Serv 2006; 57:631–639 [G] 1012681
[PubMed]

666. Blazer DG, Hybels CF, Simonsick EM, Hanlon JT: Marked differences in antidepressant use by race in an elderly community sample: 1986–1996. Am J Psychiatry 2000; 157:1089–1094 [C] 1001647
[PubMed]

667. Melfi CA, Croghan TW, Hanna MP, Robinson RL: Racial variation in antidepressant treatment in a Medicaid population. J Clin Psychiatry 2000; 61:16–21 [G]
[PubMed]

668. Mojtabai R: Increase in antidepressant medication in the US adult population between 1990 and 2003. Psychother Psychosom 2008; 77:83–92 [G]
[PubMed]

669. Sirey JA, Meyers BS, Bruce ML, Alexopoulos GS, Perlick DA, Raue P: Predictors of antidepressant prescription and early use among depressed outpatients. Am J Psychiatry 1999; 156:690–696 [G] 1002413
[PubMed]

670. Williams MD, Rummans T, Sampson S, Knapp R, Mueller M, Husain MM, Fink M, Rasmussen K, O'Connor K, Smith G, Petrides G, Kellner CH: Outcome of electroconvulsive therapy by race in the Consortium for Research on Electroconvulsive Therapy multisite study. J ECT 2008; 24:117–121 [B]
[PubMed]

671. Mojtabai R, Olfson M: National trends in psychotherapy by office-based psychiatrists. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2008; 65:962–970 [G]
[PubMed]

672. Richardson J, Anderson T, Flaherty J, Bell C: The quality of mental health care for African Americans. Cult Med Psychiatry 2003; 27:487–498 [G]
[PubMed]

673. Warden D, Rush AJ, Wisniewski SR, Lesser IM, Kornstein SG, Balasubramani GK, Thase ME, Preskorn SH, Nierenberg AA, Young EA, Shores-Wilson K, Trivedi MH: What predicts attrition in second step medication treatments for depression?: a STAR*D Report. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2008;1–15 [B]

674. Gilmer WS, Trivedi MH, Rush AJ, Wisniewski SR, Luther J, Howland RH, Yohanna D, Khan A, Alpert J: Factors associated with chronic depressive episodes: a preliminary report from the STAR-D project. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2005; 112:425–433 [B]
[PubMed]

675. Fogel J, Ford DE: Stigma beliefs of Asian Americans with depression in an Internet sample. Can J Psychiatry 2005; 50:470–478 [G]
[PubMed]

676. Vega WA, Kolody B, Aguilar-Gaxiola S, Catalano R: Gaps in service utilization by Mexican Americans with mental health problems. Am J Psychiatry 1999; 156:928–934 [C] 1002256
[PubMed]

677. Padgett DK, Patrick C, Burns BJ, Schlesinger HJ: Ethnicity and the use of outpatient mental health services in a national insured population. Am J Public Health 1994; 84:222–226 [E]
[PubMed]

678. Greenberg GA, Rosenheck RA: Change in mental health service delivery among blacks, whites, and Hispanics in the Department of Veterans Affairs. Adm Policy Ment Health 2003; 31:31–43 [C]
[PubMed]

679. Dwight-Johnson M, Sherbourne CD, Liao D, Wells KB: Treatment preferences among depressed primary care patients. J Gen Intern Med 2000; 15:527–534 [G]
[PubMed]

680. Dunlop DD, Song J, Lyons JS, Manheim LM, Chang RW: Racial/ethnic differences in rates of depression among preretirement adults. Am J Public Health 2003; 93:1945–1952 [G]
[PubMed]

681. Mojtabai R: Trends in contacts with mental health professionals and cost barriers to mental health care among adults with significant psychological distress in the United States: 1997–2002. Am J Public Health 2005; 95:2009–2014 [G]
[PubMed]

682. Chen ML: Ethnic or racial differences revisited: impact of dosage regimen and dosage form on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Clin Pharmacokinet 2006; 45:957–964 [F]
[PubMed]

683. Ozawa S, Soyama A, Saeki M, Fukushima-Uesaka H, Itoda M, Koyano S, Sai K, Ohno Y, Saito Y, Sawada J: Ethnic differences in genetic polymorphisms of CYP2D6, CYP2C19, CYP3As and MDR1/ABCB1. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2004; 19:83–95 [F]
[PubMed]

684. Smith MW: Ethnopharmacology, in Clinical Manual of Cultural Psychiatry. Edited by Lim RF. Arlington, VA, American Psychiatric Publishing, 2006, pp 207–235 [G]

685. Escobar JI, Tuason VB: Antidepressant agents—a cross-cultural study. Psychopharmacol Bull 1980; 16:49–52 [C]
[PubMed]

686. Marcos LR, Cancro R: Pharmacotherapy of Hispanic depressed patients: clinical observations. Am J Psychother 1982; 36:505–512 [F]
[PubMed]

687. Pi EH, Simpson GM: Cross-cultural psychopharmacology: a current clinical perspective. Psychiatr Serv 2005; 56:31–33 [F] 1011041
[PubMed]

688. Lesser IM, Castro DB, Gaynes BN, Gonzalez J, Rush AJ, Alpert JE, Trivedi M, Luther JF, Wisniewski SR: Ethnicity/race and outcome in the treatment of depression: results from STAR*D. Med Care 2007; 45:1043–1051 [B]
[PubMed]

689. Hybels CF, Blazer DG: Epidemiology of late-life mental disorders. Clin Geriatr Med 2003; 19:663–696 [G]
[PubMed]

690. Katz IR, Simpson GM, Curlik SM, Parmelee PA, Muhly C: Pharmacologic treatment of major depression for elderly patients in residential care settings. J Clin Psychiatry 1990; 51(suppl):41–47 [A]

691. Conwell Y, Thompson C: Suicidal behavior in elders. Psychiatr Clin North Am 2008; 31:333–356 [G]
[PubMed]

692. Mutran EJ, Reitzes DC, Mossey J, Fernandez ME: Social support, depression, and recovery of walking ability following hip fracture surgery. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 1995; 50:S354–S361 [C]

693. Mossey JM, Knott K, Craik R: The effects of persistent depressive symptoms on hip fracture recovery. J Gerontol 1990; 45:M163–M168 [C]

694. Mossey JM, Mutran E, Knott K, Craik R: Determinants of recovery 12 months after hip fracture: the importance of psychosocial factors. Am J Public Health 1989; 79:279–286 [C]
[PubMed]

695. Alexopoulos GS: Depression in the elderly. Lancet 2005; 365:1961–1970 [F]
[PubMed]

696. Djernes JK: Prevalence and predictors of depression in populations of elderly: a review. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2006; 113:372–387 [F]
[PubMed]

697. Carney RM, Freedland KE: Depression, mortality, and medical morbidity in patients with coronary heart disease. Biol Psychiatry 2003; 54:241–247 [G]
[PubMed]

698. Sneed JR, Rindskopf D, Steffens DC, Krishnan KR, Roose SP: The vascular depression subtype: evidence of internal validity. Biol Psychiatry 2008; 64:491–497 [G]
[PubMed]

699. Krishnan KR, Delong M, Kraemer H, Carney R, Spiegel D, Gordon C, McDonald W, Dew M, Alexopoulos G, Buckwalter K, Cohen PD, Evans D, Kaufmann PG, Olin J, Otey E, Wainscott C: Comorbidity of depression with other medical diseases in the elderly. Biol Psychiatry 2002; 52:559–588 [G]
[PubMed]

700. Ko DT, Hebert PR, Coffey CS, Sedrakyan A, Curtis JP, Krumholz HM: Beta-blocker therapy and symptoms of depression, fatigue, and sexual dysfunction. JAMA 2002; 288:351–357 [E]
[PubMed]

701. Ried LD, Tueth MJ, Taylor MD, Sauer BC, Lopez LM, Pepine CJ: Depressive symptoms in coronary artery disease patients after hypertension treatment. Ann Pharmacother 2006; 40:597–604 [G]
[PubMed]

702. Vaccarino AL, Sills TL, Evans KR, Kalali AH: Multiple pain complaints in patients with major depressive disorder. Psychosom Med 2009; 71:159–162 [G]
[PubMed]

703. Gerson S, Belin TR, Kaufman A, Mintz J, Jarvik L: Pharmacological and psychological treatments for depressed older patients: a meta-analysis and overview of recent findings. Harv Rev Psychiatry 1999; 7:1–28 [E]
[PubMed]

704. Mottram P, Wilson K, Strobl J: Antidepressants for depressed elderly. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006; CD003491 [E]

705. Sheikh JI, Cassidy EL, Doraiswamy PM, Salomon RM, Hornig M, Holland PJ, Mandel FS, Clary CM, Burt T: Efficacy, safety, and tolerability of sertraline in patients with late-life depression and comorbid medical illness. J Am Geriatr Soc 2004; 52:86–92 [A]
[PubMed]

706. Cuijpers P, van Straten A, Smit F: Psychological treatment of late-life depression: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2006; 21:1139–1149 [E]
[PubMed]

707. Nelson JC, Delucchi K, Schneider LS: Efficacy of second generation antidepressants in late-life depression: a meta-analysis of the evidence. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2008; 16:558–567 [E]
[PubMed]

708. Andreescu C, Mulsant BH, Houck PR, Whyte EM, Mazumdar S, Dombrovski AY, Pollock BG, Reynolds CF III: Empirically derived decision trees for the treatment of late-life depression. Am J Psychiatry 2008; 165:855–862 [G] 1014658
[PubMed]

709. Streim JE, Oslin DW, Katz IR, Smith BD, DiFilippo S, Cooper TB, Ten Have T: Drug treatment of depression in frail elderly nursing home residents. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2000; 8:150–159 [A]
[PubMed]

710. Oslin DW, Streim JE, Katz IR, Smith BD, DiFilippo SD, Ten Have TR, Cooper T: Heuristic comparison of sertraline with nortriptyline for the treatment of depression in frail elderly patients. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2000; 8:141–149 [B]
[PubMed]

711. Driscoll HC, Karp JF, Dew MA, Reynolds CF III: Getting better, getting well: understanding and managing partial and non-response to pharmacological treatment of non-psychotic major depression in old age. Drugs Aging 2007; 24:801–814 [F]
[PubMed]

712. Dew MA, Whyte EM, Lenze EJ, Houck PR, Mulsant BH, Pollock BG, Stack JA, Bensasi S, Reynolds CF III: Recovery from major depression in older adults receiving augmentation of antidepressant pharmacotherapy. Am J Psychiatry 2007; 164:892–899 [B] 1013814
[PubMed]

713. Mandelli L, Serretti A, Zanardi R, Rossini D, De Ronchi D, Tarricone I, Colombo C: Antidepressant response in the elderly. Psychiatry Res 2007; 152:37–44 [F]
[PubMed]

714. Driscoll HC, Basinski J, Mulsant BH, Butters MA, Dew MA, Houck PR, Mazumdar S, Miller MD, Pollock BG, Stack JA, Schlernitzauer MA, Reynolds CF III: Late-onset major depression: clinical and treatment-response variability. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2005; 20:661–667 [G]
[PubMed]

715. O'Connor MK, Knapp R, Husain M, Rummans TA, Petrides G, Smith G, Mueller M, Snyder K, Bernstein H, Rush AJ, Fink M, Kellner C: The influence of age on the response of major depression to electroconvulsive therapy: a C.O.R.E. Report. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2001; 9:382–390 [B]
[PubMed]

716. Gum A, Arean PA: Current status of psychotherapy for mental disorders in the elderly. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2004; 6:32–38 [G]
[PubMed]

717. Krishnan KR, Doraiswamy PM, Clary CM: Clinical and treatment response characteristics of late-life depression associated with vascular disease: a pooled analysis of two multicenter trials with sertraline. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2001; 25:347–361 [E]
[PubMed]

718. Jorge RE, Moser DJ, Acion L, Robinson RG: Treatment of vascular depression using repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2008; 65:268–276 [A]
[PubMed]

