Page numbers printed in boldface type refer to tables or figures.
AACP.
See American Association of Community Psychiatrists
“AACP Guidelines for Psychiatric Leadership in Organized Delivery Systems for Treatment of Psychiatric and Substance Disorders” (AACP 2012),405–406
“AACP Principles to Guide Health Care Reform” (AACP 2017),572
Absenteeism, and mental health in workplace,373, 526
ACA.
See Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010
Academic detailing,347
Access, to mental health care.
See also Barriers
financing arrangements and,156
health care reform and,564
integrated care and,168, 176
social determinants of health and,89–92
Accident(s), in workplace,528–529
Accidental poisoning deaths,62
Accountability, and collaborative care models,179
Accountable Care Organizations (ACOs),150, 153, 169–170
Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME),278, 322, 336, 521, 522
Accreditation Review Commission on Education for the Physician Assistant,313
Action-oriented stigma,393
Activism, and advocacy,383
Administration, and factors diminishing value in health care system,66–69
Adolescencedevelopmental framework for prevention of mental illness,202,
204marijuana use and,449
peer support services and,230
Adolescent Transitions Program,202, 208
Adults.
See Early adulthood; Older adults
Advance directives,383, 385, 554
Advanced care planning,548
Advanced Pharmacy Practice Experiences,316
Advanced practice providers,281
Advanced practice registered nurses (APRNs),302, 306–311, 320–323.
See also Nurses
Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs)developmental framework for prevention of mental illness and,200
social determinants of health and,99–100
Adverse Childhood Experiences Study (ACE Study),99–100
Adverse effects, of medications,350–351
Advocacyaligning interests of health care stakeholders,391
combating burnout,391–392
definition of,379
history of,380–383
role of psychiatrists in,384–385, 386, 393–394, 395–396
stigma of mental illness and,392–394
strategies for,394–395
technology and,394
types and levels of,383–390
Advocacy Action Center (American Psychiatric Association),386
Affiliation support, and peer support services,226
Affordable Care Act of 2010.
See Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010
African Americans.
See Race
Age, and aging.
See Adolescence; Children; Early adulthood; End-of-life care; Older adults
Agency, and types of advocacy,383
Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality,18, 117
Aggressive behavior, and impact of heat from climate change,464–465
Agoraphobia,476
Air pollution, and global warming,465–467
Alcoholics Anonymous,221–222, 232, 233, 437
Alcoholism, and adverse childhood experiences,100, 225
Alcohol use disorder,262, 437–439, 442–443,
444–
448, 451
Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT),184, 429
Alleged Lunatics Friend Society,221
Allocation of resources, and value in health care system,571
Alternative payment models (APMs),151–154, 155
Ambulatory Payment Classification,149
American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry,419
American Academy of Family Physicians,348
American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy,315
American Association of Community Psychiatrists (AACP),390, 402, 403, 404, 405, 415, 572, 578
American Association of Directors of Psychiatric Residency Training (AAD-PRT),345, 346
American Association for Physician Leadership,405
American Board of Internal Medicine,344
American College of Physicians,345, 404–405
American College of Surgeons (ACS),38
American Council on Pharmaceutical Education,315
American Family Therapy Academy,288
American Health Care Act (AHCA),386
American Institute of Stress,520
American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry,549
American Journal of Psychiatry,365–366
American Medical Association (AMA),251, 386, 387, 389–390, 583
American Nurse Credentialing Center,306
American Nursing Association,310
American Productivity Audit (Stewart et al. 2003),526
American Psychiatric Association (APA)advocacy and,386–387, 389, 390, 392
climate change and,474
development of quality measures,19–20
DSM system and,359–360
implementation of telepsychiatry,249
mental health care in criminal justice system and,509
mental health issues in workplace and,535, 537
recommendations on prescription of antipsychotics,344–345
recovery to practice curriculum and,415
social media and,258
American Psychiatric Nurses Association,308
American Psychological Association,386, 520
American Society of Health System Pharmacists,341
American Telemedicine Association,249
Americans with Disabilities Act,530
Amicus brief,387
Analytics and information, and financing arrangements,156–157
Antidepressants,282
Antipsychoticsadherence to by patients with schizophrenia,151
effectiveness and cost of older versus atypical,348
history of mental health care and,28, 31
recommendations on prescription of,344–345
Antisocial behaviors, and criminal justice system,493, 497–498,
499Antisocial personality disorder,497
Anxiety disorders, and climate change,See also Posttraumatic stress disorder; Social anxiety disorder
APA.
See American Psychiatric Association
APIC model: Access, Plan, Identify, and Coordinate,510
APMs.
See Alternative payment models
Appropriate care, definition of for end-of-life situations,543–545
APRNs.
See Advanced practice registered nurses
Assertive Community Treatment (ACT) model,111–112, 231
Assessment, Pathway Home program and ongoing,115.
See also Diagnosis; Screening
Association of American Medical Colleges,322
Association of Nervous and Former Mental Patients,221
Asthma, and air pollution,465
Asylums, and history of mental health care,28
Atherosclerosis, and primary prevention,195
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD),181, 501–502
Attrition, and mental health issues in workplace,527–528
Auditory-verbal hallucinations (AVHs), and treatment-resistant schizophrenia,261–262
Australiacomparative health care spending in,60
quality of primary care compared with U.S.,72
Autism, and virtual reality,261
Bachelor of science degree in nursing (BSN),308
Bank One,526
Barriers, to mental health care.
See also Access
expanded scope of practice for psychiatrists,294–295
family therapy and,289
health care reform and,582–586
quality care for older adults and,541–542
stigma as,372
telemedicine and,249
Beck Depression Inventory,47, 150
Behavior.
See Aggressive behavior; Antisocial behavior
Behavioral health care.
See Mental health care; Psychiatry
Billable services, and current status of health care funding,69–70
Bioequivalence, of generic drugs,334
Biological treatment modalities, and history of mental health care,31–33
Biopsychological approach, to diagnosis,370
Biopsychosocial-environmental model, of mental health promotion,475–476
Bipolar disorder, and air pollution,466
Black Lives Matter movement,499
Blink Health,347
Blue Cross Blue Shield,57, 91
Board Certification in Community and Public Psychiatry,406
Board of Pharmacy Specialties,317
Brain tissue, and pathophysiological impacts of air pollution,465–467
Breuer, Josef,28
Brief interventions, for substance use disorders,184
British Psychological Society,364–365, 368
Built environment, influence of on mental health and development of children,98
Bundled payments, and financing arrangements,148–149, 156, 158
Buprenorphine,431, 436–437, 508
Burnout, of physicians and psychiatristsadvocacy for prevention of,391–392
electronic health records and,252
overwork in residency programs and,521–522
Bush, George W.,32
CAGE questionnaire,429
Camden Core Model,122
Canadacomparative health care spending and,60
universal basic income and,87–88
Cancer, and meaning-centered group psychotherapy,547, 548
Capitation, and financing arrangements,149, 159
Carbon footprint, and psychiatric service delivery,482–483
Care coordination continuum, in mental health care,117–118, 121–122, 126–129
Caregiversend-of-life care and interventions for,545, 549
peer support services for,230–231
Care management, versus case management,119–
120CARF International,14
Carter, Jimmy,30
Carve-outs, and financing arrangements,147
Case advocacy,383, 384–385
Case managementalcohol use disorder and442–443, 446
care management versus,119–
120Case rates, and alternative payment models,154
Case vignettesof peer support services,223–224
of prescribing of medications,331–332, 344
Case Western Reserve University,323
CATIE trial,348
Cause advocacy,383, 385–389
Center for the Evaluation of Value and Risk in Health,347
Center for Health Care Strategies,121
Center for Mental Health Policy and Services Research (University of Pennsylvania),232
Center for Mental Health Services (SAMHSA),404
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC),62, 99–100, 383–384, 529
Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS).
