Olanzapine-Induced Hyperglycemia in Anorexia Nervosa

A 27-year-old Japanese woman with a 2-year history of anorexia nervosa (restricting type) and no personal or family history of diabetes mellitus or other metabolic or mental disorders was admitted to our hospital with agitation, general fatigue, and fear of obesity. Laboratory results revealed aspartate aminotransferase of 39 IU/l and alanine aminotransferase of 61 IU/l; results of other laboratory examinations (e.g., antiglutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies) were normal. During the first week of hospitalization (body mass index: 14.1 kg/m ², mean value of daily energy intake: 1,043 kcal/day), we performed a corrected (1.75g-glucose/kg) oral glucose tolerance test, which showed impaired glucose tolerance (4.3 mmol/l at baseline, peak value of 9.2 mmol/l at 60 minutes, 8.6 mmol/l at 120 minutes) by World Health Organization criteria (4), with delayed insulin secretion (34.6 pmol/l at baseline, peak value of 198 pmol/l at 120 minutes).

Thereafter, we prescribed olanzapine 5 mg/day to reduce agitation and fear of obesity; we also started a multidisciplinary treatment program (4). The patient’s agitation improved, and we performed another oral glucose tolerance test during the third week (body mass index: 14.2 kg/m ², energy intake: 1,157 kcal/day). Results showed diabetes mellitus (4.2 mmol/l at baseline, peak value of 12.2 mmol/l at 120 minutes) with exaggerated insulin secretion (30.8 pmol/L at baseline, peak value of 1,210 pmol/L at 60 minutes). However, symptoms of diabetes (e.g., excessive thirst or urination) were absent. The patient’s fear of obesity gradually decreased, and olanzapine therapy at 5 mg/day was carefully continued with monitoring of diabetic symptoms, weekly fasting blood glucose levels, and monthly oral glucose tolerance test examinations (3). The lack of symptoms of diabetes and weekly fasting blood glucose levels (range 4.2 to 4.8 mmol/l) remained stable over 10 weeks. Although the patient showed impaired glucose tolerance during the seventh week (body mass index: 15.2 kg/m ², energy intake: 1,600 kcal/day), the oral glucose tolerance test results returned to normal at the time of her discharge (body mass index: 18.3 kg/m ², energy intake: 1,800 kcal/day).