719. Lee MJ, Proctor E, Morrow-Howell N: Depression outcomes and quality of postdischarge care of elders hospitalized for major depression. Psychiatr Serv 2006; 57:1446–1451 [C] 1013147
[PubMed]

720. Steffens DC, Pieper CF, Bosworth HB, MacFall JR, Provenzale JM, Payne ME, Carroll BJ, George LK, Krishnan KR: Biological and social predictors of long-term geriatric depression outcome. Int Psychogeriatr 2005; 17:41–56 [C]
[PubMed]

721. Nelson JC, Jatlow PI, Mazure C: Rapid desipramine dose adjustment using 24-hour levels. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1987; 7:72–77 [C]
[PubMed]

722. Wilson K, Mottram P, Sivanranthan A, Nightingale A: Antidepressant versus placebo for depressed elderly. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2001; CD000561 [E]

723. Cozza KL, Armstrong SC, Oesterheld JR: Concise Guide to Drug Interaction Principles for Medical Practice: Cytochrome P450s, UGTs, P-Glycoproteins, 2nd ed. Arlington, VA, American Psychiatric Publishing, 2003 [G]

724. Preskorn SH, Shah R, Neff M, Golbeck AL, Choi J: The potential for clinically significant drug-drug interactions involving the CYP 2D6 system: effects with fluoxetine and paroxetine versus sertraline. J Psychiatr Pract 2007; 13:5–12 [G]
[PubMed]

725. Preskorn SH, Greenblatt DJ, Flockhart D, Luo Y, Perloff ES, Harmatz JS, Baker B, Klick-Davis A, Desta Z, Burt T: Comparison of duloxetine, escitalopram, and sertraline effects on cytochrome P450 2D6 function in healthy volunteers. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2007; 27:28–34 [B]
[PubMed]

726. Wilkinson TJ, Begg EJ, Winter AC, Sainsbury R: Incidence and risk factors for hyponatraemia following treatment with fluoxetine or paroxetine in elderly people. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1999; 47:211–217 [D]
[PubMed]

727. Liu BA, Mittmann N, Knowles SR, Shear NH: Hyponatremia and the syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone associated with the use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors: a review of spontaneous reports. CMAJ 1996; 155:519–527 [G]
[PubMed]

728. Movig KL, Leufkens HG, Lenderink AW, van den Akker V, Hodiamont PP, Goldschmidt HM, Egberts AC: Association between antidepressant drug use and hyponatraemia: a case-control study. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2002; 53:363–369 [D]
[PubMed]

729. Reynolds CF III, Dew MA, Pollock BG, Mulsant BH, Frank E, Miller MD, Houck PR, Mazumdar S, Butters MA, Stack JA, Schlernitzauer MA, Whyte EM, Gildengers A, Karp J, Lenze E, Szanto K, Bensasi S, Kupfer DJ: Maintenance treatment of major depression in old age. N Engl J Med 2006; 354:1130–1138 [A–]

730. Navarro V, Gasto C, Torres X, Masana G, Penades R, Guarch J, Vazquez M, Serra M, Pujol N, Pintor L, Catalan R: Continuation/maintenance treatment with nortriptyline versus combined nortriptyline and ECT in late-life psychotic depression: a two-year randomized study. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2008; 16:498–505 [A–]

731. Cho HJ, Lavretsky H, Olmstead R, Levin MJ, Oxman MN, Irwin MR: Sleep disturbance and depression recurrence in community-dwelling older adults: a prospective study. Am J Psychiatry 2008; 165:1543–1550 [C] 1014894
[PubMed]

732. Katon WJ, Schoenbaum M, Fan MY, Callahan CM, Williams J Jr, Hunkeler E, Harpole L, Zhou XH, Langston C, Unutzer J: Cost-effectiveness of improving primary care treatment of late-life depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2005; 62:1313–1320 [A–]

733. Ciechanowski P, Wagner E, Schmaling K, Schwartz S, Williams B, Diehr P, Kulzer J, Gray S, Collier C, LoGerfo J: Community-integrated home-based depression treatment in older adults: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2004; 291:1569–1577 [A–]

734. Gallo JJ, Bogner HR, Morales KH, Post EP, Lin JY, Bruce ML: The effect of a primary care practice-based depression intervention on mortality in older adults: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 2007; 146:689–698 [A–]

735. Bloch M, Schmidt PJ, Danaceau M, Murphy J, Nieman L, Rubinow DR: Effects of gonadal steroids in women with a history of postpartum depression. Am J Psychiatry 2000; 157:924–930 [B] 1001698
[PubMed]

736. Freeman EW, Sammel MD, Lin H, Nelson DB: Associations of hormones and menopausal status with depressed mood in women with no history of depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2006; 63:375–382 [C]
[PubMed]

737. Cohen LS, Soares CN, Vitonis AF, Otto MW, Harlow BL: Risk for new onset of depression during the menopausal transition: the Harvard study of moods and cycles. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2006; 63:385–390 [C]
[PubMed]

738. Nelson HD, Vesco KK, Haney E, Fu R, Nedrow A, Miller J, Nicolaidis C, Walker M, Humphrey L: Nonhormonal therapies for menopausal hot flashes: systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA 2006; 295:2057–2071 [E]
[PubMed]

739. Weissman MM, Pilowsky DJ, Wickramaratne PJ, Talati A, Wisniewski SR, Fava M, Hughes CW, Garber J, Malloy E, King CA, Cerda G, Sood AB, Alpert JE, Trivedi MH, Rush AJ: Remissions in maternal depression and child psychopathology: a STAR*D-child report. JAMA 2006; 295:1389–1398 [B]
[PubMed]

740. Seidman S: Ejaculatory dysfunction and depression: pharmacological and psychobiological interactions. Int J Impot Res 2006; 18(suppl 1):S33–S38 [G]

741. Dietz PM, Williams SB, Callaghan WM, Bachman DJ, Whitlock EP, Hornbrook MC: Clinically identified maternal depression before, during, and after pregnancies ending in live births. Am J Psychiatry 2007; 164:1515–1520 [C] 1014111
[PubMed]

742. Gavin NI, Gaynes BN, Lohr KN, Meltzer-Brody S, Gartlehner G, Swinson T: Perinatal depression: a systematic review of prevalence and incidence. Obstet Gynecol 2005; 106:1071–1083 [E]
[PubMed]

743. Spinelli MG, Endicott J: Controlled clinical trial of interpersonal psychotherapy versus parenting education program for depressed pregnant women. Am J Psychiatry 2003; 160:555–562 [A–]

744. Stuart S, O'Hara MW, Gorman LL: The prevention and psychotherapeutic treatment of postpartum depression. Arch Womens Ment Health 2003; 6(suppl 2):S57–S69 [G]

745. Yonkers KA, Wisner KL, Stewart DE, Oberlander TF, Dell DL, Stotland N, Ramin S, Caudron L, Lockwood C: The management of depression during pregnancy: a report from the American Psychiatric Association and the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Obstet Gynecol 2009; 114:703–713 [G]
[PubMed]

746. Dye JL: Fertility of American Women: 2006. US Census Bureau Current Population Reports, Aug 2008. http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/fertility.html [G]

747. Finer LB, Henshaw SK: Disparities in rates of unintended pregnancy in the United States, 1994 and 2001. Perspect Sex Reprod Health 2006; 38:90–96 [G]
[PubMed]

748. Wisner KL, Zarin DA, Holmboe ES, Appelbaum PS, Gelenberg AJ, Leonard HL, Frank E: Risk-benefit decision making for treatment of depression during pregnancy. Am J Psychiatry 2000; 157:1933–1940 [G] 1001383
[PubMed]

749. Cohen LS, Altshuler LL, Harlow BL, Nonacs R, Newport DJ, Viguera AC, Suri R, Burt VK, Hendrick V, Reminick AM, Loughead A, Vitonis AF, Stowe ZN: Relapse of major depression during pregnancy in women who maintain or discontinue antidepressant treatment. JAMA 2006; 295:499–507 [C]
[PubMed]

750. Wisner KL, Gelenberg AJ, Leonard H, Zarin D, Frank E: Pharmacologic treatment of depression during pregnancy. JAMA 1999; 282:1264–1269 [F]
[PubMed]

751. Alwan S, Reefhuis J, Rasmussen SA, Olney RS, Friedman JM: Use of selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors in pregnancy and the risk of birth defects. N Engl J Med 2007; 356:2684–2692 [D]
[PubMed]

752. Louik C, Lin AE, Werler MM, Hernandez-Diaz S, Mitchell AA: First-trimester use of selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors and the risk of birth defects. N Engl J Med 2007; 356:2675–2683 [D]
[PubMed]

753. GlaxoSmithKline: Change in the Pregnancy subsection of the PRECAUTIONS section in the labels for PAXIL (paroxetine HCl) and PAXIL CR (paroxetine HCl) Controlled-Release Tablets, Sept 2005. http://www.fda.gov/medwatch/safety/2005/Paxil_dearhcp_letter.pdf [G]

754. Cole JA, Ephross SA, Cosmatos IS, Walker AM: Paroxetine in the first trimester and the prevalence of congenital malformations. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2007; 16:1075–1085 [C]
[PubMed]

755. Einarson A, Pistelli A, Desantis M, Malm H, Paulus WD, Panchaud A, Kennedy D, Einarson TR, Koren G: Evaluation of the risk of congenital cardiovascular defects associated with use of paroxetine during pregnancy. Am J Psychiatry 2008; 165:749–752; errata in Am J Psychiatry 165:777, 1208 [C]

756. Chambers CD, Johnson KA, Dick LM, Felix RJ, Jones KL: Birth outcomes in pregnant women taking fluoxetine. N Engl J Med 1996; 335:1010–1015 [B]
[PubMed]

757. Chambers CD, Hernandez-Diaz S, Van Marter LJ, Werler MM, Louik C, Jones KL, Mitchell AA: Selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors and risk of persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn. N Engl J Med 2006; 354:579–587 [D]
[PubMed]

758. Andrade SE, McPhillips H, Loren D, Raebel MA, Lane K, Livingston J, Boudreau DM, Smith DH, Davis RL, Willy ME, Platt R: Antidepressant medication use and risk of persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2009; 18:246–252 [D]
[PubMed]

759. Wichman CL, Moore KM, Lang TR, St Sauver JL, Heise RH Jr, Watson WJ: Congenital heart disease associated with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor use during pregnancy. Mayo Clin Proc 2009; 84:23–27 [G]
[PubMed]

760. Kallen B, Olausson PO: Maternal use of selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors and persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2008; 17:801–806 [G]
[PubMed]

761. Suri R, Altshuler L, Hellemann G, Burt VK, Aquino A, Mintz J: Effects of antenatal depression and antidepressant treatment on gestational age at birth and risk of preterm birth. Am J Psychiatry 2007; 164:1206–1213 [C] 1013948
[PubMed]

762. Simon GE, Cunningham ML, Davis RL: Outcomes of prenatal antidepressant exposure. Am J Psychiatry 2002; 159:2055–2061 [D] 1000311
[PubMed]

763. Wisner KL, Zarin DA, Holmboe ES, Appelbaum PS, Gelenberg AJ, Leonard HL, Frank E: Risk-benefit decision making for treatment of depression during pregnancy. Am J Psychiatry 2000; 157:1933–1940 [G] 1001383
[PubMed]

764. Moses-Kolko EL, Bogen D, Perel J, Bregar A, Uhl K, Levin B, Wisner KL: Neonatal signs after late in utero exposure to serotonin reuptake inhibitors: literature review and implications for clinical applications. JAMA 2005; 293:2372–2383 [G]
[PubMed]

765. Casper RC, Fleisher BE, Lee-Ancajas JC, Gilles A, Gaylor E, DeBattista A, Hoyme HE: Follow-up of children of depressed mothers exposed or not exposed to antidepressant drugs during pregnancy. J Pediatr 2003; 142:402–408 [D]
[PubMed]

766. Oberlander TF, Reebye P, Misri S, Papsdorf M, Kim J, Grunau RE: Externalizing and attentional behaviors in children of depressed mothers treated with a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor antidepressant during pregnancy. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2007; 161:22–29 [C]
[PubMed]