See also Medicaid; Medicare
electronic health records and,252–253
e-prescribing and,254
funding of Medicare and,64
information on payments of pharmaceutical companies to physicians or hospitals,336
integrated care and,169, 185
Medication therapy management and,316
peer support services and,233, 235
quality improvement (QI) and,14
quality measurement and,18, 19, 153
value-based pharmaceutical contracting and,338–339
Center for Substance Abuse Treatment,246
Center for Workplace Mental Health,537
Certificationof clinical pharmacists,316
leadership by psychiatrists and,406
of peer support specialists,226, 235, 236
of physicians assistants,313
Certified Community Behavioral Health Clinics (CCBHCs),20, 145–146, 178
Certified Home Health Agency,545–546
Chargemaster lists,346–347
Child and Adolescent Level of Care Utilization System (CALOCUS),403, 419, 578, 580–582
Childrenadverse childhood experiences and,99–100
collaborative care model and,180–181
depression in parents and interventions for,206
developmental framework for prevention of mental illness,200–202,
204food insufficiency and behavioral disturbances in,85
impact of air pollution on brain tissue of,466
income inequality and behavioral symptoms in,97
race and incarceration parents of,493
shared or built environment and mental health of,98
Children’s Health Insurance Program (CHIP),58, 65, 144
Children’s Online Privacy Protection Act of 1998 (COPPA),251
Chlorpromazine,28, 334
Cholera,195–196
Choosing Wisely campaign,344
Chronic care model, for disease management,168–169
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD),546
CHWs.
See Community health workers
Citizens Budget Committee (New York),126
Civil Rights of Institutionalized Persons Act (CRIPA),383
Civil Rights Movement,381
Classification and Statistical Manual of Mental Health Concerns (CSM),368
Clean Air Act,466
Climate changeadaptation of psychiatric practice in response to,478–483
impacts of on physical and mental health,462–472
politics and lack of response to,570
as public health crisis,461
response of mental health care to,472–477
Clinical nurse specialist (CNS),306
Clinical pharmacists,315–317
Clinton, Bill,58
Clubhouse model, of psychosocial rehabilitation,32
Cochran, Sam,505
Codman, Ernest,38
Cognitive-behavioral therapy, and prevention of depression,205
Collaborative care model (CCM), and integrated care169, 178–181, 185, 280, 556
Collaborative practice agreements (CPAs),314, 318–320
Collaborative prescribing agreements (CPAs),316–317, 319
College of Psychiatric and Neurologic Pharmacists,316
Colocated models, for integration,176–178
Colorado, and legalization of marijuana,449
Columbia University,405
Commission on Accreditation of Rehabilitation Facilities,57
“Common Ground” program,419
Communicationprescription of medications and,344–345
team building and,409
Communities That Care program,210, 501
Community-based treatmentalcohol use disorder and,444–
448financing of mental health care and,159
history of mental health care and,29–30
implementation of mental health promotion and prevention programs,210
peer support services and,226–228, 229
prevention of antisocial behavior and,498,
499Community health workers (CHWs),227–228,
229Community Mental Health Act of 1963,29, 30, 111, 122–123
Community Mental Health Centers Amendments of 1975,30
Community transition, and criminal justice system,509–511
Comorbidity, and validity of diagnosis,See also Co-occurring disorders
Concern, use of term in describing emotional health issues,368
Conferences, and reduction of carbon footprint,483
Confidentialityelectronic health records and,253
process for development of DSM-5 and,362
social media and,258
virtual reality and,263
Consultation.
See also Referrals
coordinated models for,175–176
shortage of psychiatrists and indirect,280
Consumer Reports,347
Continuing medical education,416
Continuous quality improvement (CQI),42–45
Co-occurring disorders, and integrated care,167.
See also Comorbidity
Coordinated consultation models,175–176
Copayments, and health insurance,9
Copeland, Mary Ellen,419
Core Principles of Effective Collaborative Care,178–179
Cost(s).
See also Funding
of administration in health care systems,67
extreme weather events and,468
of health care and insurance in workplace,530–531
health spending in U.S. and,6, 35, 55–56, 59–61
of medical education,73
medications and rising,357
of mental health care in post-deinstitutionalization era,33–34
of mental illness and substance use to society,5–8
prescribing of drugs and,336–337, 345–346
prevention programs,208–209, 214
reasons for increase of,137
of social values,4
substance use disorders and,428
Cost-cap contracts, and medications,338, 339
Cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA)as approach to maximizing value,10
appropriate care in end-of-life situations and,544–545
prescription of medications and,347–348
Court-based interventions, for mentally ill individuals in criminal justice system,506–508
Criminal justice system.
See also Police; Prisons
diversion programs for drug offenders and,432–433,
447negative outcomes of punitive approaches in,493–495
prevention and reform of,495–511
as provider of mental health care,491–492
theories of punishment and,492
Criminal Mental Health Project,508
Crisis Intervention Team (CIT),432, 504–505, 508
Crisis services, and care continuum,126–128
Critical-to-Quality (CTQ) tree,15–16,
17, 20
Critical Time Intervention,114
Crossing the Quality Chasm: A New Health System for the 21st Century (Institute of Medicine 2001),14, 39, 113
Cruzan v. Director, Missouri Dept of Health (1990),383
Cue exposure therapy, for alcohol use disorder,262
Culture, organizationalintegrated care and,182
quality improvement and,42–43
Cuthbert, Bruce,365
Daily Living Activities Scale,151
Data collection and analysis, and financing arrangements,147
Deegan, Patricia,419
“Deep adaptation,” to climate change,481
Defining Drug Courts: The Key Components (National Association of Drug Court Professionals 1997),507
Deinstitutionalization, and history of mental health care,29–31, 111
Delivery System Reform Incentive Payments (New York),118
Dementiaair pollution and rates of,466
intervention for caregivers of patients with,545
Denmark, and per capita spending on health care,83
Depressionclimate change and,466, 467, 468–469
collaborative care model for,180, 556
deprived neighborhoods and,98
emotional care for older adults with,547–548
food insecurity and,84, 85
housing instability and,87
income inequality and,96
insurance industry and diagnosis of,372
long-term effectiveness of antidepressants for,282
prescription of medications for,348
prevention of,195, 203, 205–208
social media use and,280
in workplace,530
Depression and Bipolar Support Alliance,231
Developmental framework, for prevention of mental illness,197–203,
204Developmental Psychiatry and Psychology Group,258
Diagnosis, and diagnostic systems.
See also Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition (DSM-5)
alternative systems of,364–368
association between value and,357–358, 568
definition of,357, 374
DSM system and,359–360
health care providers and,372
history of,358–361
insurance industry and,371–372, 373
novel approaches to,368–371
patients and,372–373
racial bias in,93
Diagnosis-related groups (DRGs), and prospective payments,149
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition (DSM-5; American Psychiatric Association 2013),358, 360–364, 374, 568
Dialysis, for chronic kidney disease,544, 545
Digital health technology (DHT),246
Directory of eHealth Policies (World Health Organization),249Disabilityas distinct from impairment in end-of-life care,542–543
mental health issues in workplace and,526–527
Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs),5, 544
Discrimination, and disability in workplace,534–535.
