Index

Action potential,

33

Acupuncture,

161

Addictions, and transcranial magnetic stimulation,

116

Adverse events

. See Side effects

Afferent fibers, of vagus nerve,

83

Age, and electroconvulsive therapy,

49, 61

Aggression, brain stimulation and inhibition of,

10. See also Behavior

ALICNA (anterior lining of the internal capsule, nucleus accumbens), and deep brain stimulation,

141–142

Alpha-Stim,

163

Alphatron 4000,

22

Alternating current,

18–20, 21, 22. See also Transcranial alternating current stimulation

Alternative medicine

acupuncture and,

161

vagus stimulation and,

84

American Psychiatric

Association,

47, 60, 63–64

Amperes,

15

Anesthesia

deep brain stimulation and,

124

electroconvulsive therapy and,

56–57

Anhedonia, and emotional pacemaker,

8

Animal magnetism,

98

Anodal transcranial direct current stimulation,

148, 150–151

Anterior cingulate cortex, and transcranial magnetic stimulation,

108

Anticonvulsant effect, of electroconvulsive therapy on brain,

58–59

Antidepressants, efficacy of compared with electroconvulsive therapy,

64, 65

Anti-inflammatory effects, of vagus nerve stimulation,

92

Antipsychotics

electroconvulsive therapy and introduction of,

47, 65–66

reduction in need for neurosurgery and,

122

Anxiety

cranial electrotherapy stimulation and,

165, 166

vagus nerve stimulation and,

91

Aphasia

. See also Speech therapy

transcranial magnetic stimulation and,

117

vagus nerve stimulation and,

80, 91

AspireSR,

78

Asystole, and vagus nerve stimulation surgery,

85–86

Atom, structure of,

14, 15

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD),

43

Auditory hallucinations, and transcranial magnetic stimulation for schizophrenia,

113

Auricular branch of the vagus nerve (ABVN),

79

Autobiographical memory, and electroconvulsive therapy,

61

Axon hillock,

33, 34, 36–37, 38

Bailey, P.,

72

Barbiturates,

57

Barker, Anthony,

99

Basal ganglia, and Parkinson’s disease,

129, 131

Battery,

14–15, 16

Behavior

. See also Aggression; Impulsive behavior

pairing of vagus nerve stimulation with,

79

transcranial magnetic stimulation and research on mechanisms of,

117–118

Benabid, A. L.,

122–123

Berger, Hans,

39

Beta waves, and deep brain stimulation for Parkinson’s disease,

131

Bilateral placement, of electrodes,

50–52

Biomarkers, for mental illness,

173, 175–177

Bipolar delivery, of electrical pulse,

27–28

Bipolar depression, and electroconvulsive therapy,

64, 65

Bipolar disorder, and vagus nerve stimulation,

87

Boston Scientific,

140

Bottom-up stimulation, and vagus nerve stimulation,

82

Brain

background electrical activity in,

28

conductivity of tissues,

17

cranial electrotherapy stimulation and,

163–164

deep brain stimulation and,

128–31, 132, 137

electroconvulsive therapy and,

54, 58–60

electrical and chemical communication in,

1, 2

electroencephalography and,

38–42, 43

generation of action potential,

34–38

intracellular charge,

31–32

transcranial direct current stimulation and,

149–152

transcranial magnetic stimulation and,

106–108

vagus nerve stimulation and,

75, 82–85

transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation and,

160

Brain chips, and history of brain stimulation,

10–11

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF),

59

Brain stimulation

. See also Clinical applications; Deep brain stimulation; Electroconvulsive therapy; Low-intensity focused ultrasound pulsation; Transcranial direct current stimulation; Transcranial magnetic stimulation; Vagus nerve stimulation