767. Nulman I, Rovet J, Stewart DE, Wolpin J, Pace-Asciak P, Shuhaiber S, Koren G: Child development following exposure to tricyclic antidepressants or fluoxetine throughout fetal life: a prospective, controlled study. Am J Psychiatry 2002; 159:1889–1895 [D] 1000344
[PubMed]

768. Nulman I, Rovet J, Stewart DE, Wolpin J, Gardner HA, Theis JG, Kulin N, Koren G: Neurodevelopment of children exposed in utero to antidepressant drugs. N Engl J Med 1997; 336:258–262 [D]
[PubMed]

769. Wisner KL, Perel JM, Wheeler SB: Tricyclic dose requirements across pregnancy. Am J Psychiatry 1993; 150:1541–1542 [G] 1005130
[PubMed]

770. Altshuler LL, Hendrick VC: Pregnancy and psychotropic medication: changes in blood levels. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1996; 16:78–80 [G]
[PubMed]

771. Klier CM, Mossaheb N, Saria A, Schloegelhofer M, Zernig G: Pharmacokinetics and elimination of quetiapine, venlafaxine, and trazodone during pregnancy and postpartum. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2007; 27:720–722 [G]
[PubMed]

772. Hostetter A, Stowe ZN, Strader JR Jr, McLaughlin E, Llewellyn A: Dose of selective serotonin uptake inhibitors across pregnancy: clinical implications. Depress Anxiety 2000; 11:51–57 [C]
[PubMed]

773. Heikkinen T, Ekblad U, Palo P, Laine K: Pharmacokinetics of fluoxetine and norfluoxetine in pregnancy and lactation. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2003; 73:330–337 [G]
[PubMed]

774. Sit DK, Perel JM, Helsel JC, Wisner KL: Changes in antidepressant metabolism and dosing across pregnancy and early postpartum. J Clin Psychiatry 2008; 69:652–658 [G]
[PubMed]

775. Hendrick V, Stowe ZN, Altshuler LL, Hwang S, Lee E, Haynes D: Placental passage of antidepressant medications. Am J Psychiatry 2003; 160:993–996 [G] 1005758
[PubMed]

776. Stowe ZN, Hostetter AL, Newport DJ: The onset of postpartum depression: implications for clinical screening in obstetrical and primary care. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2005; 192:522–526 [G]
[PubMed]

777. Bernstein IH, Rush AJ, Yonkers K, Carmody TJ, Woo A, McConnell K, Trivedi MH: Symptom features of postpartum depression: are they distinct? Depress Anxiety 2008; 25:20–26 [G]
[PubMed]

778. Gitlin MJ, Pasnau RO: Psychiatric syndromes linked to reproductive function in women: a review of current knowledge. Am J Psychiatry 1989; 146:1413–1422 [F]
[PubMed]

779. Sit D, Rothschild AJ, Wisner KL: A review of postpartum psychosis. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2006; 15:352–368 [F]
[PubMed]

780. McNeil TF: A prospective study of postpartum psychoses in a high-risk group. 3. Relationship to mental health characteristics during pregnancy. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1988; 77:604–610 [C]
[PubMed]

781. Moses-Kolko EL, Roth EK: Antepartum and postpartum depression: healthy mom, healthy baby. J Am Med Womens Assoc 2004; 59:181–191 [F]
[PubMed]

782. Murray L, Fiori-Cowley A, Hooper R, Cooper P: The impact of postnatal depression and associated adversity on early mother-infant interactions and later infant outcome. Child Dev 1996; 67:2512–2526 [C]
[PubMed]

783. Appleby L, Warner R, Whitton A, Faragher B: A controlled study of fluoxetine and cognitive-behavioural counselling in the treatment of postnatal depression. BMJ 1997; 314:932–936 [A–]

784. Yonkers KA, Lin H, Howell HB, Heath AC, Cohen LS: Pharmacologic treatment of postpartum women with new-onset major depressive disorder: a randomized controlled trial with paroxetine. J Clin Psychiatry 2008; 69:659–665 [A]
[PubMed]

785. Wisner KL, Hanusa BH, Perel JM, Peindl KS, Piontek CM, Sit DK, Findling RL, Moses-Kolko EL: Postpartum depression: a randomized trial of sertraline versus nortriptyline. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2006; 26:353–360 [A]
[PubMed]

786. Payne JL: Antidepressant use in the postpartum period: practical considerations. Am J Psychiatry 2007; 164:1329–1332 [G] 1014001
[PubMed]

787. Misri S, Reebye P, Corral M, Milis L: The use of paroxetine and cognitive-behavioral therapy in postpartum depression and anxiety: a randomized controlled trial. J Clin Psychiatry 2004; 65:1236–1241 [A]
[PubMed]

788. Weissman AM, Levy BT, Hartz AJ, Bentler S, Donohue M, Ellingrod VL, Wisner KL: Pooled analysis of antidepressant levels in lactating mothers, breast milk, and nursing infants. Am J Psychiatry 2004; 161:1066–1078 [E] 1002352
[PubMed]

789. Burt VK, Suri R, Altshuler L, Stowe Z, Hendrick VC, Muntean E: The use of psychotropic medications during breast-feeding. Am J Psychiatry 2001; 158:1001–1009 [F] 1001001
[PubMed]

790. Nierenberg AA, Trivedi MH, Fava M, Biggs MM, Shores-Wilson K, Wisniewski SR, Balasubramani GK, Rush AJ: Family history of mood disorder and characteristics of major depressive disorder: a STAR*D (sequenced treatment alternatives to relieve depression) study. J Psychiatr Res 2007; 41:214–221 [D]
[PubMed]

791. Weissman MM, Wickramaratne P, Nomura Y, Warner V, Pilowsky D, Verdeli H: Offspring of depressed parents: 20 years later. Am J Psychiatry 2006; 163:1001–1008 [C] 1012762
[PubMed]

792. Lieb R, Isensee B, Hofler M, Pfister H, Wittchen HU: Parental major depression and the risk of depression and other mental disorders in offspring: a prospective-longitudinal community study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2002; 59:365–374 [G]
[PubMed]

793. Akiskal HS, Walker P, Puzantian VR, King D, Rosenthal TL, Dranon M: Bipolar outcome in the course of depressive illness. Phenomenologic, familial, and pharmacologic predictors. J Affect Disord 1983; 5:115–128 [A]
[PubMed]

794. Iosifescu DV, Nierenberg AA, Alpert JE, Smith M, Bitran S, Dording C, Fava M: The impact of medical comorbidity on acute treatment in major depressive disorder. Am J Psychiatry 2003; 160:2122–2127 [B] 1005555
[PubMed]

795. Evans DL, Charney DS: Mood disorders and medical illness: a major public health problem. Biol Psychiatry 2003; 54:177–180 [F]
[PubMed]

796. Carney RM, Freedland KE, Rich MW, Jaffe AS: Depression as a risk factor for cardiac events in established coronary heart disease: a review of possible mechanisms. Ann Behav Med 1995; 17:142–149 [G]
[PubMed]

797. Pigott TA, Prakash A, Arnold LM, Aaronson ST, Mallinckrodt CH, Wohlreich MM: Duloxetine versus escitalopram and placebo: an 8-month, double-blind trial in patients with major depressive disorder. Curr Med Res Opin 2007; 23:1303–1318 [A]
[PubMed]

798. Goldstein DJ, Lu Y, Detke MJ, Wiltse C, Mallinckrodt C, Demitrack MA: Duloxetine in the treatment of depression: a double-blind placebo-controlled comparison with paroxetine. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2004; 24:389–399 [A]
[PubMed]

799. Warrington SJ, Padgham C, Lader M: The cardiovascular effects of antidepressants. Psychol Med Monogr Suppl 1989; 16:i-40 [G]

800. Van der Kooy K, van Hout H, Marwijk H, Marten H, Stehouwer C, Beekman A: Depression and the risk for cardiovascular diseases: systematic review and meta analysis. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2007; 22:613–626 [E]

801. Barth J, Schumacher M, Herrmann-Lingen C: Depression as a risk factor for mortality in patients with coronary heart disease: a meta-analysis. Psychosom Med 2004; 66:802–813 [E]
[PubMed]

802. de Jonge P, Honig A, van Melle JP, Schene AH, Kuyper AM, Tulner D, Schins A, Ormel J: Nonresponse to treatment for depression following myocardial infarction: association with subsequent cardiac events. Am J Psychiatry 2007; 164:1371–1378 [D]

803. Caney RM, Blumenthal JA, Freedland KE, Youngblood M, Veith RC, Burg MM, Cornell C, Saab PG, Kaufmann PG, Czajkowski SM, Jaffe AS: Depression and late mortality after myocardial infarction in the Enhancing Recovery in Coronary Heart Disease (ENRICHD) study. Psychosom Med 2004; 66:466–474 [A–]

804. Carney RM, Blumenthal JA, Freedland KE, Stein PK, Howells WB, Berkman LF, Watkins LL, Czajkowski SM, Hayano J, Domitrovich PP, Jaffe AS: Low heart rate variability and the effect of depression on post-myocardial infarction mortality. Arch Intern Med 2005; 165:1486–1491 [C]
[PubMed]

805. Glassman AH, Bigger JT, Gaffney M, Shapiro PA, Swenson JR: Onset of major depression associated with acute coronary syndromes: relationship of onset, major depressive disorder history, and episode severity to sertraline benefit. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2006; 63:283–288 [A]
[PubMed]

806. Thombs BD, de Jonge P, Coyne JC, Whooley MA, Frasure-Smith N, Mitchell AJ, Zuidersma M, Eze-Nliam C, Lima BB, Smith CG, Soderlund K, Ziegelstein RC: Depression screening and patient outcomes in cardiovascular care: a systematic review. JAMA 2008; 300:2161–2171 [E]
[PubMed]

807. Lesperance F, Frasure-Smith N, Koszycki D, Laliberte MA, van Zyl LT, Baker B, Swenson JR, Ghatavi K, Abramson BL, Dorian P, Guertin MC: Effects of citalopram and interpersonal psychotherapy on depression in patients with coronary artery disease: the Canadian Cardiac Randomized Evaluation of Antidepressant and Psychotherapy Efficacy (CREATE) trial. JAMA 2007; 297:367–379 [A–]

808. Von Ruden AE, Adson DE, Kotlyar M: Effect of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther 2008; 13:32–40 [F]

809. Berkman LF, Blumenthal J, Burg M, Carney RM, Catellier D, Cowan MJ, Czajkowski SM, DeBusk R, Hosking J, Jaffe A, Kaufmann PG, Mitchell P, Norman J, Powell LH, Raczynski JM, Schneiderman N: Effects of treating depression and low perceived social support on clinical events after myocardial infarction: the Enhancing Recovery in Coronary Heart Disease Patients (ENRICHD) randomized trial. JAMA 2003; 289:3106–3116 [A–]

810. Taylor CB, Youngblood ME, Catellier D, Veith RC, Carney RM, Burg MM, Kaufmann PG, Shuster J, Mellman T, Blumenthal JA, Krishnan R, Jaffe AS: Effects of antidepressant medication on morbidity and mortality in depressed patients after myocardial infarction. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2005; 62:792–798 [A]
[PubMed]

811. van Melle JP, de Jonge P, Honig A, Schene AH, Kuyper AM, Crijns HJ, Schins A, Tulner D, van den Berg MP, Ormel J: Effects of antidepressant treatment following myocardial infarction. Br J Psychiatry 2007; 190:460–466 [A–]

812. Nelson JC, Kennedy JS, Pollock BG, Laghrissi-Thode F, Narayan M, Nobler MS, Robin DW, Gergel I, McCafferty J, Roose S: Treatment of major depression with nortriptyline and paroxetine in patients with ischemic heart disease. Am J Psychiatry 1999; 156:1024–1028 [A] 1002216
[PubMed]

813. Bigger JT, Giardina EG, Perel JM, Kantor SJ, Glassman AH: Cardiac antiarrhythmic effect of imipramine hydrochloride. N Engl J Med 1977; 296:206–208 [G]
[PubMed]

