Anticholinergic Medication Burden–Associated Cognitive Impairment in Schizophrenia
Abstract
Objective:
Methods:
Results:
Conclusions:
Methods
Clinical Assessments
Characteristic | ||
---|---|---|
Mean | SD | |
Age (years) | 46.2 | 11.0 |
Age at onset (years) | 22.3 | 6.9 |
Duration of illness (years) | 23.8 | 11.4 |
Education (years) | 12.5 | 2.1 |
Number of past hospitalizations | 7.3 | 9.7 |
Global Assessment of Functioning score | 43.8 | 8.2 |
Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms score | 6.9 | 4.0 |
Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms score | 11.0 | 5.8 |
Antipsychotic dosage (chlorpromazine equivalents, mg/day) | 457 | 538 |
Cigarettes per day | 7.8 | 10.0 |
N | % | |
Female | 351 | 31.3 |
Hispanic ethnicity | 161 | 14.4 |
Race | ||
Native American | 7 | 0.6 |
Asian | 34 | 3.0 |
Pacific Islander | 11 | 1.0 |
African American | 442 | 39.5 |
Caucasian | 483 | 43.1 |
More than one race | 137 | 12.2 |
Not reported | 6 | 0.5 |
Medication | ||
Antipsychotics | ||
None | 113 | 10.1 |
One antipsychotic | 783 | 69.9 |
Second-generation | 708 | 90.4 |
First-generation | 75 | 9.6 |
Two antipsychotics | 198 | 17.7 |
Three antipsychotics | 26 | 2.3 |
Anticholinergics | ||
One anticholinergic | 225 | 20.1 |
Benztropine | 147 | 65.3 |
Diphenhydramine | 32 | 14.2 |
Hydroxyzine | 28 | 12.4 |
Trihexyphenidyl | 18 | 8 |
Two anticholinergics | 20 | 1.8 |
Antidepressants | ||
One antidepressant | 418 | 37.3 |
Two antidepressants | 80 | 7.1 |
Three antidepressants | 5 | 0.4 |
Mood stabilizers | ||
One mood stabilizer | 224 | 20 |
Two mood stabilizers | 15 | 1.3 |
Three mood stabilizers | 2 | 0.2 |
Benzodiazepines | ||
One benzodiazepine | 167 | 14.9 |
Two benzodiazepines | 14 | 1.3 |
Assessment of Anticholinergic Burden
Cognitive Assessments
Statistical Analysis
Results
Magnitude and Sources of Anticholinergic Burden in Schizophrenia Patients
Association of Anticholinergic Medication Burden With Cognitive Functioning
Specificity of ACB Score Effects on Cognitive Domains
Discussion
Limitations
Recommendations
Acknowledgments
Footnotes
Supplementary Material
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