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In DSM-5 (American Psychiatric Association 2013) dissociative identity disorder (DID) is described as a disruption of identity characterized by two or more distinct personality states or an experience of possession (see Box 24-). The clinician may observe or the patient may report that these personality states demonstrate marked discontinuity in sense of self and/or agency, accompanied by changes in affect, behavior, consciousness, memory, perception, cognition, and/or sensory-motor functioning. In addition, the person experiences dissociative amnesia (DA), a disruption in autobiographical memory (see Chapter 26, “Dissociative Amnesia”) that includes gaps or difficulties in recall of everyday events, important personal information, and/or traumatic events (Loewenstein 1991).
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