814. Glassman AH, Johnson LL, Giardina EG, Walsh BT, Roose SP, Cooper TB, Bigger JT Jr: The use of imipramine in depressed patients with congestive heart failure. JAMA 1983; 250:1997–2001 [C]
[PubMed]

815. Connolly SJ, Mitchell LB, Swerdlow CD, Mason JW, Winkle RA: Clinical efficacy and electrophysiology of imipramine for ventricular tachycardia. Am J Cardiol 1984; 53:516–521 [B]
[PubMed]

816. Giardina EG, Barnard T, Johnson L, Saroff AL, Bigger JT Jr, Louie M: The antiarrhythmic effect of nortriptyline in cardiac patients with ventricular premature depolarizations. J Am Coll Cardiol 1986; 7:1363–1369 [E]
[PubMed]

817. Dalack GW, Roose SP, Glassman AH: Tricyclics and heart failure (letter). Am J Psychiatry 1991; 148:1601 [E]
[PubMed]

818. Yeragani VK, Pesce V, Jayaraman A, Roose S: Major depression with ischemic heart disease: effects of paroxetine and nortriptyline on long-term heart rate variability measures. Biol Psychiatry 2002; 52:418–429 [B]
[PubMed]

819. Glassman AH, O'Connor CM, Califf RM, Swedberg K, Schwartz P, Bigger JT Jr, Krishnan KR, van Zyl LT, Swenson JR, Finkel MS, Landau C, Shapiro PA, Pepine CJ, Mardekian J, Harrison WM, Barton D, McIvor M: Sertraline treatment of major depression in patients with acute MI or unstable angina. JAMA 2002; 288:701–709 [A]
[PubMed]

820. Applegate RJ: Diagnosis and management of ischemic heart disease in the patient scheduled to undergo electroconvulsive therapy. Convuls Ther 1997; 13:128–144 [F]
[PubMed]

821. Dolinski SY, Zvara DA: Anesthetic considerations of cardiovascular risk during electroconvulsive therapy. Convuls Ther 1997; 13:157–164 [E]
[PubMed]

822. Rayburn BK: Electroconvulsive therapy in patients with heart failure or valvular heart disease. Convuls Ther 1997; 13:145–156 [F]
[PubMed]

823. Paolucci S, Gandolfo C, Provinciali L, Torta R, Toso V: The Italian multicenter observational study on post-stroke depression (DESTRO). J Neurol 2006; 253:556–562 [C]
[PubMed]

824. Hackett ML, Yapa C, Parag V, Anderson CS: Frequency of depression after stroke: a systematic review of observational studies. Stroke 2005; 36:1330–1340 [E]
[PubMed]

825. Hackett ML, Anderson CS, House A, Halteh C: Interventions for preventing depression after stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2008; CD003689 [E]

826. Chen Y, Patel NC, Guo JJ, Zhan S: Antidepressant prophylaxis for poststroke depression: a meta-analysis. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2007; 22:159–166 [E]
[PubMed]

827. Jorge RE, Robinson RG, Arndt S, Starkstein S: Mortality and poststroke depression: a placebo-controlled trial of antidepressants. Am J Psychiatry 2003; 160:1823–1829 [C] 1005606
[PubMed]

828. House A, Knapp P, Bamford J, Vail A: Mortality at 12 and 24 months after stroke may be associated with depressive symptoms at 1 month. Stroke 2001; 32:696–701 [C]
[PubMed]

829. Williams LS, Brizendine EJ, Plue L, Bakas T, Tu W, Hendrie H, Kroenke K: Performance of the PHQ-9 as a screening tool for depression after stroke. Stroke 2005; 36:635–638 [G]
[PubMed]

830. Williams LS, Kroenke K, Bakas T, Plue LD, Brizendine E, Tu W, Hendrie H: Care management of poststroke depression: a randomized, controlled trial. Stroke 2007; 38:998–1003 [A–]

831. Chen Y, Guo JJ, Zhan S, Patel NC: Treatment effects of antidepressants in patients with post-stroke depression: a meta-analysis. Ann Pharmacother 2006; 40:2115–2122 [E]
[PubMed]

832. Hackett ML, Anderson CS, House AO: Management of depression after stroke: a systematic review of pharmacological therapies. Stroke 2005; 36:1098–1103 [E]
[PubMed]

833. Rasmussen A, Lunde M, Poulsen DL, Sorensen K, Qvitzau S, Bech P: A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of sertraline in the prevention of depression in stroke patients. Psychosomatics 2003; 44:216–221 [A] 1010107
[PubMed]

834. Andersen G, Vestergaard K, Lauritzen L: Effective treatment of poststroke depression with the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor citalopram. Stroke 1994; 25:1099–1104 [A]
[PubMed]

835. Dam M, Tonin P, De Boni A, Pizzolato G, Casson S, Ermani M, Freo U, Piron L, Battistin L: Effects of fluoxetine and maprotiline on functional recovery in poststroke hemiplegic patients undergoing rehabilitation therapy. Stroke 1996; 27:1211–1214 [A]
[PubMed]

836. Wiart L, Petit H, Joseph PA, Mazaux JM, Barat M: Fluoxetine in early poststroke depression: a double-blind placebo-controlled study. Stroke 2000; 31:1829–1832 [A]
[PubMed]

837. Robinson RG, Schultz SK, Castillo C, Kopel T, Kosier JT, Newman RM, Curdue K, Petracca G, Starkstein SE: Nortriptyline versus fluoxetine in the treatment of depression and in short-term recovery after stroke: a placebo-controlled, double-blind study. Am J Psychiatry 2000; 157:351–359 [A] 1001859
[PubMed]

838. Lipsey JR, Robinson RG, Pearlson GD, Rao K, Price TR: Nortriptyline treatment of post-stroke depression: a double-blind study. Lancet 1984; 1:297–300 [A]
[PubMed]

839. Murray V, von Arbin M, Bartfai A, Berggren AL, Landtblom AM, Lundmark J, Nasman P, Olsson JE, Samuelsson M, Terent A, Varelius R, Asberg M, Martensson B: Double-blind comparison of sertraline and placebo in stroke patients with minor depression and less severe major depression. J Clin Psychiatry 2005; 66:708–716 [A]
[PubMed]

840. Fruehwald S, Gatterbauer E, Rehak P, Baumhackl U: Early fluoxetine treatment of post-stroke depression—a three-month double-blind placebo-controlled study with an open-label long-term follow up. J Neurol 2003; 250:347–351 [A]
[PubMed]

841. Choi-Kwon S, Han SW, Kwon SU, Kang DW, Choi JM, Kim JS: Fluoxetine treatment in poststroke depression, emotional incontinence, and anger proneness: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Stroke 2006; 37:156–161 [A]
[PubMed]

842. Swenson JR, Doucette S, Fergusson D: Adverse cardiovascular events in antidepressant trials involving high-risk patients: a systematic review of randomized trials. Can J Psychiatry 2006; 51:923–929 [E]
[PubMed]

843. Cole MG, Elie LM, McCusker J, Bellavance F, Mansour A: Feasibility and effectiveness of treatments for post-stroke depression in elderly inpatients: systematic review. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2001; 14:37–41 [E]
[PubMed]

844. Serebruany VL: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and increased bleeding risk: are we missing something? Am J Med 2006; 119:113–116 [F]
[PubMed]

845. Holbrook AM, Pereira JA, Labiris R, McDonald H, Douketis JD, Crowther M, Wells PS: Systematic overview of warfarin and its drug and food interactions. Arch Intern Med 2005; 165:1095–1106 [E]
[PubMed]

846. Shabnam GN, Chung TH, Deane KHO, Rickards H, Clarke CE: Therapies for depression in Parkinson's disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2003; CD003465 [E]

847. Weintraub D, Morales KH, Moberg PJ, Bilker WB, Balderston C, Duda JE, Katz IR, Stern MB: Antidepressant studies in Parkinson's disease: a review and meta-analysis. Mov Disord 2005; 20:1161–1169 [E]
[PubMed]

848. Tesei S, Antonini A, Canesi M, Zecchinelli A, Mariani CB, Pezzoli G: Tolerability of paroxetine in Parkinson's disease: a prospective study. Mov Disord 2000; 15:986–989 [B]
[PubMed]

849. Goetz CG, Tanner CM, Klawans HL: Bupropion in Parkinson's disease. Neurology 1984; 34:1092–1094 [C]
[PubMed]

850. Monoamine oxidase inhibitors for depression. Med Lett Drugs Ther 1980; 22:58–60 [G]

851. Andersen K, Balldin J, Gottfries CG, Granerus AK, Modigh K, Svennerholm L, Wallin A: A double-blind evaluation of electroconvulsive therapy in Parkinson's disease with "on-off" phenomena. Acta Neurol Scand 1987; 76:191–199 [A]
[PubMed]

852. Rasmussen K, Abrams R: Treatment of Parkinson's disease with electroconvulsive therapy. Psychiatr Clin North Am 1991; 14:925–933 [F]
[PubMed]

853. Moellentine C, Rummans T, Ahlskog JE, Harmsen WS, Suman VJ, O'Connor MK, Black JL, Pileggi T: Effectiveness of ECT in patients with parkinsonism. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 1998; 10:187–193 [C] 1006445
[PubMed]

854. Gaitatzis A, Trimble MR, Sander JW: The psychiatric comorbidity of epilepsy. Acta Neurol Scand 2004; 110:207–220 [G]
[PubMed]

855. Hesdorffer DC, Hauser WA, Annegers JF, Cascino G: Major depression is a risk factor for seizures in older adults. Ann Neurol 2000; 47:246–249 [G]
[PubMed]

856. Alper K, Schwartz KA, Kolts RL, Khan A: Seizure incidence in psychopharmacological clinical trials: an analysis of Food and Drug Administration (FDA) summary basis of approval reports. Biol Psychiatry 2007; 62:345–354 [E]
[PubMed]

857. Kanner AM, Kozak AM, Frey M: The use of sertraline in patients with epilepsy: is it safe? Epilepsy Behav 2000; 1:100–105 [B]
[PubMed]

858. Hovorka J, Herman E, Nemcova I: Treatment of interictal depression with citalopram in patients with epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav 2000; 1:444–447 [B]
[PubMed]

859. Schmitz B: Antidepressant drugs: indications and guidelines for use in epilepsy. Epilepsia 2002; 43(suppl 2):14–18 [F]

860. Levinson DF, Devinsky O: Psychiatric adverse events during vigabatrin therapy. Neurology 1999; 53:1503–1511 [E]
[PubMed]

861. Kuehn BM: FDA warns of adverse events linked to smoking cessation drug and antiepileptics. JAMA 2008; 299:1121–1122 [G]
[PubMed]

862. Ogden CL, Carroll MD, Curtin LR, McDowell MA, Tabak CJ, Flegal KM: Prevalence of overweight and obesity in the United States, 1999–2004. JAMA 2006; 295:1549–1555 [G]
[PubMed]

863. Fabricatore AN, Wadden TA: Obesity. Annu Rev Clin Psychol 2006; 2:357–377 [F]
[PubMed]

864. McElroy SL, Kotwal R, Malhotra S, Nelson EB, Keck PE, Nemeroff CB: Are mood disorders and obesity related? A review for the mental health professional. J Clin Psychiatry 2004; 65:634–51, quiz [F]

865. Zimmermann U, Kraus T, Himmerich H, Schuld A, Pollmacher T: Epidemiology, implications and mechanisms underlying drug-induced weight gain in psychiatric patients. J Psychiatr Res 2003; 37:193–220 [F]
[PubMed]

866. Malone M, Alger-Mayer SA, Anderson DA: Medication associated with weight gain may influence outcome in a weight management program. Ann Pharmacother 2005; 39:1204–1208 [B]
[PubMed]

867. Croft H, Houser TL, Jamerson BD, Leadbetter R, Bolden-Watson C, Donahue R, Metz A: Effect on body weight of bupropion sustained-release in patients with major depression treated for 52 weeks. Clin Ther 2002; 24:662–672 [A]
[PubMed]