See also Race
Disease burden, and health of U.S. population,61, 62
Displacement, cost of in workplace,524–531
Disruptive innovations, and alternative financing models,305
Distress.
See also Psychological distress
DSM diagnostic system and,360stress in workplace and,523
Disulfiram,438
Dix, Dorothea,28, 285, 381
Doctoral programsfor clinical pharmacists,315–316
for nursing practice (DNP),309–310
Doctor-patient relationshipsubstance use disorders and,451
technology and,247
Doctors Back to School program (AMA),390
Domestic violenceextreme weather events and,467
preventive care in prenatal period and,199
Donabedian, Avedis,16, 39, 45
Drug Abuse Screening Test (DAST),184
Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA),254
DSM system, for diagnosis,359–360.
See also Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition
Dual disorders, and integrated care,166–167
Duke University,312
Duration, of group therapy,287–288
Dysfunction, and DSM diagnostic system,360
Early adulthooddevelopmental framework for prevention of mental illness in,202–203,
204peer support services for,230
Earth System Grid Federation (ESGF),470
eClinicalWorks,253
“Ecoterratic syndromes,”468
Education.
See also Doctoral programs; Fellowships; Psychoeducation; Residency programs; Training
climate change and,478
clinical pharmacists and,315–316
current status of health care in U.S. and,73–75
on mental health in workplace,535
nurses and,308–310
nutrition and,207
physician assistants and,312–314
of police about mental illness,504–505
prescription of medications and,346–347
psychiatric workforce and,321–323.565–566
social determinants of health and,92
Efficacy, and effectiveness of evidence-based practices,113
Electronic Code of Federal Regulations,550
Electronic Healthcare Network Accreditation Commission,254
Electronic health records (EHRs),18, 251–254, 567–568
Electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS),430
Emergency care services,128, 506
Emergency departmentsclimate change and heat-related visits to,463
status of health care in U.S.,62, 66
substance use disorders and,433
Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act of 1986,66
Emotional supportend-of-life care and,547–548
peer support services and,225–226
Employee assistance programs,525, 531–536
Employee Assistance Trade Association,536
Employment.
See also Income; Unemployment; Workforce
impact of mental disorders on,373
peer support services and,237–238
social determinants of health and,87–89
Employment-based health insurance,141, 576–577
Empowerment, and use of health care technology,247
End-of-life careadvanced care planning and family counseling,548–550
determining appropriate level of,543–545
emotional care and,547–548
ethical issues in decisions on,553–555
extension of palliative care paradigm,550–552
perspectives on aging and,542–543
roles of psychiatrists in,542, 552–553, 555–556
value in health care system and,570–571
“End Result System” (American College of Surgeons),38
Engel, George,370
Environmental toxinspreventive care in prenatal period and,198
social determinants of health and,97–98
Epidemiologic Catchment Area study (1986),63
Episode-of-care payments,149
Equality, and social determinants of health,82
Erikson, Erik,552
Ethicsend-of-life decisions and,553–555
prescription of medications and,349
in use of telemedicine or telepsychiatry,251
Ethnicity.
See Race
Etiology, and diagnostic systems,358, 363, 568
European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction,435
Evidence-based practice (EBP)as approach to increasing value,110–116
collaborative care models and,178–179
mental health promotion and prevention programs,211
prescription of medications and,348
quality improvement and,47–48
Evidence-Based Practices Resource Center,111
Executive Leadership Program (NCBH),404
Experiential stigma,393
Facebook,257–258, 260
Family.
See also Family therapy; Parents
end-of-life planning and counseling for,548–550
peer support services and,230–231
psychoeducation for,293–294
Family Talk,206
Family therapy, and role of psychiatrists,288–290
Fast Healthcare Interoperability Resources (FHIR),250
Federal Acquisition Regulation,341
Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act,256
Federally Qualified Health Centers (FQHCs),66, 145, 168, 177
Federal Medical Assistance Percentage (FMAP),65
Federal Trade Commission (FTC),256
Fee-for-service (FFS) financing,69–70, 139–140, 155, 564
Feighner Criteria,359
Fellowshipsfor psychiatric nurses,310
in public and community psychiatry,405
Fetal alcohol syndrome,198
Financing, of health care.
See also Cost(s); Funding; Profit
alternative payment models and,151–154, 295
core concepts in arrangements of,146–151
of drug trials,334–335
fee-for-service models of,69–70, 139–140, 155, 564
future of for mental health care,155–157
next-generation models of,154–155
overview of current system of,139–146
peer support services and,238–239, 240
values underlying models of,138–139
vision for future of,157–159
Fleiss, Joseph,359
Flexible office models, and carbon impacts of psychiatric service delivery,482–483
Flexner Report (1910),57
Florida, and criminal justice system,506, 508
Floyd, George,94–95, 504
Fluoxetine,334
Focus of services, in U.S. health care system,70–73
Food and Drug Administration (FDA),256, 257, 333, 340, 341, 342, 430, 438
Food insecurity, and social determinants of health,83–85, 97–98.
See also Nutrition
Forensic Assertive Community Treatment (FACT) programs,510
Format, for group therapy,288
Formulary management,337–339
Foundation for Accountability (FACCT),40
Fountain House (New York),32
Four quadrant modelhigh-value prescribing practices and,343,
344implementation of integrated care and,172, 175, 179
FQHCs.
See Federally Qualified Health Centers
Framingham cohort study,195
France, and comparative health care spending,60
Frances, Allen,360
Free market, and cost of health care in U.S.,56, 67
Freud, Sigmund,28, 150, 358, 359
Functional outcome measures,150–151
Funding.
See also Cost(s); Financing
current status of health care system and,69–70
of housing resources,167–168
Gabbard, Glen O.,393
Games, and mental health–related apps,254
Geisinger Health System,155
Gender, and wages for peer support specialists,237–238
Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale (GAD-7),42
Generic drugs,334, 338, 342
George Mason University Center for Climate Change Communication,473
Georgia, and telemedicine,249
Global Assessment of Functioning scale,362
Global payments, and financing arrangements,150
Global Summit on Diagnostic Alternatives (2014),365
Global warming.
See Climate change
GoodRx,346, 347
GOT MeDS,351–352
Government-sponsored insurance plans,143–146
Graduate Medical Education National Advisory Committee,90
Grassroots Advocacy Guide (Texas Medical Association),387
Gray market, and shortages of medications,340–341
Great Depression (1930s), and Great Recession (early 2000s),88–89
Gross domestic product (GDP), health care spending as percentage of,5–6
Group for the Advancement of Psychiatry (APA),386, 390
Group purchasing organization (GPO) contracts,339–340
Group therapyantisocial behavior and,497–498
role of psychiatrists in,284–286
Guided Conversation approach,115
“Guide for Implementing Assisted Outpatient Treatment, A” (Treatment Advocacy Center 2012),388
Guidelinesfor health care reform,572,
573for mental health courts,507
for presciption of antipsychotics,344–345
for preventive health care,213
for response of psychiatry to climate change,474
“Guidelines for Developing and Evaluating Public and Community Psychiatry Training Fellowships” (AACP 2008),405
Guidelines for Recovery Oriented Services (AACP),403, 413, 414
Guild advocacy,383, 389–390
Gun violence, and crime prevention,498–500
Hamilton Depression Rating Scale,47
Hargrave v. Vermont (2003),383
Harm reduction, and substance use disorders,433–439, 442–443,
447, 449, 450, 451
Head Start programs,206
Health.
