Skip to main content

Abstract

Objective:

Incarceration of people with mental illness has become a major social, clinical, and economic concern, with an estimated 2.1 million incarcerations in 2007. Prior studies have primarily focused on mental illness rates among incarcerated persons. This study examined rates of and risk factors for incarceration and reincarceration, as well as short-term outcomes after incarceration, among patients in a large public mental health system.

Methods:

The data set included 39,463 patient records combined with 4,544 matching incarceration records from the county jail system during fiscal year 2005–2006. Risk factors for incarceration and reincarceration were analyzed with logistic regression. Time after release from the index incarceration until receiving services was examined with survival analysis.

Results:

During the year, 11.5% of patients (N=4,544) were incarcerated. Risk factors for incarceration included prior incarcerations; co-occurring substance-related diagnoses; homelessness; schizophrenia, bipolar, or other psychotic disorder diagnoses; male gender; no Medicaid insurance; and being African American. Patients older than 45, Medicaid beneficiaries, and those from Latino, Asian, and other non-Euro-American racial-ethnic groups were less likely to be incarcerated. Risk factors for reincarceration included co-occurring substance-related diagnoses; prior incarceration; diagnosed schizophrenia or bipolar disorder; homelessness; and incarceration for three or fewer days. Patients whose first service after release from incarceration was outpatient or case management were less likely to receive subsequent emergency services or to be reincarcerated within 90 days.

Conclusions:

Modifiable factors affecting incarceration risk include homelessness, substance abuse, lack of medical insurance, and timely receipt of outpatient or case management services after release from incarceration. (Psychiatric Services 63:26–32, 2012)

Formats available

You can view the full content in the following formats:

Figures and Tables

Figure 1 Time to first adverse event after release of incarcerated persons with mental illness
Table 1 Psychiatric patients in San Diego County, by incarceration status
Table 2 Logistic regression of risk factors for incarceration of persons with mental illness
Table 3 Logistic regression of risk factors for reincarceration of psychiatric patients within one year of release from jail
Table 4 Cox regression to predict time to occurrence of an adverse event after release

Information & Authors

Information

Published In

Go to Psychiatric Services
Go to Psychiatric Services
Cover: Mount Vesuvius, by Andy Warhol, 1985. Museo Nazionale di Capodimonte, Naples, Italy. © The Andy Warhol Foundation for the Visual Arts, Inc/Artists Rights Society, New York.
Psychiatric Services
Pages: 26 - 32
PubMed: 22227756