868. Jain AK, Kaplan RA, Gadde KM, Wadden TA, Allison DB, Brewer ER, Leadbetter RA, Richard N, Haight B, Jamerson BD, Buaron KS, Metz A: Bupropion SR vs placebo for weight loss in obese patients with depressive symptoms. Obes Res 2002; 10:1049–1056 [A]
[PubMed]

869. Papakostas GI, Petersen T, Iosifescu DV, Burns AM, Nierenberg AA, Alpert JE, Rosenbaum JF, Fava M: Obesity among outpatients with major depressive disorder. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2005; 8:59–63 [B]
[PubMed]

870. Devlin MJ, Goldfein JA, Petkova E, Liu L, Walsh BT: Cognitive behavioral therapy and fluoxetine for binge eating disorder: two-year follow-up. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2007; 15:1702–1709 [A–]

871. Cooper Z, Fairburn CG, Hawker DM: Cognitive-Behavioral Treatment of Obesity: A Clinician's Guide. New York, Guilford, 2003 [G]

872. Khazaal Y, Fresard E, Rabia S, Chatton A, Rothen S, Pomini V, Grasset F, Borgeat F, Zullino D: Cognitive behavioural therapy for weight gain associated with antipsychotic drugs. Schizophr Res 2007; 91:169–177 [A–]

873. Rosenberger PH, Henderson KE, Grilo CM: Psychiatric disorder comorbidity and association with eating disorders in bariatric surgery patients: a cross-sectional study using structured interview-based diagnosis. J Clin Psychiatry 2006; 67:1080–1085 [G]
[PubMed]

874. Kalarchian MA, Marcus MD, Levine MD, Courcoulas AP, Pilkonis PA, Ringham RM, Soulakova JN, Weissfeld LA, Rofey DL: Psychiatric disorders among bariatric surgery candidates: relationship to obesity and functional health status. Am J Psychiatry 2007; 164:328–334 [G] 1013460
[PubMed]

875. Collazo-Clavell ML, Clark MM, McAlpine DE, Jensen MD: Assessment and preparation of patients for bariatric surgery. Mayo Clin Proc 2006; 81:S11–S17 [F]

876. Wadden TA, Sarwer DB, Fabricatore AN, Jones L, Stack R, Williams NS: Psychosocial and behavioral status of patients undergoing bariatric surgery: what to expect before and after surgery. Med Clin North Am 2007; 91:451–469 [F]
[PubMed]

877. Zimmerman M, Francione-Witt C, Chelminski I, Young D, Boerescu D, Attiullah N, Pohl D, Roye GD, Harrington DT: Presurgical psychiatric evaluations of candidates for bariatric surgery, part 1: reliability and reasons for and frequency of exclusion. J Clin Psychiatry 2007; 68:1557–1562 [G]
[PubMed]

878. Buchwald H, Avidor Y, Braunwald E, Jensen MD, Pories W, Fahrbach K, Schoelles K: Bariatric surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA 2004; 292:1724–1737 [E]
[PubMed]

879. Nickel MK, Loew TH, Bachler E: Change in mental symptoms in extreme obesity patients after gastric banding, part II: six-year follow up. Int J Psychiatry Med 2007; 37:69–79 [B]
[PubMed]

880. Schowalter M, Benecke A, Lager C, Heimbucher J, Bueter M, Thalheimer A, Fein M, Richard M, Faller H: Changes in depression following gastric banding: a 5- to 7-year prospective study. Obes Surg 2008; 18:314–320 [B]
[PubMed]

881. Herpertz S, Kielmann R, Wolf AM, Langkafel M, Senf W, Hebebrand J: Does obesity surgery improve psychosocial functioning? A systematic review. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2003; 27:1300–1314 [E]
[PubMed]

882. Kalarchian MA, Marcus MD, Levine MD, Soulakova JN, Courcoulas AP, Wisinski MS: Relationship of psychiatric disorders to 6-month outcomes after gastric bypass. Surg Obes Relat Dis 2008; 4:544–549 [B]
[PubMed]

883. Herpertz S, Kielmann R, Wolf AM, Hebebrand J, Senf W: Do psychosocial variables predict weight loss or mental health after obesity surgery? A systematic review. Obes Res 2004; 12:1554–1569 [E]
[PubMed]

884. Seaman JS, Bowers SP, Dixon P, Schindler L: Dissolution of common psychiatric medications in a Roux-en-Y gastric bypass model. Psychosomatics 2005; 46:250–253 [G] 1011458
[PubMed]

885. Narayan KM, Boyle JP, Thompson TJ, Gregg EW, Williamson DF: Effect of BMI on lifetime risk for diabetes in the US. Diabetes Care 2007; 30:1562–1566 [F]
[PubMed]

886. Bateman A, Fonagy P: 8-year follow-up of patients treated for borderline personality disorder: mentalization-based treatment versus treatment as usual. Am J Psychiatry 2008; 165:631–638 [A] 1014546
[PubMed]

887. Ali S, Stone MA, Peters JL, Davies MJ, Khunti K: The prevalence of co-morbid depression in adults with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabet Med 2006; 23:1165–1173 [E]
[PubMed]

888. Golden SH, Lazo M, Carnethon M, Bertoni AG, Schreiner PJ, Roux AV, Lee HB, Lyketsos C: Examining a bidirectional association between depressive symptoms and diabetes. JAMA 2008; 299:2751–2759 [G]
[PubMed]

889. Lustman PJ, Clouse RE: Depression in diabetic patients: the relationship between mood and glycemic control. J Diabetes Complications 2005; 19:113–122 [F]
[PubMed]

890. Williams JW Jr, Katon W, Lin EH, Noel PH, Worchel J, Cornell J, Harpole L, Fultz BA, Hunkeler E, Mika VS, Unutzer J: The effectiveness of depression care management on diabetes-related outcomes in older patients. Ann Intern Med 2004; 140:1015–1024 [B]
[PubMed]

891. Katon WJ, Von Korff M, Lin EH, Simon G, Ludman E, Russo J, Ciechanowski P, Walker E, Bush T: The Pathways Study: a randomized trial of collaborative care in patients with diabetes and depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2004; 61:1042–1049 [B]
[PubMed]

892. Lustman PJ, Clouse RE, Nix BD, Freedland KE, Rubin EH, McGill JB, Williams MM, Gelenberg AJ, Ciechanowski PS, Hirsch IB: Sertraline for prevention of depression recurrence in diabetes mellitus: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2006; 63:521–529 [A]
[PubMed]

893. Weber-Hamann B, Gilles M, Lederbogen F, Heuser I, Deuschle M: Improved insulin sensitivity in 80 nondiabetic patients with MDD after clinical remission in a double-blind, randomized trial of amitriptyline and paroxetine. J Clin Psychiatry 2006; 67:1856–1861 [A]
[PubMed]

894. Lustman PJ, Freedland KE, Griffith LS, Clouse RE: Fluoxetine for depression in diabetes: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Diabetes Care 2000; 23:618–623 [A]
[PubMed]

895. Lustman PJ, Griffith LS, Freedland KE, Kissel SS, Clouse RE: Cognitive behavior therapy for depression in type 2 diabetes mellitus. A randomized, controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 1998; 129:613–621 [A–]

896. Lustman PJ, Griffith LS, Clouse RE, Freedland KE, Eisen SA, Rubin EH, Carney RM, McGill JB: Effects of nortriptyline on depression and glycemic control in diabetes: results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Psychosom Med 1997; 59:241–250 [A]
[PubMed]

897. Ghaeli P, Shahsavand E, Mesbahi M, Kamkar MZ, Sadeghi M, Dashti-Khavidaki S: Comparing the effects of 8-week treatment with fluoxetine and imipramine on fasting blood glucose of patients with major depressive disorder. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2004; 24:386–388 [A]
[PubMed]

898. Punjabi NM: The epidemiology of adult obstructive sleep apnea. Proc Am Thorac Soc 2008; 5:136–143 [F]
[PubMed]

899. Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement: Diagnosis and treatment of obstructive sleep apnea in adults, 6th ed. Bloomington, MN, Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement, 2008. http://www.icsi.org/sleep_apnea/sleep_apnea_diagnosis_and_treatment_of_obstructive_.html [G]

900. Bixler EO, Vgontzas AN, Lin HM, Calhoun SL, Vela-Bueno A, Kales A: Excessive daytime sleepiness in a general population sample: the role of sleep apnea, age, obesity, diabetes, and depression. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005; 90:4510–4515 [G]
[PubMed]

901. Sharafkhaneh A, Giray N, Richardson P, Young T, Hirshkowitz M: Association of psychiatric disorders and sleep apnea in a large cohort. Sleep 2005; 28:1405–1411 [G]
[PubMed]

902. Ohayon MM: The effects of breathing-related sleep disorders on mood disturbances in the general population. J Clin Psychiatry 2003; 64:1195–1200 [G]
[PubMed]

903. Saunamaki T, Jehkonen M: Depression and anxiety in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome: a review. Acta Neurol Scand 2007; 116:277–288 [F]
[PubMed]

904. Peppard PE, Szklo-Coxe M, Hla KM, Young T: Longitudinal association of sleep-related breathing disorder and depression. Arch Intern Med 2006; 166:1709–1715 [G]
[PubMed]

905. Wells RD, Freedland KE, Carney RM, Duntley SP, Stepanski EJ: Adherence, reports of benefits, and depression among patients treated with continuous positive airway pressure. Psychosom Med 2007; 69:449–454 [B]
[PubMed]

906. Giles TL, Lasserson TJ, Smith BJ, White J, Wright J, Cates CJ: Continuous positive airways pressure for obstructive sleep apnea in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006; CD001106 [E]

907. Lu B, Budhiraja R, Parthasarathy S: Sedating medications and undiagnosed obstructive sleep apnea: physician determinants and patient consequences. J Clin Sleep Med 2005; 1:367–371 [G]
[PubMed]

908. Glynn M, Rhodes P: Estimated HIV prevalence in the United States at the end of 2003. Presented at the 2005 National HIV Prevention Conference, Atlanta, Ga, June 12–15, 2005. http://www.aegis.com/conferences/NHIVPC/2005/T1-B1101.html [G]

909. Angelino AF: Impact of psychiatric disorders on the HIV epidemic. Top HIV Med 2008; 16:99–103 [F]
[PubMed]

910. Janssen RS: Implementing HIV screening. Clin Infect Dis 2007; 45(suppl 4):S226–S231 [G]

911. Branson BM, Handsfield HH, Lampe MA, Janssen RS, Taylor AW, Lyss SB, Clark JE: Revised recommendations for HIV testing of adults, adolescents, and pregnant women in health-care settings. MMWR Recomm Rep 2006; 55:1–17 [G]
[PubMed]

912. Bhaskaran K, Hamouda O, Sannes M, Boufassa F, Johnson AM, Lambert PC, Porter K: Changes in the risk of death after HIV seroconversion compared with mortality in the general population. JAMA 2008; 300:51–59 [G]
[PubMed]

913. Ciesla JA, Roberts JE: Meta-analysis of the relationship between HIV infection and risk for depressive disorders. Am J Psychiatry 2001; 158:725–730 [E] 1001078
[PubMed]

914. Repetto MJ, Petitto JM: Psychopharmacology in HIV-infected patients. Psychosom Med 2008; 70:585–592 [F]
[PubMed]

915. Himelhoch S, Medoff DR: Efficacy of antidepressant medication among HIV-positive individuals with depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis. AIDS Patient Care STDs 2005; 19:813–822 [E]
[PubMed]

916. Rabkin JG, Wagner GJ, McElhiney MC, Rabkin R, Lin SH: Testosterone versus fluoxetine for depression and fatigue in HIV/AIDS: a placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2004; 24:379–385 [A]
[PubMed]

917. Rabkin JG, Wagner GJ, Rabkin R: Fluoxetine treatment for depression in patients with HIV and AIDS: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Am J Psychiatry 1999; 156:101–107 [A] 1002547
[PubMed]