See also Health care; Medical conditions; Prevention; Public health; Social determinants
definition of by World Health Organization,81
enhancing value of services for individuals with complex needs,116–126
impacts of climate change on,462–469
incarceration and,494–495
Health apps,246, 254
Health Breach Notification Rule (FTC),256
Health care, and health care system.
See also Cost(s); Financing; Funding; Health; Health care reform; Insurance; Integrated care; Managed care; Physicians; Prevention; Primary care
advocacy and,389, 391
benefits of digital health technology for,247
collaborative practice agreements and,318–320
diagnosis and,372
ethical issues in end-of-life decisions and,553
factors diminishing value of outcomes,63–75
goals for quality improvement,15health outcomes and,61–63
history of concepts of value and quality in,38–39
history of current funding system,56–59
impact of Affordable Care Act on,37–38
personalization of,48
scope of practice of professionals,303–305
spending on in U.S.,5–6, 55–56, 59–61
stakeholders within,8–9
workplace and costs of,530–531
Healthcare Effectiveness Data and Information Set (HEDIS),151, 152, 185–186
Health care providers, use of term in context of financing,140–141
Health care reformbarriers to and establishment of priorities,582–586
models for,574–577
sources of value in psychiatric care and,563–571
vision for,572–574
Health homes, and community-based care,122–125
Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health (HITECH) Act of 2009,19, 265
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA),170, 251, 256, 266, 371
Health IT Playbook (Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology 2019),252
Health Level Seven International (HL7),250
Health maintenance organization(s) (HMOs),34–35,
143, 155.
See also Kaiser Permanente Health Maintenance Organization; Managed care organizations
Health Maintenance Organization Act (1973),34, 35
Health and Recovery Plan (HARP),153–154
Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA),41, 301, 317
Heat, and impact of climate change on physical and mental health,462–465
Heavy metal exposure, in prenatal period,198
HEDIS.
See Healthcare Effectiveness Data and Information Set
“Herd immunity” effect, and mental health promotion programs,211
Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP),367–368
High-deductible health insurance,9–10
High-touch Patient-Centered Medical Home,123, 124
High-Value Care curriculum (American College of Physicians),345
Hippocrates,27
Hispanic Americans.
See Race
Home-based, person-centered care,543
Home-based primary care, for older adults,551–552
Homeless, and homelessness.
See also Housing
alcohol use disorder and,439–443
rates of mental illness and substance abuse in,85–86
shortage of mental health care,34
Homicide, and gun violence,498
Hospice care,549, 550–551
Hospital(s).
See also Emergency departments; State hospitals
chargemaster lists and,346–347
drug shortages and,341
readmission rates as process measure for quality,151
Hospital-Based Inpatient Psychiatric Services,19
Hospital Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems (HCAHPS),19
Hotspotting, and care coordination,121–122
Housing.
See also Homeless
community-based interventions for alcohol use disorder,444–
446integrated care and funding approaches for,167–168
social determinants of health and,85–87
Housing-first programs,442, 443
Hurricanes, and climate change,467
Idaho, and prescriptive authority of psychologists,318
Immigration detention centers,388
IMPACT (Improving Mood-Promoting Access to Collaborative Treatment),180
Impairment, as distinct from disability,542
Implementationof integrated care,172–175
of prevention and mental health promotion,209–212
of quality measures,18
of recovery oriented, person-centered paradigm,414–420
of telemedicine and telepsychiatry,264–266
Improving Responses to People With Mental Illness: The Essential Elements of a Mental Health Court (Council of State Governments Justice Center),507
Incentives, and financing arrangements,146–147, 152, 159
Income.
See also Employment; Poverty
gender differential in wages for peer support specialists,237–238
rate of inequality in U.S.,82
social determinants of health and,87–89, 95–97
Incredible Years,200
Indemnity plans,143Indian Health Service,145
Indicated interventions, and prevention,194, 195
Indication-based management contracts,338
Individual facility contracting, and pharmaceuticals,340
Individual psychotherapy, and psychiatrists,290–291
Infancy, and developmental framework for prevention of mental illness,200,
204Infant mortality rates,61, 62
Infectious diseases, and prevention,195–196, 198
Informational support, and peer support services,226
Information integrator, role of psychiatrist as,279
Inpatient Psychiatric Facility Quality Reporting program (Joint Commission 2019),19
Insel, Thomas,365
Institute for Healthcare Improvement (IHI),14, 40, 391
Institute for Healthcare Informatics,254
Institute of Medicine (IOM),13, 16, 39, 94, 113, 194, 556
Instrumental support, and peer support services,226
Insurance.
See also Managed care; Value-based insurance design
Affordable Care Act and access to,37
acceptance of by psychiatrists,90
diagnosis and diagnostic systems,371–372, 373
government-sponsored plans,143–146
health care reform and,157–158, 575–577
history of health care system and,57
private plans and financing of health care,141–142
third-party payers and,141
workplace and costs of,530–531
Insurance exchanges,142–143
Integrated carebackground of efforts toward,168–170
common challenges for,181–183
definition of,165–166
effectiveness of,185
implementation of,172–175
for older adults,545–546, 556
peer support services and,231, 239
scope of principles,166–168
structural models of,175–181
substance use interventions and,183–185
value in health care systems and,564–565
Intellectual disabilities, and integrated care,167
Intensive care coordination,121
Interdepartmental Serious Mental Illness Coordinating Committee,19
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC),470, 474, 477
Intermountain Healthcare,168, 342
International Association of Peer Supporters,226
International Classification of Diseases,10th Revision (ICD-10; World Health Organization 1992), 358, 361–362, 371–372
Internet, patients and use of,246, 247
Internet-delivered therapy, and prevention of depression,205
Internet gaming disorder,263
Interpersonal theory of nursing,307
Interpersonal therapy, and prevention of depression,205
Interprofessional education (IPE),321–323
Interstate Medical Licensure Compact,249
Iowa, and Medicaid Health Home program,125
Ischemic stroke, climate change and risk of,463
JAMA Psychiatry,531
Jaspers, Karl,369
Jenner, Edward,365
Johnson, Lyndon,58
Joint Commission,14, 18, 19, 38–39, 43, 57
Joint Principles of the Patient-Centered Medical Home (American Academy of Family Physicians 2007),123
Kahler v. Kansas (2019),387
Kaiser Family Foundation Global Burden of Disease survey,34
Kaiser Permanente Health Maintenance Organization,99–100, 155, 168
Kaizen (continuous improvement),42
Kansas, and informed consent,381, 383
Kotov, Roman,367
Kraepelin, Emil,358, 359
Kupfer, David,360
Lake v. Cameron (1966),383
Leadership, and psychiatristsbuilding base for,406–409
recovery oriented care and,409–414
taking on roles of,403–404
training in,404–406
Legal issues.
See also Criminal justice system
legalization of marijuana,443, 449
workplace safety and,529–530
Leifman, Steve,508
Lessard v. Schmidt (1972),384
Level of Care Utilization System (LOCUS),403, 413, 416–419, 578–582
LGBTQ+ population, and advocacy,388–389
Licensed practical nurse (LPN),308
Life cycle, and peer support services,230–232
Life expectancy.
See also Mortality rate
health outcomes and,61
spending on health care in U.S. and,82, 83
Light-touch Patient-Centered Medical Home,123
Lithium,28, 463
Living wage,87
Lluberes, Nubia,393
Logic model, as qualitative approach to quality improvement,46
Louisiana, and prescriptive authority of psychologists,318
Low, Abraham,221
Luxembourg, and per capita spending on health care,82, 83
Lyme disease,463
Malpractice, and malpractice insurance,68–69, 265
Managed care.