current research on,

xiii–xi

determination of correct dose,

28–30

discoveries in neuroscience in twentieth century,

ix–xi

electricity and parameters for,

22–28

electrochemical communication in brain and new treatment options,

2–3

emergence of themes in field of,

169–170

history of,

3–11

resistance in,

17

side effects of as different from conventional treatments,

xiv

Brainsway company,

104, 105, 112, 113

Bremer, F.,

72

Brief pulse waveform,

52

Cardiac arrest, and vagus nerve stimulation,

80

Cardiac arrhythmias,

62

Cardiac pacemakers,

122

Cardiovascular side effects, of electroconvulsive therapy,

62

Cardioverter-defibrillator,

122

Catatonia, and electroconvulsive therapy,

64, 65

Cathodal transcranial direct current stimulation,

148, 150, 151

Cells, structure of nerve,

33, 35

Cerlitti, Ugo,

45–47

Cervical vagus nerve stimulation,

76–77

CES

. See Cranial electrotherapy stimulation

Charcot, Jean-Martin,

147

Charge density,

29

Chemical imbalance, use of term,

1–2

Chemical signal, and action potential,

37–38

Chemotherapy, and electroacupuncture,

162

China, and traditional medicine,

161

Chlorpromazine,

47

Chronaxie,

49

Chronic heart failure, and vagus nerve stimulation,

80

Clinical applications, of brain stimulation

cranial electrotherapy stimulation and,

165–166

deep brain stimulation and,

132–144

electroacupuncture and,

162

electroconvulsive therapy and,

63–68

transcranial direct current stimulation and,

153–157

transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation and,

160–161

transcranial magnetic stimulation and,

110–118

vagus nerve stimulation and,

87–92

Closed loop feedback, and vagus nerve stimulation,

78, 88

Closed-loop smart deep brain stimulation devices,

131

Closed loop stimulation, and EEG data,

42

Clozapine,

66

Cluster headaches, and vagus nerve stimulation,

90–91

Cochrane Collaboration,

161, 162

Cognition, and cognitive impairment

. See also Memory

deep brain stimulation and,

131–132

electroconvulsive therapy and,

60–62

transcranial magnetic stimulation and,

109

vagus nerve stimulation and,

87

Conductivity, and resistance,

17

Congestive heart failure, and vagus nerve stimulation,

87

Constant high-frequency deep brain stimulation,

128

Constant theta burst (cTBS),

105

Constraint induced movement therapy,

154

Continuation treatment, with electroconvulsive therapy,

66–68

Cortical brain stimulation,

127–128

Cortical silent period, and transcranial magnetic stimulation,

117

Cranial electrotherapy stimulation (CES),

163–166

cTBS

. See Constant theta burst

Current, and principles of electricity,

15, 16, 17

Current density,

16, 28

Cyberonics Inc.,

74

Cycle, of alternating current,

20

DBS

. See Deep brain stimulation

Deep brain stimulation (DBS)