918. Caballero J, Nahata MC: Use of selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors in the treatment of depression in adults with HIV. Ann Pharmacother 2005; 39:141–145 [F]
[PubMed]

919. Elliott AJ, Uldall KK, Bergam K, Russo J, Claypoole K, Roy-Byrne PP: Randomized, placebo-controlled trial of paroxetine versus imipramine in depressed HIV-positive outpatients. Am J Psychiatry 1998; 155:367–372 [A] 1002885
[PubMed]

920. Panel on Antiretroviral Guidelines for Adult and Adolescents, Department of Health and Human Services: Guidelines for the use of antiretroviral agents in HIV-1-infected adults and adolescents, Nov 3, 2008. http://www.aidsinfo.nih.gov/ContentFiles/AdultandAdolescentGL.pdf [G]

921. Crepaz N, Passin WF, Herbst JH, Rama SM, Malow RM, Purcell DW, Wolitski RJ: Meta-analysis of cognitive-behavioral interventions on HIV-positive persons' mental health and immune functioning. Health Psychol 2008; 27:4–14 [E]
[PubMed]

922. Himelhoch S, Medoff DR, Oyeniyi G: Efficacy of group psychotherapy to reduce depressive symptoms among HIV-infected individuals: a systematic review and meta-analysis. AIDS Patient Care STDs 2007; 21:732–739 [E]
[PubMed]

923. Balfour L, Kowal J, Silverman A, Tasca GA, Angel JB, Macpherson PA, Garber G, Cooper CL, Cameron DW: A randomized controlled psycho-education intervention trial: improving psychological readiness for successful HIV medication adherence and reducing depression before initiating HAART. AIDS Care 2006; 18:830–838 [A–]

924. Markowitz JC, Klerman GL, Clougherty KF, Spielman LA, Jacobsberg LB, Fishman B, Frances AJ, Kocsis JH, Perry SW III: Individual psychotherapies for depressed HIV-positive patients. Am J Psychiatry 1995; 152:1504–1509 [B] 1004075
[PubMed]

925. Kelly JA, Murphy DA, Bahr GR, Kalichman SC, Morgan MG, Stevenson LY, Koob JJ, Brasfield TL, Bernstein BM: Outcome of cognitive-behavioral and support group brief therapies for depressed, HIV-infected persons. Am J Psychiatry 1993; 150:1679–1686 [A–]

926. Carrico AW, Antoni MH, Duran RE, Ironson G, Penedo F, Fletcher MA, Klimas N, Schneiderman N: Reductions in depressed mood and denial coping during cognitive behavioral stress management with HIV-positive gay men treated with HAART. Ann Behav Med 2006; 31:155–164 [A–]

927. Mistler LA, Brunette MF, Marsh BJ, Vidaver RM, Luckoor R, Rosenberg SD: Hepatitis C treatment for people with severe mental illness. Psychosomatics 2006; 47:93–107 [F] 1012465
[PubMed]

928. Thomas DL: The challenge of hepatitis C in the HIV-infected person. Annu Rev Med 2008; 59:473–485 [F]
[PubMed]

929. Dbouk N, Arguedas MR, Sheikh A: Assessment of the PHQ-9 as a screening tool for depression in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Dig Dis Sci 2008; 53:1100–1106 [G]
[PubMed]

930. Schafer A, Wittchen HU, Seufert J, Kraus MR: Methodological approaches in the assessment of interferon-alfa-induced depression in patients with chronic hepatitis C—a critical review. Int J Methods Psychiatr Res 2007; 16:186–201 [F]
[PubMed]

931. Asnis GM, De La Garzal R: Interferon-induced depression in chronic hepatitis C: a review of its prevalence, risk factors, biology, and treatment approaches. J Clin Gastroenterol 2006; 40:322–335 [F]
[PubMed]

932. Reichenberg A, Gorman JM, Dieterich DT: Interferon-induced depression and cognitive impairment in hepatitis C virus patients: a 72 week prospective study. AIDS 2005; 19(suppl 3):S174–S178 [C]

933. Nelligan JA, Loftis JM, Matthews AM, Zucker BL, Linke AM, Hauser P: Depression comorbidity and antidepressant use in veterans with chronic hepatitis C: results from a retrospective chart review. J Clin Psychiatry 2008; 69:810–816 [G]
[PubMed]

934. Morasco BJ, Rifai MA, Loftis JM, Indest DW, Moles JK, Hauser P: A randomized trial of paroxetine to prevent interferon-alpha-induced depression in patients with hepatitis C. J Affect Disord 2007; 103:83–90 [A]
[PubMed]

935. Raison CL, Woolwine BJ, Demetrashvili MF, Borisov AS, Weinreib R, Staab JP, Zajecka JM, Bruno CJ, Henderson MA, Reinus JF, Evans DL, Asnis GM, Miller AH: Paroxetine for prevention of depressive symptoms induced by interferon-alpha and ribavirin for hepatitis C. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2007; 25:1163–1174 [A]
[PubMed]

936. Hauser P, Khosla J, Aurora H, Laurin J, Kling MA, Hill J, Gulati M, Thornton AJ, Schultz RL, Valentine AD, Meyers CA, Howell CD: A prospective study of the incidence and open-label treatment of interferon-induced major depressive disorder in patients with hepatitis C. Mol Psychiatry 2002; 7:942–947 [B]
[PubMed]

937. Kraus MR, Schafer A, Schottker K, Keicher C, Weissbrich B, Hofbauer I, Scheurlen M: Therapy of interferon-induced depression in chronic hepatitis C with citalopram: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Gut 2008; 57:531–536 [A]
[PubMed]

938. Bialek SR, Terrault NA: The changing epidemiology and natural history of hepatitis C virus infection. Clin Liver Dis 2006; 10:697–715 [F]
[PubMed]

939. Krebs EE, Gaynes BN, Gartlehner G, Hansen RA, Thieda P, Morgan LC, DeVeaugh-Geiss A, Lohr KN: Treating the physical symptoms of depression with second-generation antidepressants: a systematic review and metaanalysis. Psychosomatics 2008; 49:191–198 [E] 1014731
[PubMed]

940. Bair MJ, Robinson RL, Katon W, Kroenke K: Depression and pain comorbidity: a literature review. Arch Intern Med 2003; 163:2433–2445 [E]
[PubMed]

941. Simon GE, VonKorff M, Piccinelli M, Fullerton C, Ormel J: An international study of the relation between somatic symptoms and depression. N Engl J Med 1999; 341:1329–1335 [G]
[PubMed]

942. Gureje O, Von Korff M, Simon GE, Gater R: Persistent pain and well-being: a World Health Organization study in primary care. JAMA 1998; 280:147–151 [G]
[PubMed]

943. Kroenke K, Shen J, Oxman TE, Williams JW Jr, Dietrich AJ: Impact of pain on the outcomes of depression treatment: results from the RESPECT trial. Pain 2008; 134:209–215 [A–]

944. Thielke SM, Fan MY, Sullivan M, Unutzer J: Pain limits the effectiveness of collaborative care for depression. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2007; 15:699–707 [A–]

945. Fishbain DA, Cutler RB, Rosomoff HL, Rosomoff RS: Do antidepressants have an analgesic effect in psychogenic pain and somatoform pain disorder? A meta-analysis. Psychosom Med 1998; 60:503–509 [E]
[PubMed]

946. Spielmans GI: Duloxetine does not relieve painful physical symptoms in depression: a meta-analysis. Psychother Psychosom 2008; 77:12–16 [E]
[PubMed]

947. Kroenke K, Messina N III, Benattia I, Graepel J, Musgnung J: Venlafaxine extended release in the short-term treatment of depressed and anxious primary care patients with multisomatoform disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 2006; 67:72–80 [A]
[PubMed]

948. Dworkin RH, O'Connor AB, Backonja M, Farrar JT, Finnerup NB, Jensen TS, Kalso EA, Loeser JD, Miaskowski C, Nurmikko TJ, Portenoy RK, Rice AS, Stacey BR, Treede RD, Turk DC, Wallace MS: Pharmacologic management of neuropathic pain: evidence-based recommendations. Pain 2007; 132:237–251 [G]
[PubMed]

949. Saarto T, Wiffen PJ: Antidepressants for neuropathic pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007; CD005454 [E]

950. Dubinsky RM, Kabbani H, El Chami Z, Boutwell C, Ali H: Practice parameter: treatment of postherpetic neuralgia: an evidence-based report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology 2004; 63:959–965 [G]
[PubMed]

951. Hempenstall K, Nurmikko TJ, Johnson RW, A'Hern RP, Rice AS: Analgesic therapy in postherpetic neuralgia: a quantitative systematic review. PLoS Med 2005; 2:e164 [E]

952. Wong MC, Chung JW, Wong TK: Effects of treatments for symptoms of painful diabetic neuropathy: systematic review. BMJ 2007; 335:87 [E]
[PubMed]

953. Rasmussen PV, Jensen TS, Sindrup SH, Bach FW: TDM-based imipramine treatment in neuropathic pain. Ther Drug Monit 2004; 26:352–360 [G]
[PubMed]

954. Moja PL, Cusi C, Sterzi RR, Canepari C: Selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors (SSRIs) for preventing migraine and tension-type headaches. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005; CD002919 [E]

955. Rampello L, Alvano A, Chiechio S, Malaguarnera M, Raffaele R, Vecchio I, Nicoletti F: Evaluation of the prophylactic efficacy of amitriptyline and citalopram, alone or in combination, in patients with comorbidity of depression, migraine, and tension-type headache. Neuropsychobiology 2004; 50:322–328 [A–]

956. Zissis NP, Harmoussi S, Vlaikidis N, Mitsikostas D, Thomaidis T, Georgiadis G, Karageorgiou K: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of venlafaxine XR in out-patients with tension-type headache. Cephalalgia 2007; 27:315–324 [A]
[PubMed]

957. Ozyalcin SN, Talu GK, Kiziltan E, Yucel B, Ertas M, Disci R: The efficacy and safety of venlafaxine in the prophylaxis of migraine. Headache 2005; 45:144–152 [A]
[PubMed]

958. Holroyd KA, O'Donnell FJ, Stensland M, Lipchik GL, Cordingley GE, Carlson BW: Management of chronic tension-type headache with tricyclic antidepressant medication, stress management therapy, and their combination: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2001; 285:2208–2215 [A–]

959. Carville SF, Arendt-Nielsen S, Bliddal H, Blotman F, Branco JC, Buskila D, Da Silva JA, Danneskiold-Samsoe B, Dincer F, Henriksson C, Henriksson KG, Kosek E, Longley K, McCarthy GM, Perrot S, Puszczewicz M, Sarzi-Puttini P, Silman A, Spath M, Choy EH: EULAR evidence-based recommendations for the management of fibromyalgia syndrome. Ann Rheum Dis 2008; 67:536–541 [G]
[PubMed]

960. Russell IJ, Mease PJ, Smith TR, Kajdasz DK, Wohlreich MM, Detke MJ, Walker DJ, Chappell AS, Arnold LM: Efficacy and safety of duloxetine for treatment of fibromyalgia in patients with or without major depressive disorder: results from a 6-month, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, fixed-dose trial. Pain 2008; 136:432–444 [A]
[PubMed]

961. Arnold LM, Rosen A, Pritchett YL, D'Souza DN, Goldstein DJ, Iyengar S, Wernicke JF: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of duloxetine in the treatment of women with fibromyalgia with or without major depressive disorder. Pain 2005; 119:5–15 [A]
[PubMed]

962. Arnold LM, Lu Y, Crofford LJ, Wohlreich M, Detke MJ, Iyengar S, Goldstein DJ: A double-blind, multicenter trial comparing duloxetine with placebo in the treatment of fibromyalgia patients with or without major depressive disorder. Arthritis Rheum 2004; 50:2974–2984 [A]
[PubMed]

963. Williams DA, Cary MA, Groner KH, Chaplin W, Glazer LJ, Rodriguez AM, Clauw DJ: Improving physical functional status in patients with fibromyalgia: a brief cognitive behavioral intervention. J Rheumatol 2002; 29:1280–1286 [A–]