History

Published online: 1 January 2012
Published in print: January 2012

Authors

Details

William B. Hawthorne, Ph.D. [email protected]
Dr. Hawthorne, Dr. Folsom, Dr. Sommerfeld, Dr. Lanouette, Dr. Lewis, Dr. Aarons, Dr. Lindamer, and Dr. Jeste are affiliated with the Department of Psychiatry, Advanced Center for Innovation in Services and Intervention Research, Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., MC 0664, La Jolla, CA 92093-0664 (e-mail: [email protected]).
Ms. Solorzano is with the Community Research Foundation, San Diego, California, as is Dr. Hawthorne.
David P. Folsom, M.D. [email protected]
Dr. Hawthorne, Dr. Folsom, Dr. Sommerfeld, Dr. Lanouette, Dr. Lewis, Dr. Aarons, Dr. Lindamer, and Dr. Jeste are affiliated with the Department of Psychiatry, Advanced Center for Innovation in Services and Intervention Research, Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., MC 0664, La Jolla, CA 92093-0664 (e-mail: [email protected]).
David H. Sommerfeld, Ph.D. [email protected]
Dr. Hawthorne, Dr. Folsom, Dr. Sommerfeld, Dr. Lanouette, Dr. Lewis, Dr. Aarons, Dr. Lindamer, and Dr. Jeste are affiliated with the Department of Psychiatry, Advanced Center for Innovation in Services and Intervention Research, Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., MC 0664, La Jolla, CA 92093-0664 (e-mail: [email protected]).
Nicole M. Lanouette, M.D. [email protected]
Dr. Hawthorne, Dr. Folsom, Dr. Sommerfeld, Dr. Lanouette, Dr. Lewis, Dr. Aarons, Dr. Lindamer, and Dr. Jeste are affiliated with the Department of Psychiatry, Advanced Center for Innovation in Services and Intervention Research, Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., MC 0664, La Jolla, CA 92093-0664 (e-mail: [email protected]).
Marshall Lewis, M.D. [email protected]
Dr. Hawthorne, Dr. Folsom, Dr. Sommerfeld, Dr. Lanouette, Dr. Lewis, Dr. Aarons, Dr. Lindamer, and Dr. Jeste are affiliated with the Department of Psychiatry, Advanced Center for Innovation in Services and Intervention Research, Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., MC 0664, La Jolla, CA 92093-0664 (e-mail: [email protected]).
Dr. Lewis is also with the County of San Diego, Health and Human Services Agency, Behavioral Health Division, and Mr. Conklin is with the Sheriff's Department of the County of San Diego, California.
Gregory A. Aarons, Ph.D. [email protected]
Dr. Hawthorne, Dr. Folsom, Dr. Sommerfeld, Dr. Lanouette, Dr. Lewis, Dr. Aarons, Dr. Lindamer, and Dr. Jeste are affiliated with the Department of Psychiatry, Advanced Center for Innovation in Services and Intervention Research, Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., MC 0664, La Jolla, CA 92093-0664 (e-mail: [email protected]).
Richard M. Conklin, L.C.S.W.
Dr. Lewis is also with the County of San Diego, Health and Human Services Agency, Behavioral Health Division, and Mr. Conklin is with the Sheriff's Department of the County of San Diego, California.
Ellen Solorzano, M.S.W.
Ms. Solorzano is with the Community Research Foundation, San Diego, California, as is Dr. Hawthorne.
Laurie A. Lindamer, Ph.D. [email protected]
Dr. Hawthorne, Dr. Folsom, Dr. Sommerfeld, Dr. Lanouette, Dr. Lewis, Dr. Aarons, Dr. Lindamer, and Dr. Jeste are affiliated with the Department of Psychiatry, Advanced Center for Innovation in Services and Intervention Research, Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., MC 0664, La Jolla, CA 92093-0664 (e-mail: [email protected]).
Dilip V. Jeste, M.D. [email protected]
Dr. Hawthorne, Dr. Folsom, Dr. Sommerfeld, Dr. Lanouette, Dr. Lewis, Dr. Aarons, Dr. Lindamer, and Dr. Jeste are affiliated with the Department of Psychiatry, Advanced Center for Innovation in Services and Intervention Research, Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., MC 0664, La Jolla, CA 92093-0664 (e-mail: [email protected]).

Metrics & Citations

Metrics

Citations

Export Citations

If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.

For more information or tips please see 'Downloading to a citation manager' in the Help menu.

Format
Citation style
Style
Copy to clipboard

View Options

View options

PDF/ePub

View PDF/ePub

Full Text

View Full Text

Get Access

Login options

Already a subscriber? Access your subscription through your login credentials or your institution for full access to this article.

Personal login Institutional Login Open Athens login
Purchase Options

Purchase this article to access the full text.

PPV Articles - Psychiatric Services

PPV Articles - Psychiatric Services

Not a subscriber?

Subscribe Now / Learn More

PsychiatryOnline subscription options offer access to the DSM-5-TR® library, books, journals, CME, and patient resources. This all-in-one virtual library provides psychiatrists and mental health professionals with key resources for diagnosis, treatment, research, and professional development.

Need more help? PsychiatryOnline Customer Service may be reached by emailing [email protected] or by calling 800-368-5777 (in the U.S.) or 703-907-7322 (outside the U.S.).

Media

Figures

Other

Tables

Share

Share

Share article link

Share