See also Health maintenance organizations
development of,34–38
peer support services and,238–239
Managed care organizations (MCOs),58–59, 65, 113
Managed Care Organizations for Behavioral Health (MCO-BHs),147
Mandated health coverage, and Affordable Care Act,37–38, 66, 143
Market-share agreements, and pharmaceuticals,339
Maryland, and alternative payments models for mental health care,153, 158
Massachusetts Child Psychiatry Access Program,175–176
Master of science in nursing (MSN),308–309
Mayo Clinic,347
McHugh, Paul,369
Meaning-centered group psychotherapy,547, 548
Measurement-based careas model for collaborative care,178
technology and,263
Medicaid.
See also Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services
acceptance rates for psychiatrists,90
Affordable Care Act and expansion of,36–37
care coordination and,118
costs of mental illness and,6–7
deinstitutionalization and,29
establishment of,58
expansion in demand for psychiatry,302
financing of mental health care by,19
peer support services and,235, 238
social determinants of health and,7
structure and administration of,65, 144
Medicaid Health Home (MHH) program,124–126
Medicaid Redesign Team (MRT),126
Medical errors, rate of in U.S.,61
Medical conditions.
See also Asthma; Cancer; Health; Health care; Infectious diseases
food insecurity and,84
rates of mental health issues in patients with chronic,171
Medicare.
See also Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services
acceptance rates by psychiatrists,90
cost-effective analysis and,12
deinstitutionalization and,29
establishment of,58
integrated care for older adults and,546
structure and administration of,64, 144
value-based pharmaceutical contracts and,338–339
Medicare Access and CHIP Reauthorization Act of 2015 (MACRA),152–153
Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act of 2003,254
Medication(s), psychiatric.
See also Antidepressants; Antipsychotics; Clinical pharmacists; Lithium; Medication assisted treatment; Medication therapy management; Pharmaceutical industry
carbon impacts of,482
collaborative practice agreements and,318
development, marketing, and pricing of,333–342
diagnosis and identification of specific treatments,363–364
e-prescribing of,254
formularies for,337–339
heat tolerance and,463
prevalence of use,31–33
primary care and prescribing of,171
psychiatrists and pharmacological practices,281–284
psychologists and prescription of,317–318
shortages of,340–342
substance use disorders and,438–439,
448value in prescribing practices and pharmacy management,343–352, 566–567
Medication assisted treatment (MAT), for substance use disorders,154, 185, 430–432, 508, 511.
See also Buprenorphine; Methadone; Naloxone
Medication therapy management (MTM),316, 317
Mediterranean diet,207
Member engagement specialist (MES),114, 115
Membership, and group therapy,287
Mendota Mental Health Institute (MMHI),111–112
Mental health, and mental disorders.
See also Antisocial behavior disorder; Anxiety disorder; Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; Bipolar disorder; Depression; Diagnosis; Mental health care; Phobias; Posttraumatic stress disorder; Schizophrenia
climate change and,462–472
criminal justice system and diversion programs,503–506
co-occurrence of substance use disorders with,429
developmental framework for prevention of,197–203
estimates of societal cost,5–8
food insecurity and,84
homelessness and,86
measurement of quality-adjusted life years and,11
poverty and,95–97
prevalence of mental illness in incarcerated persons,491
racial discrimination and,94
stress adaptation model and,307–308
in workplace,520–524
Mental Health America,226, 231, 232, 236
Mental health care.
See also Advocacy; Family therapy; Group therapy; Integrated care; Medications; Mental health; Motivational interviewing; Prevention; Psychiatrists; Psychiatry
access to as social determinant of health,89–92
alternative payment models for,153–154
care coordination continuum in,117–118
carve-outs as funding mechanism for,147
collaborative practice and,318–320
criminal justice system and,491–492, 502–503
emergency services and,506
future of financing for,155–157, 158–159
history of,27–34
mobile applications and,254
primary care and,170–171
quality measurement in,19–20
response to climate change in,472–477
stress in workplace and,519, 520, 522–524
use of health technology in,247
Mental Health Parity and Addiction Equity Act (2008),33, 530–531
Mental health probation programs,510–511
Mental health professionals.
See Nurses; Psychiatrists; Social workers; Workforce
Mental health promotion, and prevention programs,196–197, 207, 209–212
Mental Health and Substance Use Workforce for Older Adults (Institute of Medicine),556
Mental Illness Policy Organization,388
Merit-based Incentive Payment System (MIPS),19, 152–153
Methadone,431, 436, 508
Meyer, Adolf,369
Millbank Memorial Fund,177–178
MINCOME (Canada),87–88
Minimum wage, and living wage,87
Minnesota, and interventions for caregivers of dementia patients,545
Missouri, and Medicaid Health Home program,125
Mobile applications (mHealth),254–256
Mobile crisis teams (MCTs),127, 506
Mobile Health Apps Interactive Tool,256
Monopoly rents,304
Montefiore Medical System,545–546
Mortality rate, for mental health and substance use disorders in U.S.,See also Life expectancy
Motivational interviewing,411, 435
Multicriteria decision analysis (MCDA),477
Multifactorial model, of diagnosis,369–370
Multifamily group model,289
Mutual support process, peer support as,224–225
Myocardial infarction, climate change and risk of,463
“MyRecovery,” and virtual reality apps,262
Naloxone, and naltrexone,431, 433, 436–437, 508
Narrative, life-review approach, and end-of-life care,547
Natanson v. Kline (1960),381, 383
National Academy of Medicine,13–14
National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI),103, 231, 290, 387
National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey,170
National Cancer Institute,342
National Center for Complex Health and Social Needs,121
National Certified Peer Specialist,226, 236
National Commission on Certification of Physician’s Assistants,312
National Commission on Correctional Health Care,509
National Committee for Quality Assurance (NCQA),35, 123, 142, 151
National Council for Community Behavioral Health (NCBH),172, 404
National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions,437
National Federation of Families for Children’s Mental Health,231, 236
National Governors Association,121
National health system, as model for health care reform,574–575
National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA),442
National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA),436
National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH),29, 365, 366, 474, 530
National Institutes of Health (NIH),336, 390
National Panel for Psychiatric-Mental Health NP Competencies,306
National Quality Forum,18
National Registry of Evidence-based Programs and Practices,111
National Research Council,474
National Resource Center on Psychiatric Advance Directives,365
National Rifle Association,500
National Safety Council,529
National Survey of Black Americans (NSBA),93–94
National Survey on Drug Use and Health (SAMHSA),34, 428, 450
Native Americans.
See Race
Natural disasters, and extreme weather events,467
NCQA.
See National Committee for Quality Assurance
Neighborhoods, and social determinants of health,97–98
Netherlands, and harm reduction programs for substance use disorders,436
New Mexico, and prescriptive authority of psychologists,318
New Yorkalternative payment models for mental health care in,153–154
care coordination programs in,118
integrated care for older adults in,546
Medicaid Health Homes in,125–126
screening for social determinants and reimbursement for social interventions,7
New York Health Home Coalition,126
New York University,75
New Zealand, quality of primary care compared with U.S.,72
Nightingale, Florence,13, 38
Nolan, Tom,391
North Carolina, and Medicaid Health Home program,125
North Carolina Statewide Telepsychiatry Program (NC-STeP),250–251
Norway, per capita spending on health care and health outcomes,82
Nurse(s), and nursing.