964. Goldenberg DL, Burckhardt C, Crofford L: Management of fibromyalgia syndrome. JAMA 2004; 292:2388–2395 [E]
[PubMed]

965. Bird H, Broggini M: Paroxetine versus amitriptyline for treatment of depression associated with rheumatoid arthritis: a randomized, double blind, parallel group study. J Rheumatol 2000; 27:2791–2797 [A]
[PubMed]

966. Parker JC, Smarr KL, Slaughter JR, Johnston SK, Priesmeyer ML, Hanson KD, Johnson GE, Hewett JE, Hewett JE, Irvin WS, Komatireddy GR, Walker SE: Management of depression in rheumatoid arthritis: a combined pharmacologic and cognitive-behavioral approach. Arthritis Rheum 2003; 49:766–777 [A–]

967. Perrot S, Maheu E, Javier RM, Eschalier A, Coutaux A, LeBars M, Bertin P, Bannwarth B, Treves R: Guidelines for the use of antidepressants in painful rheumatic conditions. Eur J Pain 2006; 10:185–192 [G]
[PubMed]

968. Zautra AJ, Davis MC, Reich JW, Nicassario P, Tennen H, Finan P, Kratz A, Parrish B, Irwin MR: Comparison of cognitive behavioral and mindfulness meditation interventions on adaptation to rheumatoid arthritis for patients with and without history of recurrent depression. J Consult Clin Psychol 2008; 76:408–421 [A–]

969. Lin EH, Tang L, Katon W, Hegel MT, Sullivan MD, Unutzer J: Arthritis pain and disability: response to collaborative depression care. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2006; 28:482–486 [A–]

970. Lin EH, Katon W, Von Korff M, Tang L, Williams JW, Jr., Kroenke K, Hunkeler E, Harpole L, Hegel M, Arean P, Hoffing M, Della PR, Langston C, Unutzer J: Effect of improving depression care on pain and functional outcomes among older adults with arthritis: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2003; 290:2428–2429 [A–]

971. Chou R, Huffman LH: Medications for acute and chronic low back pain: a review of the evidence for an American Pain Society/American College of Physicians clinical practice guideline. Ann Intern Med 2007; 147:505–514 [E]
[PubMed]

972. Urquhart DM, Hoving JL, Assendelft WW, Roland M, van Tulder MW: Antidepressants for non-specific low back pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2008; CD001703 [E]

973. Lieberman E, Stoudemire A: Use of tricyclic antidepressants in patients with glaucoma. Assessment and appropriate precautions. Psychosomatics 1987; 28:145–148 [G]
[PubMed]

974. Lachkar Y, Bouassida W: Drug-induced acute angle closure glaucoma. Curr Opin Ophthalmol 2007; 18:129–133 [G]
[PubMed]

975. Perlis RH, Brown E, Baker RW, Nierenberg AA: Clinical features of bipolar depression versus major depressive disorder in large multicenter trials. Am J Psychiatry 2006; 163:225–231 [G] 1012347
[PubMed]

976. Kessler RC, Berglund P, Demler O, Jin R, Koretz D, Merikangas KR, Rush AJ, Walters EE, Wang PS: The epidemiology of major depressive disorder: results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R). JAMA 2003; 289:3095–3105 [G]
[PubMed]

977. Merikangas KR, Ames M, Cui L, Stang PE, Ustun TB, Von Korff M, Kessler RC: The impact of comorbidity of mental and physical conditions on role disability in the US adult household population. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2007; 64:1180–1188 [G]
[PubMed]

978. Pincus HA, Zarin DA, Tanielian TL, Johnson JL, West JC, Pettit AR, Marcus SC, Kessler RC, McIntyre JS: Psychiatric patients and treatments in 1997: findings from the American Psychiatric Practice Research Network. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1999; 56:441–449 [C]
[PubMed]

979. Solomon DA, Keller MB, Leon AC, Mueller TI, Shea MT, Warshaw M, Maser JD, Coryell W, Endicott J: Recovery from major depression. A 10-year prospective follow-up across multiple episodes. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1997; 54:1001–1006 [C]
[PubMed]

980. Vieta E, Sanchez-Moreno J, Lahuerta J, Zaragoza S: Subsyndromal depressive symptoms in patients with bipolar and unipolar disorder during clinical remission. J Affect Disord 2008; 107:169–174 [G]
[PubMed]

981. Klerman GL, Weissman MM: The course, morbidity, and costs of depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1992; 49:831–834 [G]
[PubMed]

982. Keller MB, Beardslee WR, Dorer DJ, Lavori PW, Samuelson H, Klerman GR: Impact of severity and chronicity of parental affective illness on adaptive functioning and psychopathology in children. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1986; 43:930–937 [B]
[PubMed]

983. Mintz J, Mintz LI, Arruda MJ, Hwang SS: Treatments of depression and the functional capacity to work. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1992; 49:761–768 [E]
[PubMed]

984. Holma KM, Holma IA, Melartin TK, Rytsala HJ, Isometsa ET: Long-term outcome of major depressive disorder in psychiatric patients is variable. J Clin Psychiatry 2008; 69:196–205 [C]
[PubMed]

985. Trivedi MH, Rush AJ, Crismon ML, Kashner TM, Toprac MG, Carmody TJ, Key T, Biggs MM, Shores-Wilson K, Witte B, Suppes T, Miller AL, Altshuler KZ, Shon SP: Clinical results for patients with major depressive disorder in the Texas Medication Algorithm Project. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2004; 61:669–680 [B]
[PubMed]

986. Rush AJ, Trivedi M, Carmody TJ, Biggs MM, Shores-Wilson K, Ibrahim H, Crismon ML: One-year clinical outcomes of depressed public sector outpatients: a benchmark for subsequent studies. Biol Psychiatry 2004; 56:46–53 [B]
[PubMed]

987. Zarin DA, Tse T: Medicine. Moving toward transparency of clinical trials. Science 2008; 319:1340–1342 [G]
[PubMed]

988. Turner EH: Closing a loophole in the FDA Amendments Act. Science 2008; 322:44–46 [G]
[PubMed]

989. Sterne JA, Davey SG: Sifting the evidence-what's wrong with significance tests? BMJ 2001; 322:226–231 [F]
[PubMed]

990. Cook RJ, Sackett DL: The number needed to treat: a clinically useful measure of treatment effect. BMJ 1995; 310:452–454 [G]
[PubMed]

991. Kraemer HC, Kupfer DJ: Size of treatment effects and their importance to clinical research and practice. Biol Psychiatry 2006; 59:990–996 [G]
[PubMed]

992. Cipriani A, Santilli C, Furukawa TA, Signoretti A, Nakagawa A, McGuire H, Churchill R, Barbui C: Escitalopram versus other antidepressive agents for depression. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2009; CD006532 [E]

993. DeMartinis NA, Yeung PP, Entsuah R, Manley AL: A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the efficacy and safety of desvenlafaxine succinate in the treatment of major depressive disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 2007; 68:677–688 [A]
[PubMed]

994. Septien-Velez L, Pitrosky B, Padmanabhan SK, Germain JM, Tourian KA: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of desvenlafaxine succinate in the treatment of major depressive disorder. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2007; 22:338–347 [A]
[PubMed]

995. Papakostas GI, Thase ME, Fava M, Nelson JC, Shelton RC: Are antidepressant drugs that combine serotonergic and noradrenergic mechanisms of action more effective than the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in treating major depressive disorder? A meta-analysis of studies of newer agents. Biol Psychiatry 2007; 62:1217–1227 [E]
[PubMed]

996. Thase ME, Entsuah AR, Rudolph RL: Remission rates during treatment with venlafaxine or selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Br J Psychiatry 2001; 178:234–241 [E]
[PubMed]

997. Cipriani A, Barbui C, Brambilla P, Furukawa TA, Hotopf M, Geddes JR: Are all antidepressants really the same? The case of fluoxetine: a systematic review. J Clin Psychiatry 2006; 67:850–864 [E]
[PubMed]

998. Thase ME, Entsuah R, Cantillon M, Kornstein SG: Relative antidepressant efficacy of venlafaxine and SSRIs: sex-age interactions. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2005; 14:609–616 [E]
[PubMed]

999. Perahia DG, Wang F, Mallinckrodt CH, Walker DJ, Detke MJ: Duloxetine in the treatment of major depressive disorder: a placebo- and paroxetine-controlled trial. Eur Psychiatry 2006; 21:367–378 [A]
[PubMed]

1000. Perahia DG, Gilaberte I, Wang F, Wiltse CG, Huckins SA, Clemens JW, Montgomery SA, Montejo AL, Detke MJ: Duloxetine in the prevention of relapse of major depressive disorder: double-blind placebo-controlled study. Br J Psychiatry 2006; 188:346–353 [A]
[PubMed]

1001. Raskin J, Goldstein DJ, Mallinckrodt CH, Ferguson MB: Duloxetine in the long-term treatment of major depressive disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 2003; 64:1237–1244 [C]
[PubMed]

1002. Rudolph RL, Feiger AD: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of once-daily venlafaxine extended release (XR) and fluoxetine for the treatment of depression. J Affect Disord 1999; 56:171–181 [A]
[PubMed]

1003. Sauer H, Huppertz-Helmhold S, Dierkes W: Efficacy and safety of venlafaxine ER vs amitriptyline ER in patients with major depression of moderate severity. Pharmacopsychiatry 2003; 36:169–175 [A]
[PubMed]

1004. Saiz-Ruiz J, Ibanez A, Diaz-Marsa M, Arias F, Padin J, Martin-Carrasco M, Montes JM, Ferrando L, Carrasco JL, Martin-Ballesteros E, Jorda L, Chamorro L: Efficacy of venlafaxine in major depression resistant to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2002; 26:1129–1134 [C]
[PubMed]

1005. Mitchell PB, Schweitzer I, Burrows G, Johnson G, Polonowita A: Efficacy of venlafaxine and predictors of response in a prospective open-label study of patients with treatment-resistant major depression. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2000; 20:483–487 [B]
[PubMed]

1006. Schweitzer I, Burrows G, Tuckwell V, Polonowita A, Flynn P, George T, Theodoros M, Mitchell P: Sustained response to open-label venlafaxine in drug-resistant major depression. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2001; 21:185–189 [B]
[PubMed]

1007. Papakostas GI, Trivedi MH, Alpert JE, Seifert CA, Krishen A, Goodale EP, Tucker VL: Efficacy of bupropion and the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in the treatment of anxiety symptoms in major depressive disorder: a meta-analysis of individual patient data from 10 double-blind, randomized clinical trials. J Psychiatr Res 2008; 42:134–140 [E]
[PubMed]

1008. Chouinard G: Bupropion and amitriptyline in the treatment of depressed patients. J Clin Psychiatry 1983; 44:121–129 [A]
[PubMed]

1009. Davidson J, Miller R, Van Wyck FJ, Strickland R, Manberg P, Allen S, Parrott R: A double-blind comparison of bupropion and amitriptyline in depressed inpatients. J Clin Psychiatry 1983; 44:115–117 [B]
[PubMed]

1010. Mendels J, Amin MM, Chouinard G, Cooper AJ, Miles JE, Remick RA, Saxena B, Secunda SK, Singh AN: A comparative study of bupropion and amitriptyline in depressed outpatients. J Clin Psychiatry 1983; 44:118–120 [A]
[PubMed]

1011. Feighner J, Hendrickson G, Miller L, Stern W: Double-blind comparison of doxepin versus bupropion in outpatients with a major depressive disorder. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1986; 6:27–32 [A]
[PubMed]

1012. Papakostas GI, Montgomery SA, Thase ME, Katz JR, Krishen A, Tucker VL: Comparing the rapidity of response during treatment of major depressive disorder with bupropion and the SSRIs: a pooled survival analysis of 7 double-blind, randomized clinical trials. J Clin Psychiatry 2007; 68:1907–1912 [E]
[PubMed]

1013. Croft H, Settle E Jr, Houser T, Batey SR, Donahue RM, Ascher JA: A placebo-controlled comparison of the antidepressant efficacy and effects on sexual functioning of sustained-release bupropion and sertraline. Clin Ther 1999; 21:643–658 [A]
[PubMed]