clinical applications of,

132–144

development of new methods of brain stimulation and,

xi

effects of on brain,

128–131, 137

history of,

121–123

methodology of,

123–126

Parkinson’s disease and,

xiii, 124–125, 128–131, 132–135

safety and adverse effects of,

131–132, 135

Default mode network,

175

Delgado, Jose,

10–11

Delirium, and side effects of electroconvulsive therapy,

61

Dendrites,

33, 34

Depression

deep brain stimulation for,

139–142

electroconvulsive therapy for,

48, 51, 58, 59, 64–65, 67

identification of biotypes,

176

transcranial direct current stimulation for,

156

transcranial magnetic stimulation for,

100–101, 102, 108, 110–113, 175–176

vagus nerve stimulation for,

74, 85, 88–90, 103

Developing countries, and electroconvulsive therapy,

57, 63

Direct current, and principles of electricity,

14–17. See also Transcranial direct current stimulation

Directionality, of electrical stimulation,

23

Dizziness, and transcranial direct current stimulation,

152

Dose, and dosing

determination of for brain stimulation,

28–30

electroconvulsive therapy and,

48–50

vagus nerve stimulation and,

80–81

Dose titration, and electroconvulsive therapy,

50

Dry cell,

14. See also Battery

DuBois, F.,

72

Duchenne de Boulogne, Georges,

147–148, 149

Duration, of electrical pulse,

25–26

Dystonia, and deep brain stimulation,

123, 124, 136–138

ECT

. See Electroconvulsive therapy

Edison, Thomas,

20

EEG

. See Electroencephalography

Elderly, and side effects of electroconvulsive therapy,

61

Electrical rhythms, and effects of vagus nerve stimulation on brain,

82–83

Electricity

alternating current and,

18–20, 21, 22

determination of dose for brain stimulation,

28–30

electroencephalography and,

38–42

generation of action potential in brain,

34–38

intracellular charge,

31–32

magnetism and,

18

parameters for brain stimulation,

22–28

review of basic principles,

14–18

Electroacupuncture,

161–162

Electrochemical communication, in brain,

1, 2

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

anesthesia and,

56–57

clinical applications of,

63–68

for depression,

48, 51, 58, 59

dose and dosing,

29–30, 48–50

effect of on brain,

58–60, 108

electrode placement,

50–52

focal seizures and,

54–56

history of,

x, xi, 45–48

location of,

53–54

outdated equipment and nonstandard treatment protocols,

63

pulse width and,

24–25

question of seizure as necessary for,

58

relevance of resistance in,

17

safety and adverse events of,

60–63, 131

for schizophrenia in developing countries,

57

transcranial direct current stimulation compared with,

151

waveforms and,

52–53, 153

ElectroCore,

78–79

Electrodes

deep brain stimulation and adjustment or placement of,

124–125, 126, 135

electroconvulsive therapy and placement of,

50–52

Electroencephalography (EEG)

cranial electrotherapy stimulation and readings from,

164

electrical activity in brain and,

39–42

history of,

38–39

sleep and,

42–43

Electromagnets, and electromagnetism,

18, 96–98

Electromotive force,

14. See also Voltage

Electrons,

14, 15

Electrosleep therapy,

148, 163

Electrostatic pressure, and intracellular charge,

32, 33

Emergency shutoff, of cervical vagus nerve stimulation,

82

Emotional pacemaker, and history of brain stimulation,

8–9

Epilepsy

deep brain stimulation and,

139

electroconvulsive therapy and,

66

history of brain stimulation and,

5–7

vagus nerve stimulation and,

74, 75, 78, 80, 81, 85, 88

Essential tremor, and deep brain stimulation,

135–136

Excitatory neurons,

35, 36, 38

Exposure therapy, for posttraumatic stress disorder,

116

Extrasensory perception (ESP),

39

Faraday, Michael,

96, 106

Faraday’s law,

97

Fatigue, after transcranial direct current stimulation,

152

FEAST

. See Focal electrically applied seizure therapy

FEAT

. See Focal electrically applied therapy

Fish, and history of brain stimulation,

3, 4

Flurothyl gas, and seizures,

46

fMRI

. See Functional magnetic resonance imaging

Focal electrically applied seizure therapy (FEAST),

55, 56, 152, 153

Focal electrically applied therapy (FEAT),

153

Focal seizures, and electroconvulsive therapy,

54–56

Foley, J.O.,

72

Food and Drug Administration (FDA)

approval process for brain stimulation therapies,

87–88

cranial electrotherapy stimulation and,

163

deep brain stimulation and,

123, 141

low-intensity focused ultrasound pulsation and,

171

transcranial direct current stimulation and,

148

transcranial magnetic stimulation devices and,

101

vagus nerve stimulation devices and,

74, 78–79, 89–90

Franklin, Benjamin,

98

Freeman, W.,

143

Frequency, of electrical pulse

effects of deep brain stimulation on brain and,

125, 128

electrical parameters for brain stimulation and,

23–24, 104–106

Freud, Sigmund,

ix

Fritsch, Gustav,

5

Frontal lobes, and location of electroconvulsive therapy seizures,

54

Frontal lobotomies,

121–122, 143

Functional connectivity, and brain networks,

175

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

studies of vagus nerve stimulation and,

81

synchronous neuronal firing and,

42

Galen,

3

Galvani, Aldini,

4

Galvani, Luigi,

3–4

Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and vagus nerve stimulation,