See also Advanced practice registered nurses; Nurse practitioners; Workforce
care coordination and,117
education of,308–310
scope of practice for psychiatric,310–311
Nurse-Family Partnership,199, 206, 209
Nurse practitioners (NP),306
Nutrition, and prevention of mental illness,198, 207.
See also Food insecurity
Obama, Barack,36, 58
Obesityfood insecurity and,84
rate of in U.S.,62
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA),529
Off-label use of medications,349
Older adults.
See also End-of-life care
barriers to quality care for,541–542
ethical issues in health care for,553–555
impact of heat from climate change on,462
integrated care for,545–546
peer support services for,231–232
perspectives on advanced age and end-of-life care,542–543
Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act (1981),30
Opioid crisis, and public health,428, 430, 431
Opioid use disorder (OUD),431–432, 435–437
Optimal team practice, and physician assistants,314
Oquendo, Maria,386
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD),6, 60, 72, 82
Outcomesemployee wellness programs and,536
factors diminishing value of,63–75
as indicator of effectiveness of health care system,61–63
pharmaceutical contracts and,338, 339
quality improvement and measurement of,13
Packard, Elizabeth,384
Paliperidone,348
Palliative care paradigm, and end-of-life care,550–552
Parents.
See also Family
interventions for children of depressed,206
peer support services for,230–231
race and children of incarcerated,493
Patents, for new medications,334
Pathway Home (PH),114–116, 122
Pathways to Housing,442,
446Patient(s).
See also Doctor-patient relationship; Patient-centered care
access of to electronic health records,253
diagnosis and,372–373
discussion of drug costs with,345–346
role of psychiatrist as advocate for,279
“Patient Adoption of mHealth” report,254
Patient-centered care,40, 391.
See also Personalization; Person-centered care
Patient-Centered Medical Homes (PCMHs),123–126, 169, 170
Patient-Centered Opioid Addiction Treatment Payment (P-COAT),154
Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute,114
Patient Health Questionnaire–9 (PHQ-9),42, 150, 177
Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010 (ACA)access to mental health care and,91–92, 302
American Health Care Act and,386
cost-effective analysis and,12
evidence-based practices and,114
impact of on health care,36–38, 58, 59, 65–66, 323–324, 572
mandated insurance coverage and,37–38, 66, 143
Medicaid Health Home (MHH) program,124–125
Patient Self-Determination Act of 1990,383
Paul Wellstone and Pete Domenici Mental Health Parity and Addiction Equity Act of 2008,36
Pay-for-performance incentive program (P4P),152
Peer crisis services,127–128
Peer support servicesacross life cycle,230–232
case vignette,223–224
clinical services and,225–226,
227community-based services and,226–228,
229definition of,222
employment and pay scales for,237–238
evidence base for,233–235
financing and reimbursement of,238
future opportunities,239–240
history of,221–222
mutual versus professional,224–225,
227substance abuse disorders and,232–233
training and certification of workforce,235–237
Peer support specialists (PSSs),227, 228,
229, 234, 235–237
Penn Resilience Program,205, 206
Pennsylvania Department of Aging,232
Peplau, Hildegard,306, 307
Perceval, John,221
“Per diem” payments,148
Personalization, of health care,48
Person-centered care.
See also Patient-centered care
care continuum and,118
end-of-life care and home-based,543
recovery oriented care and,409–410, 414–420
“Perspectives of Psychiatry, The” (McHugh and Slavney 1998),369–370
Pew Research Center, and Pew Charitable Trust,255, 336
P factor, and diagnosis,370–371
Pharmaceutical industry.
See also Medication(s)
case vignette of influence on prescribing,331–332
development, marketing, and pricing of drugs,333–342
Pharmacists of the Future (AACP 1975),315
Pharmacy benefits managers (PBMs),338
PharmD program,315–316
Phobias, and virtual reality,261.
See also Agoraphobia
Physical space constraints, and collaborative care,181–182
Physician(s).
See also Burnout; Health care; Primary care
advocacy and,388–389
barriers to health care reform,583–584
systematic overwork and medical residency training,521–522
Physician assistants, and psychiatric workforce,312–314, 320–323
Physician Payments Sunshine Act of 2010,336
“Plan-Do-Study-Act cycle,”43,
44, 265
Point of service plans,143Police.
See also Criminal justice system
mental health issues and training of,432, 504, 508
racial discrimination and killings by,94–95
Politics, and policybarriers to health care reform and,583
climate change and,570
substance abuse and,451
Polypharmacy,350–352
Population-based care, as model for collaborative care,179
Positive reinforcement, and evidence-based prevention programs,211
Postgraduate training, for physician assistants,313
Postpartum depression,200
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD),467
Povertyaccess to mental health care and,156
advocacy and,385
mental health promotion and reduction in rates of,209
social determinants of health and,82, 95–97
Power, and leadership roles for psychiatrists,407.
See also Empowerment
Power of attorney,383
Power Threat Meaning Framework (PTMF),368–369
Pozios, Vasilis,394
Practice-based evidence,113–116
Predischarge engagement, and Pathway Home program,114–115
Preferred provider organizations (PPOs),143Prenatal period, and developmental framework for prevention of mental illness,198–199,
204Presenteeism, in workplace,527
President’s New Freedom Commission on Mental Health,32, 222, 402, 414
Prevention.
See also Health care; Mental health care
cost-effectiveness of programs for,208–209, 214
criminal justice system reform and,495–511
of depression,195, 203, 205–208
developmental framework for,197–203,
204focus of services in current health care system and,70–72
funding for research on,74
implementation of,209–212
key concepts in,194–195
public health framework for,195–197, 214
relevance of for psychiatrists and mental health professionals,212–213
substance use disorders and,429–430
value in health care system and,568–570
Primary care.
See also Health care; Physicians
coordinated consultation models and,175–176
current state of behavioral health care in,170–171
indicators of quality of,72
indirect consultations with psychiatrists,280
integrated care for substance use disorders and,183–185
palliative paradigm for end-of-life care and,551–552
Patient-Centered Medical Home model and,124
provision of by psychiatrists,73, 291–293
shortage of providers of,74
Prisons.
See also Criminal justice system
prevalence of mental health disorders in,34
telepsychiatry and,248–249
Privacy.
See Confidentiality
Process measures, and evaluation of health outcomes,151
Professional associationscarbon-intensive practices and,483
guild advocacy and,389–390
social media and,258
Professional peer support services,225
Profitbarriers to health care reform and,582–583
current health care system in U.S. and,67–68
private insurance plans and,141
Prognosis, and psychiatric diagnosis,364
Program of Assertive Community Treatment (PACT),112
Program for Climate Model Diagnosis and Intercomparison,470
Program evaluations, and quality improvement,45–46
Project TEACH,176
Promotores (community health workers),228
Prospective payments, and financing arrangements,149
Protective factors, and prevention of mental illness,195–196, 199, 200, 202, 203
PSSs.
See Peer support specialists
Psychiatric advance directives,385
Psychiatric-mental health nurse practitioner (PMH-NP),308–309
Psychiatric Recovery Oriented Practices Evaluation and Rating (PROPER),403, 413, 416, 419–420,
421Psychiatrists.