1014. Segraves RT, Kavoussi R, Hughes AR, Batey SR, Johnston JA, Donahue R, Ascher JA: Evaluation of sexual functioning in depressed outpatients: a double-blind comparison of sustained-release bupropion and sertraline treatment. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2000; 20:122–128 [A]
[PubMed]

1015. Coleman CC, Cunningham LA, Foster VJ, Batey SR, Donahue RM, Houser TL, Ascher JA: Sexual dysfunction associated with the treatment of depression: a placebo-controlled comparison of bupropion sustained release and sertraline treatment. Ann Clin Psychiatry 1999; 11:205–215 [A]
[PubMed]

1016. Kennedy SH, Fulton KA, Bagby RM, Greene AL, Cohen NL, Rafi-Tari S: Sexual function during bupropion or paroxetine treatment of major depressive disorder. Can J Psychiatry 2006; 51:234–242 [A]
[PubMed]

1017. Coleman CC, King BR, Bolden-Watson C, Book MJ, Segraves RT, Richard N, Ascher J, Batey S, Jamerson B, Metz A: A placebo-controlled comparison of the effects on sexual functioning of bupropion sustained release and fluoxetine. Clin Ther 2001; 23:1040–1058 [A]
[PubMed]

1018. Clayton AH, Pradko JF, Croft HA, Montano CB, Leadbetter RA, Bolden-Watson C, Bass KI, Donahue RM, Jamerson BD, Metz A: Prevalence of sexual dysfunction among newer antidepressants. J Clin Psychiatry 2002; 63:357–366 [B]
[PubMed]

1019. Clayton AH, McGarvey EL, Abouesh AI, Pinkerton RC: Substitution of an SSRI with bupropion sustained release following SSRI-induced sexual dysfunction. J Clin Psychiatry 2001; 62:185–190 [B]
[PubMed]

1020. Masand PS, Ashton AK, Gupta S, Frank B: Sustained-release bupropion for selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor-induced sexual dysfunction: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study. Am J Psychiatry 2001; 158:805–807 [A] 1001064
[PubMed]

1021. Trivedi MH, Rush AJ, Carmody TJ, Donahue RM, Bolden-Watson C, Houser TL, Metz A: Do bupropion SR and sertraline differ in their effects on anxiety in depressed patients? J Clin Psychiatry 2001; 62:776–781 [E]
[PubMed]

1022. Weihs KL, Houser TL, Batey SR, Ascher JA, Bolden-Watson C, Donahue RM, Metz A: Continuation phase treatment with bupropion SR effectively decreases the risk for relapse of depression. Biol Psychiatry 2002; 51:753–761 [A]
[PubMed]

1023. Claghorn JL, Lesem MD: A double-blind placebo-controlled study of Org 3770 in depressed outpatients. J Affect Disord 1995; 34:165–171 [A]
[PubMed]

1024. Holm KJ, Markham A: Mirtazapine: a review of its use in major depression. Drugs 1999; 57:607–631 [F]
[PubMed]

1025. Guelfi JD, Ansseau M, Timmerman L, Korsgaard S: Mirtazapine versus venlafaxine in hospitalized severely depressed patients with melancholic features. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2001; 21:425–431 [A]
[PubMed]

1026. Benkert O, Szegedi A, Philipp M, Kohnen R, Heinrich C, Heukels A, van der Vegte-Senden M, Baker RA, Simmons JH, Schutte AJ: Mirtazapine orally disintegrating tablets versus venlafaxine extended release: a double-blind, randomized multicenter trial comparing the onset of antidepressant response in patients with major depressive disorder. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2006; 26:75–78 [A]
[PubMed]

1027. Bech P: Meta-analysis of placebo-controlled trials with mirtazapine using the core items of the Hamilton depression scale as evidence of a pure antidepressive effect in the short-term treatment of major depression. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2001; 4:337–345 [E]
[PubMed]

1028. Kasper S: Clinical efficacy of mirtazapine: a review of meta-analyses of pooled data. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 1995; 10(suppl 4):25–35; correction, 1996; 11:153 [F]

1029. Zivkov M, DeJongh G: Org 3770 versus amitriptyline: a 6-week randomized, double-blind multicentre trial in hospitalized depressed patients. Hum Psychopharmacol 1995; 10:173–180 [B]

1030. Quitkin FM, Taylor BP, Kremer C: Does mirtazapine have a more rapid onset than SSRIs? J Clin Psychiatry 2001; 62:358–361 [E]
[PubMed]

1031. Watanabe N, Omori IM, Nakagawa A, Cipriani A, Barbui C, McGuire H, Churchill R, Furukawa TA: Mirtazapine versus other antidepressants in the acute-phase treatment of adults with major depression: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Psychiatry 2008; 69:1404–1415 [E]
[PubMed]

1032. Benkert O, Szegedi A, Kohnen R: Mirtazapine compared with paroxetine in major depression. J Clin Psychiatry 2000; 61:656–663 [A]
[PubMed]

1033. Wade A, Crawford GM, Angus M, Wilson R, Hamilton L: A randomized, double-blind, 24-week study comparing the efficacy and tolerability of mirtazapine and paroxetine in depressed patients in primary care. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2003; 18:133–141 [A]
[PubMed]

1034. Schatzberg AF, Kremer C, Rodrigues HE, Murphy GM, Jr.: Double-blind, randomized comparison of mirtazapine and paroxetine in elderly depressed patients. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2002; 10:541–550 [A]
[PubMed]

1035. Versiani M, Moreno R, Ramakers-van Moorsel CJ, Schutte AJ: Comparison of the effects of mirtazapine and fluoxetine in severely depressed patients. CNS Drugs 2005; 19:137–146 [A]
[PubMed]

1036. Leinonen E, Skarstein J, Behnke K, Agren H, Helsdingen JT: Efficacy and tolerability of mirtazapine versus citalopram: a double-blind, randomized study in patients with major depressive disorder. Nordic Antidepressant Study Group. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 1999; 14:329–337 [A]
[PubMed]

1037. Behnke K, Sogaard J, Martin S, Bauml J, Ravindran AV, Agren H, Vester-Blokland ED: Mirtazapine orally disintegrating tablet versus sertraline: a prospective onset of action study. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2003; 23:358–364 [A]
[PubMed]

1038. Thase ME, Nierenberg AA, Keller MB, Panagides J: Efficacy of mirtazapine for prevention of depressive relapse: a placebo-controlled double-blind trial of recently remitted high-risk patients. J Clin Psychiatry 2001; 62:782–788 [A]
[PubMed]

1039. Feighner JP, Pambakian R, Fowler RC, Boyer WF, D'Amico MF: A comparison of nefazodone, imipramine, and placebo in patients with moderate to severe depression. Psychopharmacol Bull 1989; 25:219–221 [A]
[PubMed]

1040. Fontaine R, Ontiveros A, Elie R, Kensler TT, Roberts DL, Kaplita S, Ecker JA, Faludi G: A double-blind comparison of nefazodone, imipramine, and placebo in major depression. J Clin Psychiatry 1994; 55:234–241 [A]
[PubMed]

1041. Mendels J, Reimherr F, Marcus RN, Roberts DL, Francis RJ, Anton SF: A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of two dose ranges of nefazodone in the treatment of depressed outpatients. J Clin Psychiatry 1995; 56(suppl 6):30–36 [A]

1042. Golden RN, Brown TM, Miller H, Evans DL: The new antidepressants. N C Med J 1988; 49:549–554 [F]
[PubMed]

1043. Weisler RH, Johnston JA, Lineberry CG, Samara B, Branconnier RJ, Billow AA: Comparison of bupropion and trazodone for the treatment of major depression. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1994; 14:170–179 [A]
[PubMed]

1044. Shopsin B, Cassano GB, Conti L: An overview of new second generation antidepressant compounds: research and treatment implications, in Antidepressants: Neurochemical, Behavioral and Clinical Perspectives. Edited by Enna SJ, Malick J, Richelson E. New York, Raven, 1981, pp 219–251 [F]

1045. Klein HE, Muller N: Trazodone in endogenous depressed patients: a negative report and a critical evaluation of the pertaining literature. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 1985; 9:173–186 [B]
[PubMed]

1046. Kuhn R: The treatment of depressive states with G 22355 (imipramine hydrochloride). Am J Psychiatry 1958; 115:459–464 [B]
[PubMed]

1047. Klerman GL, Cole JO: Clinical pharmacology of imipramine and related antidepressant compounds. Int J Psychiatry 1967; 3:267–304 [F]
[PubMed]

1048. Klein DF, Gittelman R, Quitkin FM, Rifkin A: Diagnosis and Drug Treatment of Psychiatric Disorders: Adults and Children, 2nd ed. Baltimore, Williams and Wilkins, 1980 [G]

1049. Potter WZ, Manji HK, Rudorfer MV: Tricyclics and tetracyclics, in American Psychiatric Press Textbook of Psychopharmacology. Edited by Schatzberg AF, Nemeroff CB. Washington, DC, American Psychiatric Press, 1998, pp 199–218 [F]

1050. Barbui C, Guaiana G, Hotopf M: Amitriptyline for inpatients and SSRIs for outpatients with depression? Systematic review and meta-regression analysis. Pharmacopsychiatry 2004; 37:93–97 [E]
[PubMed]

1051. Arroll B, Macgillivray S, Ogston S, Reid I, Sullivan F, Williams B, Crombie I: Efficacy and tolerability of tricyclic antidepressants and SSRIs compared with placebo for treatment of depression in primary care: a meta-analysis. Ann Fam Med 2005; 3:449–456 [E]
[PubMed]

1052. Wohlfarth T, Storosum JG, Elferink AJ, van Zwieten BJ, Fouwels A, van den Brink W: Response to tricyclic antidepressants: independent of gender? Am J Psychiatry 2004; 161:370–372 [E] 1004623
[PubMed]

1053. Reynolds CF III, Miller MD, Pasternak RE, Frank E, Perel JM, Cornes C, Houck PR, Mazumdar S, Dew MA, Kupfer DJ: Treatment of bereavement-related major depressive episodes in later life: a controlled study of acute and continuation treatment with nortriptyline and interpersonal psychotherapy. Am J Psychiatry 1999; 156:202–208 [A] 1002503
[PubMed]

1054. Thompson LW, Coon DW, Gallagher-Thompson D, Sommer BR, Koin D: Comparison of desipramine and cognitive/behavioral therapy in the treatment of elderly outpatients with mild-to-moderate depression. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2001; 9:225–240 [A]
[PubMed]

1055. van den Broek WW, Birkenhager TK, Mulder PG, Bruijn JA, Moleman P: Imipramine is effective in preventing relapse in electroconvulsive therapy-responsive depressed inpatients with prior pharmacotherapy treatment failure: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Psychiatry 2006; 67:263–268 [A]

1056. Coryell W, Turner R: Outcome with desipramine therapy in subtypes of nonpsychotic major depression. J Affect Disord 1985; 9:149–154 [B]
[PubMed]

1057. Fairchild CJ, Rush AJ, Vasavada N, Giles DE, Khatami M: Which depressions respond to placebo? Psychiatry Res 1986; 18:217–226 [B]
[PubMed]

1058. Brotman AW, Falk WE, Gelenberg AJ: Pharmacologic treatment of acute depressive subtypes, in Psychopharmacology: The Third Generation of Progress. Edited by Meltzer HY. New York, Raven, 1987, pp 1031–1040 [F]

1059. Joyce PR, Paykel ES: Predictors of drug response in depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1989; 46:89–99 [F]
[PubMed]

1060. Stewart JW, Quitkin FM, Liebowitz MR, McGrath PJ, Harrison WM, Klein DF: Efficacy of desipramine in depressed outpatients: response according to Research Diagnostic Criteria diagnoses and severity of illness. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1989; 40:220–227 [A]

1061. Paykel ES: Depressive typologies and response to amitriptyline. Br J Psychiatry 1972; 120:147–156 [B]
[PubMed]