84

GammaCore,

78–79, 90–91

Gastric vagus nerve stimulation, for obesity,

79, 82, 90

Gender, and electroconvulsive therapy,

49

Generators, electric,

19, 21, 22

George, M. S.,

100, 110

Glial cells, and myelin,

37

Globus pallidus interna, and deep brain stimulation for Parkinson’s disease,

130–131, 133, 137

Glucose metabolism, and electroconvulsive therapy,

59

Goddard, Graham,

x

Greece, history of brain stimulation in ancient,

3, 4

Hamilton Depression Rating Scale,

51, 100, 101, 111, 176

Headache

. See also Migraine headaches

side effects of electroconvulsive therapy and,

63

side effects of transcranial magnetic stimulation and,

109

transcranial magnetic stimulation for treatment of,

115

vagus nerve stimulation for treatment of,

90–91

Hearing loss, as side effect of transcranial magnetic stimulation,

109

Heart rate, and side effects of vagus nerve stimulation,

86–87. See also Cardiac arrhythmias; Chronic heart failure

Heath, Robert,

x, 8–9, 142

Hertz (Hz),

24

Hitzig, Eduard,

5

Hoarseness, as side effect of vagus nerve stimulation,

86

Home use, of transcranial direct current stimulation,

156

Hormones, ECT-induced seizures and balance of in brain,

60

Hypomania, and vagus nerve stimulation,

87

Imipramine,

47

Implantable vagus nerve stimulation,

81

Impulse generator, and deep brain stimulation,

123, 124

Impulsive behavior, and deep brain stimulation for Parkinson’s disease,

132

Incontinence, and percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation,

167

Infection, deep brain stimulation and risk of,

131

Inhibitory neurons,

35, 36, 38

Insurance companies, and vagus nerve stimulation for depression,

90

Intensity, and electrical stimulation,

23

Intermittent theta burst (iTBS),

105

Internet, and transcranial direct current stimulation for performance enhancement,

154

Interruption-speech arrest, and transcranial magnetic stimulation,

117

InterStim therapy,

166–167

Intertrain interval, of electrical pulse,

26–27

Intracellular charge,

31–32

James, William,

91

Joules,

28

Ketamine,

57

KIN (potassium IN-side the cell),

32

Kolin, A.,

99

Levodopa,

122, 133

LIFUP

. See Low-intensity focused ultrasound pulsation

Limbic system, introduction of term,

ix–x

Lithium,

67–68

Location, and electroconvulsive therapy,

53–54

Locus coeruleus, and vagus nerve stimulation,

83–84

Long-term memories, and electroconvulsive therapy,

61, 62

Low-intensity focused ultrasound pulsation (LIFUP),

170–172

MacLean, P.D.,

ix, 72

Magnet(s), and magnetism

debate on therapeutic benefits of,

98

electrical current and,

18

Magnetic field,

96, 98

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

low-intensity focused ultrasound pulsation and,

170

SAR limits and,

29

Magnetic seizure therapy (MST),

55

Magnetoencephalography (MEG),

41–42

Major depression, and electroconvulsive therapy,

64–65, 67

Mania

electroconvulsive therapy and,

63, 65

vagus nerve stimulation and,

87

Mechanical energy, and generators,

19

Medical conditions, electroconvulsive therapy and depression secondary to,

64. See also Epilepsy; Headache; Heart rate; Parkinson’s disease; Rheumatic arthritis; Stroke; Surgery

Medical University of South Carolina (MUSC),

139

Medtronic,

138, 141

MEG

. See Magnetoencephalography

Memory

epilepsy surgery and,

7

side effects of electroconvulsive therapy and,

61–62

test of after electroconvulsive therapy,

52

Memory engram,

7

MENS

. See Microcurrent electrical neuromuscular stimulation

Mental illness, biomarkers for,

173, 175–177. See also Anxiety; Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; Bipolar disorder; Depression; Mania; Obsessive-compulsive disorder; Personality disorders; Posttraumatic stress disorder; Psychiatry; Schizophrenia; Treatment-resistant conditions