See also Leadership; Mental health care; Psychiatry
access to mental health care and,90
advocacy and,384–385, 386, 393–394, 395–396
barriers to expanded scope of practice for,294–295
care coordination,128–129
coordinated consultation models and,175–176
criminal justice system and,496, 511
definition of value in mental health care,21
end-of-life care and,542, 552–553, 555–556
family therapy and,288–290
group therapy and,284–286
indirect consultation,280
individual psychotherapy and,290–291
medical education and,75
mental health impacts of climate change and,474–477
peer support services and,240
prescription of medications by,281–284, 567
prevention programs and,212–213
primary health care by,73, 291–293
psychoeducation and,293–294
shortage of,279–280, 301–302, 323
social determinants of health and,102–103
social media and,257
substance use disorders and,449–450
supervision and,280–281
systems-based practices and,278–279
as team members,279, 281
value and scope of skill and practice,565–566
Psychiatry.
See also Diagnosis; Mental health care; Psychiatrists; Workforce
adaptation of practice to respond to climate change,478–482
criminal justice system and,508–509
development of quality measures,20
future of interprofessional collaboration in,320–321
sources of value in,563–571,
585value management methodology in,577–582
value in prescribing practices,343–352
Psychiatry Network,258
Psychoanalytic theory, and history of mental health care,28
Psychoeducation.
See also Education
for families,289
group therapy and,286–287
by psychiatrists,293–294
Psychological distressdeprived neighborhoods and,98
racial discrimination and,94
Psychological impacts, of climate change,468–469
Psychologists, and prescriptive authority,317–318
Psychotic disorders, and integrated care for older adults,546.
See also Schizophrenia
PsychPRO registry,20
Public healthclimate change and,461
focus of services in current health care system,71
prevention and,195–197, 214
school dropout and,92
substance use disorders and,427–428, 449
Public policy.
See Politics, and policy
Quadruple Aim.
See also Triple Aim
advocacy and,382
approaches to maximizing value and,13,
14health care reform and,577
patient-centric approach and,40
prevention programs and,209
psychiatric workforce and,565
quality measurement and,15
technology and,267, 567
Qualitative measures, and quality improvement,46–47
Quality.
See also Quality improvement
definition of,14
development of indicators of,39–40
discussions of value and definition of,5
end-of-life care and,544
financing arrangements and measures of,150–151
history of concept in health care,38–39
implementation of measures of,18
measurement of in mental health care,19–20
social determinants of health and improved,102
Quality-adjusted life years (QALYs),10–12, 544
Quality improvement (QI),13–17, 40–42.
See also Continuous quality improvement; Quality
Quality-of-life, and health care for older adults,554
Quantitative measures, and quality improvement,47
Raceaccess to mental health care and,91
children with incarcerated parents,493
homicide and disparities in life expectancies,498
infant mortality in U.S. and,62
rates of incarceration in U.S. and,491
social determinants of health and,92–95, 97
Randomized controlled trials (RCTs), and evidence-based practices,110, 113–114
Rating scales, and measurement-based care,263
RDoC Matrix (National Institute of Mental Health 2018),366
Reagan, Ronald,30
Recidivism, and criminal justice system,485, 507
Recovery, quality measures and definition of,20
Recovery, Inc.,221
Recovery coach,226–227, 232–233
Recovery Oriented Care (ROC),402, 409–414
Recovery Oriented Services Evaluation (ROSE),413
Recovery paradigm, and history of mental health care,32–33
Recovery to Practice Curriculum for Psychiatry (American Association of Community Psychiatrists and American Psychiatric Association 2011),402–403, 413, 414–416
Reference listed drug (RLD),334
Referrals.
See also Consultation
integrated care for substance use disorders and,184
peer support services and,240
from primary care for mental health care,170
practice-based evidence programming and,114–115
Reliability, of diagnosis,358, 363
Representative concentration pathways (RCPs),462
Research Diagnostic Criteria (RDoC),359, 365–366
Residency programsfor clinical pharmacists,316
overwork of physicians-in-training,521–522
for psychiatric nurses,310
“Resource Management: Providing Psychiatric Care That Is ‘Cost Effective,’” (training curriculum),345
Resource manager, role of psychiatrist as,279
Respiratory illness, and air pollution,465, 466
Reverse integration approaches, to primary care integration,172, 177–178
Right, view of health care as138
Risk, and financing arrangements,146
Risk factors, and prevention programs in mental health care,195–196, 198, 200, 201, 202, 203.
See also Social determinants
Rosenberg, Kenneth P.,393
Rosenhan, D.,359
Rubin, Jeffrey,368
Rural areas, and telepsychiatry,248
Rush, Benjamin,285
Safetydefinition of in context of health care systems,14
Institute of Medicine indicators of quality and,39
mental health issues in workplace and,529
SAMHSA.
See Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration
Schizophreniaadherence to antipsychotics by individuals with,151
cannabis use and,449
overdiagnosis of in African Americans,93
prescription of antipsychotics for,348
virtual reality for treatment-resistant,261–262
Schools.
See also Education
dropout as public health issue,92
interventions for substance use,429–430
prevention of antisocial behavior,498
Screeningfor risk factors and subsyndromal symptoms of depression,208
for substance use,429
Screening, Brief Intervention and Referral to Treatment (SBIRT),184–185, 509
Seattle Social Development Project,201, 208
Selective interventions, and prevention,194
Sensory dimension, of virtual reality,260–261
Sequential Intercept Model,503–504
Serial Inebriate Program (SIP),432–433
Service users, definition of,140
Shared savings programs, and alternative payment models,152
Shortagesof medications,340–342
of primary care providers,74
psychiatric workforce and,90
of psychiatrists,279–280, 301–302, 323
Side effects, of psychoactive medications,283
Silos, and integrated care,167
Simulator Sickness Questionnaire,262–263
Sinclair, Upton,522
Single-payer universal health insurance, and health care reform,157–158, 575–576
Slavney, Phillip,369–370
Smartphones, and health apps,246, 255, 262
Smith, Adam,406
Snow, John,195
Social anxiety disorder, and racial discrimination,94
Social determinants, of healthadvocacy and,383–384
basic needs and,83–92
costs of mental illness and,7
financing arrangements and,157
health maintenance organizations and,155
importance of,81–82
incentives for change,100–103
prevention and,569
root causes of issues,92–100
Social Disability Model, and advanced aging,542
Social media,246, 256–260, 394, 443
Social Security, and funding of Medicare,144
Social Security Administration (SSA),30
Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI),30
Social valuecost-effectiveness threshold for,12
definition of,4
Social workers, and care continuum,117
Society for Human Resource Management,528
Socioeconomic status, and crime,502–503
Software programs, and telepsychiatry,250
Solastalgia,468, 472
Solitary confinement, and criminal justice system,494
Spain, and intervention strategies for substance abuse,436
Specialists, and primary care in U.S. system,73
SPIKES palliative care intervention,481
Spirit Level: Why Greater Equality Makes Societies Stronger, The (Pickett and Wilkinson 2009),96
Spirituality, and adaptation to climate change,481
Spitzer, Robert,359
Stabilization Act of 1942,57
Standard gamble, and measurement of QALYs,11
Standard Occupational Classification system,237
START NOW program,509
“State of the Global Workplace” report (Gallup 2017),524
State hospitals, and history of mental health care,28, 31
Statistical Manual for the Use of Institutions for the Insane (American Psychiatric Association 1918),359
Stead, Eugene,312
STEPS approach, to prescription of medications,348
Stigma, of mental illnessadvocacy and,392–394
as barrier to mental health care,372
employee wellness programs and,533–534
Stone, Elizabeth,381
Stress, and mental health in workplace,519, 520, 522–526, 570
Stress adaptation model, of psychiatric nursing,307–308
Structural models, of integration,175–181
Structure-Process-Outcome model, for quality measurement,16
Stuart, Gail,307
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA).