Mesmer, Franz Anton,

98

Microcurrent electrical neuromuscular stimulation (MENS),

168

Microtransponder,

91

Migraine headaches, and transcranial magnetic stimulation,

106

Milner, Peter,

ix, x, 8

Mind control, concerns about in research on brain stimulation,

10–11, 117–118

Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs),

64

Morphine, transcranial magnetic stimulation and reduction in for pain,

114, 115

Morphology, of electrical pulse,

24–25

Mortality

safety of deep brain stimulation and,

131

safety of electroconvulsive therapy and,

60, 131

Motor cortex

chronic pain and stimulation of,

138–139

history of brain stimulation and,

5, 6

Motor evoked potential (MEP),

116–117

Motor stroke, and vagus nerve stimulation,

80, 91

Motor threshold,

23, 104

Movement disorders, neurosurgery for,

122. See also Dystonia; Parkinson’s disease

MRI

. See Magnetic resonance imaging

MST

. See Magnetic seizure therapy

Multiple sclerosis,

37

MUSC

. See Medical University of South Carolina

Muscle relaxer, and anesthesia for electroconvulsive therapy,

56–57

Myelin, and action potential,

37

National Institutes of Health,

111, 143

Nerve(s), cell structure of,

33, 35. See also Nervous system; Vagus nerve

Nerve growth factors,

59–60

Nervous system, and electroacupuncture,

162. See also Nerve(s)

Network disorder, conceptualization of depression as,

142

Neuralieve,

106, 115

Neuroendocrine abnormalities, and electroconvulsive therapy,

60

Neuronetics,

101

Neurons

effects of transcranial magnetic stimulation pulses on,

107–108

intracellular charge of,

31–32

NeuroPace,

42, 139

Neuroscience, important discoveries in twentieth century,

ix–x

Neurosurgery, for movement and psychiatric disorders,

121–122, 135, 142. See also Frontal lobotomies

Neosync,

106

Networks, and biomarkers for mental illness,

175

Neutrons,

14, 15

Noninvasive cervical vagus nerve stimulation,

78–79

Norepinephrine, and vagus nerve stimulation,

83–84

Nortriptyline,

67–68

Nucleus accumbens, and deep brain stimulation for depression,

142

Nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS),

82

Obesity, and gastric vagus nerve stimulation,

79, 82, 90

Obsessive-compulsive disorder

deep brain stimulation and,

123, 142–143

transcranial magnetic stimulation and,

113

Ohm’s law,

15, 16

Olds, James,

ix, x, 8

Oligodendrocytes, and myelin,

37

One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest (movie 1975),

47

OPT-TMS trial,

111–112

Pain, treatment of chronic

deep brain stimulation for,

138–139

electroacupuncture for,

162

transcranial direct current stimulation for,

155–156

transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation for,

160

transcranial magnetic stimulation for,

114, 115

vagus nerve stimulation for,

91

Paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation,

117

Papez, J.W.,

ix

Parasympathetic response, of vagus nerve stimulation,

86

Parkinson’s disease

deep brain stimulation for,

xiii, 124–125, 128–131, 132–135

electroconvulsive therapy and,

66

neurosurgery for,

122

Patents, on regions of brain for therapeutic stimulation,

141

Paulus, Walter,

148, 152

Penfield, William,

5–7, 139

Percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation (PTNS),

167

Performance enhancement, and transcranial direct current stimulation,

153–154, 156

Personality disorders, and electroconvulsive therapy,

64

PET

. See Positron emission tomography

PFC

. See Prefrontal cortex

Philosophy, and theory of neuroscience in twentieth century,

ix

Physiology, transcranial magnetic stimulation and research on,

116–117

Polarity, of voltage,

20

Positron emission tomography (PET), and electroconvulsive therapy for depression,

58

Posttraumatic stress disorder, and transcranial magnetic stimulation,

116

Potassium, and electrostatic pressure,

32, 33

Prefrontal cortex (PFC), and transcranial magnetic stimulation,

107, 110–112, 175

Prolonged seizures, and electroconvulsive therapy,

62

Propofol,

57

Protons,

14, 15

Psychiatry

. See also Clinical applications; Mental illness

acceptance of electroconvulsive therapy by,

47

side effects of vagus nerve stimulation,

87

Psychotic depression, and electroconvulsive therapy,

64

PTNS

. See Percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation

Public opinion, on electroconvulsive therapy,

47

Pulse width

. See also Voltage

effects of deep brain stimulation on brain and,

125, 128

low-intensity focused ultrasound pulsation and,

170–171

morphology of electrical pulse,

24–25, 125

Quality of life, and deep brain stimulation for Parkinson’s disease,

135

Recovery, from

electroconvulsive therapy,

51, 52. See also Stroke

Relapse, and continuation treatment with electroconvulsive therapy,

66–67

Repetitive TMS (rTMS),

100, 103

Resistance

dosing of electroconvulsive therapy and,

48

principles of electricity and,

16, 17

Responsive neural stimulation (RNS),

126

Responsive stimulation therapy,

42, 122

Resting motor threshold (rMT), and transcranial magnetic stimulation,

110, 111

Retrograde amnesia,

52, 61

Rheumatoid arthritis

electroacupuncture and,

162

vagus nerve stimulation and,

80

RNS

. See Responsive neural stimulation Rome, and history of brain stimulation, 3, 4

rTMS

. See Repetitive TMS

Russia, and development of transcranial direct current stimulation,

148

Sacral nerve stimulation (SNS),

166–167

Safety

of cranial electrotherapy stimulation,

165

of deep brain stimulation,

131–132

of electroacupuncture,

162

of electroconvulsive therapy,

60

of transcranial magnetic stimulation,

108

of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation,

160

SAR

. See Specific absorption rate

Schizophrenia

electroconvulsive therapy and,

57, 65–66

transcranial magnetic stimulation and,

113–114

Schlaepfer, T.E.,

142

Scribonius Largus,

3

Seizures

. See also Focal seizures

chemically induced and history of electroconvulsive therapy,

46, 54

as necessary for electroconvulsive therapy,

58

prolonged as side effect of electroconvulsive therapy,

62

side effects of transcranial magnetic stimulation and,

108–109

synchronous brain activity and,

44

Seizure threshold, and dosing of electroconvulsive therapy,

50, 66

Self-stimulation, and history of brain stimulation,

7–8, 9

SenTiva vagus nerve stimulation,

78

Septic shock, and vagus nerve stimulation,

92

Sexual orientation, and history of brain stimulation,

9–10

Shakti device,

166, 167

Sherrington, Charles,

5

Side effects, of brain stimulation

. See also Cognition

of deep brain stimulation,

131–132, 135

as different from those of conventional treatments,

xiv

of electroconvulsive therapy,

51, 53, 60–63

of transcranial direct current stimulation,

152

of transcranial magnetic stimulation,

108–109

of vagus nerve stimulation,

82, 85–87

Siemens,

17

Sine wave,

52–53

Skin burns, and transcranial direct current stimulation,

152

Skinner Box arrangement,

8, 9

Skull, resistance and conductivity in brain stimulation,

17

Sleep, and EEG rhythms,

42–43. See also Electrosleep therapy

SNS

. See Sacral nerve stimulation

Sodium-potassium pump,

32, 34

Solar panels,

20

Sonication, and low-intensity focused ultrasound pulsation,

170, 172

Specific absorption rate (SAR),

29

Speech arrest, and transcranial magnetic stimulation,

117

Speech therapy, and transcranial direct current stimulation,

155. See also Aphasia

Spinning magnets, and transcranial magnetic stimulation,

106

Spiritual growth, and cranial electrotherapy stimulation,

166

Stimoreceivers,

10

Stress reduction, and cranial electrotherapy stimulation,

165, 166

Stroke

deep brain stimulation and risk of,

131

transcranial direct current stimulation and recovery from,

154–155

transcranial magnetic stimulation and recovery from,

115

vagus nerve stimulation and rehabilitation from,