See also National Registry of Evidence-based Programs
crisis services and,127–128
definition of recovery and recovery model,20, 32
evidence-based treatment for opioid use disorder,431
integrated care and,173, 175, 179
leadership training for psychiatrists,404
peer support services and,222, 225, 233
Recovery Oriented Care in Psychiatry Curriculum and,414–415
Substance use, and substance use disorders.
See also Alcohol use disorder; Opioid use disorder
alternative payment models for addiction treatment,154
comparative impact of in U.S.,60, 62
criminal justice system and,500–501,
502, 511
estimates of societal cost,5–8, 428
extreme weather events and,467
harm reduction and,433–439, 442–443, 449, 450, 451
integrated care and,183–185
interests of patients, providers, and payers in treatment outcomes,450–451
medication-assisted treatment for,154, 185, 430–432
peer support services and,232–233
prescription of medications and,284
prevalence of,428
prevention of,429–430, 569–570
public health burden of,427–428
recommendations for policy and practices,451
role of psychiatrists in treatment of,449–450
treatment of as alternative to punishment,432–433
unemployment and,89
virtual reality and,261
Substance Use Management,434, 435, 451
Suicideadverse childhood experiences and,99–100
assisted forms of and end-of-life care,555
climate change and,463–464, 466, 471
Facebook and monitoring for risk of,259
food insecurity and,85
increase in rates of in U.S.,62–63
unemployment and,88–89
Supplemental Security Income (SSI),30
Super-utilizer(s), and care coordination,121–122
Super-Utilizer Summit (2013),121
Supervisionpeer support services and,239
psychiatrists and,280–281
Sustainability, of integrated care,183
Switzerlandper capita spending on health care and health outcomes,82, 83
treatment programs for substance use disorders,436
Synthetic opioids,430
Systems-based practices (SBP),278–279
Taxation, and spending on health care in U.S.,37, 82
Taylor, Frederick W.,522
Team(s)integrated care and,178, 182
quality improvement and,41–42
roles of psychiatrists and,279, 281, 407–409, 566
TEAMcare trial,180
Technologyadvocacy and,394
electronic health records and,251–254, 567–568
implementation of,264–266
measurement-based care and,263
mobile applications,254–256
peer support services and,240
prevalence of use in health care,246–247
Quadruple Aims and,267
social media,256–260
telemedicine and telepsychiatry,176, 247–251, 264–266
value and,567–568
virtual reality,260–263
Telehealth Modernization Act of 2015,251
Telemedicine,247–251, 482
Telephone crisis services,127
Telepsychiatry,176, 248–251, 264–266
Texaspsychiatric advance directives and,385
telemedicine in,249
Texas Medical Association (TMA),387
Texas Risk Assessment System (TRAS),255
Therapeutic equivalence, of generic drugs,334
Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey,85
Third-party payers,141.
See also Insurance
Time trade-off method, for measurement of QALYs,11
To Err Is Human: Building a Safer Health System (Institute of Medicine 2000),13–14, 39
Toyota Production System (TPS),42, 43
Trade Agreements Act of 1979,341
Training.
See also Education; Residency programs
employee wellness programs and,535
in leadership for psychiatrists,404–406
of medical professionals in mental health promotion,211–212
peer support services and,222, 231, 232, 235–237, 239
of physician assistants,312–313
of police on mental illness,504–505
Transformational leadership,410–412
Transinstitutionalization,494
Trauma, of incarceration,493–494
Travel, and reduction of carbon footprint,482–483
Treatment Advocacy Center,388
Treatment response measures,150
Triple Aim.
See also Quadruple Aim
advocacy and,391, 392
approaches to maximizing value and,13
care coordination continuum and,117
patient-centric approach and,40
Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act and,114
quality improvement and,14
Triple P—Positive Parenting Program,201, 206
Tufts University,347
Tuskegee syphilis study,92–93
Twelve-step programs,221–222
Twitter,257, 258–259
Unemployment and underemployment, and adverse mental health outcomes,88.
See also Employment; Workforce
Unequal Treatment (Institute of Medicine 2003),94
Unified Primary Care Behavioral Health model (UPCBH),172, 177
United Kingdomcommunity care coordination in,118
costs related to mental health comorbidities in patients with medical illnesses,7
quality of primary care compared with U.S.,72
United Statesindicators of health of population,61
rates of incarceration in,491
spending on health care,6, 35, 55–56, 59–61, 82
U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics,237
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services,40–41, 209, 252, 341–342, 350, 388–389
U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA),341.
See also Veterans Health Administration
U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC),529–530
U.S. President’s Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice,497
U.S. Preventive Services Task Force,171, 184–185
Universal basic income,87–88
Universal interventions, and prevention,194–195, 206–207
Universal system of coverage, and health care reform,572–574
University of Toledo,322
University of Washington,169
Urban planning, and built environment,98
Validity, of diagnosis,358, 362
Value.
See also Quality; Social value; Values
allocation of resources and,571
carbon impacts of psychiatric service delivery and,482–483
current approaches to maximizing,8–13
definition of,3–4, 21, 38, 245–246
diagnostic systems and,357–358, 568
employee wellness programs and,531–536
end-of-life care and,570–571
evidence-based practices and,110–116
factors diminishing,63–75
financing arrangements and,147–148, 564
history of concept in health care,38–39
integrated care and,186, 564
pharmacy management and prescribing practices,343–352, 566–567
prevention and,568–570
psychiatric workforce and,565–566
quality measurement and,15
services for individuals with complex needs,116–126
technology and,567–568
value management methodology in psychiatric care,577–582
Value-based insurance design (V-BID),9–10, 154–155
Value-based pharmaceutical contracts,338–339
Value-based reimbursement (VBR),148
Value-driven population health (VDPH),12–13
Valuesconcept of value and,4
health care financing in U.S. and,138–139
response to climate change and,472–477
V codes,525
Veterans Health Administration (VHA),65, 144–145, 168, 177, 337
Vickrey-Clarke-Groves mechanism,102
Vilazodone,348
Virtual reality (VR), medical applications of,246–247, 260–263
Visual analogue scale, for measurement of QALYs,11
Wait time, and access to mental health care,91
Washington, and Medicaid Health Home program,125
Waste, and health care spending in U.S.,68
Wearable technology,246
Weather, climate change and extreme events,467–468
Wellness Recovery Action Plan,419
Wet bulb index,462
Willington, John,391
Witt v. United Mental Healthcare (2019),578
Women’s Psychiatry Group,258
Workers’ compensation,528–529
Workforce, and workplace.
See also Employment; Psychiatrists; Training
clinical pharmacists and,315–317
collaborative practice and,318–321
disengagement and,524–531
employee wellness programs and,531–536
future of interprofessional collaboration in psychiatry and,320–321
integrated care and,182–183
mental health issues in,520–524
physicians assistants and,312–314
psychiatric nurses and,306–311
psychologists and,317–318
stress and,519, 520, 522–526, 570
“Working Well” report (Brennan et al. 2016),537
World Health Organization (WHO).
See also International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision (ICD-10)
advocacy and,380
alcohol use disorder and,437–438
cost-effectiveness of medical interventions,12
definition of health,81
development of ICD system,359
estimate of societal cost of mental illness and substance use,5
integrated care and,165
social determinants of health,7, 380
telemedicine and,248, 249
World Health Organization Disability Assessment Scale 2.0,151
XR-NTX,439,
448Yale Program on Climate Change Communication,473
Yalom, Irvin,285
Youngberg v. Romeo (1982),383