80

Subgenual cingulate cortex, and brain stimulation for depression,

139–140, 175

Substantia nigra, and deep brain stimulation for Parkinson’s disease,

128–129

Subthalamic nucleus, and deep brain stimulation for Parkinson’s disease,

129, 132, 133, 134

Succinylcholine,

57

Suicidal ideation

deep brain stimulation and,

141

electroconvulsive therapy and,

65

Surgery

. See also Neurosurgery

for epilepsy and history of brain stimulation,

5–7

vagus nerve stimulation and risks of complications,

85–86

Synaptic activity, and EEG recordings,

40–41

Synchronous brain activity, and seizures,

44

Synchrony, and EEG frequency,

41

tACS

. See Transcranial alternating current stimulation

tDCS

. See Transcranial direct current stimulation

Temporally interfering electric fields (TI),

172–173, 174

TENS

. See Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation

Terminology, and use of acronyms,

xiv

Tesla, and magnetic field,

103

Tesla, Nicola,

20

Theta burst, and and theta burst stimulation,

105, 112–113

TI

. See Temporally interfering electric fields

Tinnitus

transcranial direct current stimulation and,

156

transcranial magnetic stimulation and,

114

vagus nerve stimulation and,

79, 91

tLVMAS

. See Transcutaneous low-voltage microamperage stimulation

TMS

. See Transcranial magnetic stimulation

Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS),

42, 152, 153

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS)

clinical applications of,

153–157

effects of on brain,

149–152

history of,

147–148, 149

methodology of,

148

side effects of,

152

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

brain-derived neurotrophic factor and,

59

clinical applications of,

110–118

current research on brain stimulation and development of,

xiii

depression and,

100–101, 102, 108, 110–113, 175–176

effect of on brain,

106–108

history of,

95–101

intensity and,

23

length of train duration,

26–27

memory and,

7

methodology of,

101–106

safety and adverse events of,

108–109

Transcranial random noise stimulation (tRNS),

152

Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS),

160–161

Transcutaneous low-voltage microamperage stimulation (tLVMAS),

168

Treatment-resistant conditions

cranial electrotherapy stimulation for depression and,

164

deep brain stimulation for depression and,

139

electroconvulsive therapy for depression and,

65

electroconvulsive therapy for mania and,

65

electroconvulsive therapy for schizophrenia and,

66

vagus nerve stimulation for depression and,

89

Tremor, and deep brain stimulation,

135–136, 137

Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs),

64

tRNS

. See Transcranial random noise stimulation

Ultrabrief pulses,

53

Ultrasound, and low-intensity focused ultrasound pulsation,

170–172

Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS),

134

Unilateral placement, of electrodes,

50–52

Unipolar delivery, of electrical pulse,

27–28

University of Arizona,

132

UroSurge,

167

Vagal block (VBLOC),

90

Vagus nerve

afferent fibers of,

83

cross-section of,

78

morphology of,

73

Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS)

brain-derived neurotrophic factor and,

59

dosing of,

80–81

effects of on brain,

75, 82–85

history of,

71–76

intertrain interval and,

27

methodology of,

76–82

Parkinson’s disease and,

129

safety and adverse effects of,

82, 85–87

VBLOC

. See Vagal block

Ventral intermediate nucleus of the thalamus (Vim), and deep brain stimulation for tremor,

135, 136

VNS

. See Vagus nerve stimulation

Voice alteration, as side effect of vagus nerve stimulation,

86

Volt(s), definition of,

15

Voltage

. See also Pulse width

adjustments of for deep brain

stimulation,

125

generators and,

20

principles of electricity and,

14, 15, 16, 17, 18

Watt,

17

Watts, J.W.,

143

Waveforms

for different forms of brain stimulation,

153

electroconvulsive therapy and,

52–53, 153

Weiner, Kari,

137

Westinghouse, George,

20

Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale,

143

Yoga, and vagus stimulation,

84

Zabara, Jake,

72–74, 80