Page numbers printed in boldface type refer to tables and figures.
Abductive reasoning,93–101
emergents,97–98
observation as guide,93–95
overview,93–94
rational thought,98
summary,99
theory development,95,
96Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale,136, 265
Absence of data,83, 129
Absolute risk,21–22,
22, 24,
25Absolute risk reduction (ARR),24,
25Abstract reasoning,57
Acamprosate,166, 167
Acetaminophen,231Acute dystonic reaction (ADR),264
Adderall,153–154
S-Adenosyl-L-methionine (SAMe),197–198
ADHDcannabis use and,61, 228
diagnosis,152–153, 158
executive function impairment and,158
historical context,49, 63, 153–154
medications to treat,153–160
nicotine use and,232
AdolescentsADHD treatments,154, 156, 157
antidepressant warnings for,267–268
anxiety disorder treatments,120
body mass index calculation,224
ADR (acute dystonic reaction),264
Adverse events,261–275.
See also Side effects
assessment of,63–64, 261–262, 280
neuroleptic malignant syndrome,265–266
overview,261
serotonin syndrome,262–264
suicidality,266–268
summary,269
tardive dyskinesia,264–265
Adzenys XR-ODT,155
Affect assessment,52,
279Affective disorders.
See Mood disorders
Affinity, for receptor binding,106,
107Agitation,59, 115, 142, 198, 263
Agranulocytosis,136–137
AI (artificial intelligence),5–6
Akathisia (restless agitation),136, 233
Alcoholassessment of use,64, 281,
281benzodiazepines cross-tolerance,119, 161
as CNS depressant,226
dependence treatments,165–167
historical use for anxiety,114
lifestyle supports for avoidance,226–227
for sleep assistance,160
sleep disturbances with use,221
withdrawal syndrome and,117, 147, 162, 226
Alcoholics Anonymous,55
Alexithymia,55
Algorithms,1–2, 7
Allergies,62, 63, 72
AllTrials petition,15–16, 17
α-Adrenergic antihypertensive drugs,156–157
Alprazolamfor anxiety disorders,114–115
historical context,114–115
pharmacodynamics,107pharmacokinetics,116, 118
for sleep problems,161
Alternative treatments.
See Supplements
Alzheimer’s diseasemedications for delaying cognitive decline,158–159, 160
supplements and,202, 205
Amantadine,136, 264
American Psychiatric Association,133
Amisulpride,141
Amitriptyline,94, 120, 122, 230
Amoxapine,122–123
Amphetamine aspartate monohydrate,153–154
Amphetaminesabuse of,156
for ADHD,157–158
drug holidays for,156
duration of action,155
historical context,153, 155
monitoring use of,155–156
pharmacodynamics,107rebound events,153–154
Amphetamine salts,154
Amphetamine sulfate,154
Amyloid-β,232
Anecdotal evidence,13
Anorexia nervosa,201, 202, 252
Anorgasmia,125–126
Anticholinergic poisoning,263
Anticholinergic side effects,72, 123, 138, 264
Anticholinesterase inhibitors,136, 158, 159–160, 265
Anticonvulsantsdosage recommendations,74, 147
electroconvulsive therapy combined therapy,249
as mood stabilizers,133–135, 147, 151–152
oral contraceptives affected by,69
side effects,147, 148, 150, 151–152
suicidality risk and,267
Antidepressants,121–135.
See also Monoamine oxidase inhibitors; Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors; Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors; Trazodone; Tricyclic antidepressants
for ADHD,156–157
bipolar depression and,144
bupropion,125, 126, 127–129,
130dosage recommendations,134efficacy study,86
historical context,122–133
overview,121, 133–135
pharmacodynamics,95,
96pharmacokinetics,230
potentiators for,123
second-generation antipsychotics and,138
seizure risk,129
side effects,124,
134suicidality and,266–268
Antiemetics,263
Antihistaminic side effects,123, 138
Antipsychotics (major tranquilizers, neuroleptics),135–143
dosage recommendations,142
first-generation,135–136
historical context,135
neuroleptic malignant syndrome and,265–266
nicotine use and,233
route of administration,142–143
second-generation,136–141
sedation effect,142
side effects,136, 141–142, 264–265
suicidality risk and,267
time to response,142–143,
143weight gain and,141–142
Antithyroglobulin antibodies,71
Antithyroid peroxidase antibodies,71
Anxiety disordersassessment of,48–49,
52, 55, 72,
279caffeine and,231
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and,72
historical context,114–115, 160
medications for,113–121
mental status examination,52, 55
nicotine use and,232
supplements and,198, 205, 206
Anxiolytics.
See Minor tranquilizers
Aplastic anemia,147
Aplenzin,128
Appearance assessment,52, 61–63,
62,
279Appetite assessment,47,
279Appetite suppression,157
Aripiprazole,107, 140, 141, 143,
143Artificial intelligence (AI),5–6
Asenapine,140, 141,
231Assessment techniques,43–80
for adverse events,261–262
chief complaint,45–49, 278–280,
279, 282
family psychiatric history,51
general medical history and review of symptoms,61–73,
62laboratory and imaging assessments,70–71, 73–74,
73, 282,
283mental status examination,51–61
for monitoring treatment plans,277–289
overview,43–45
past psychiatric history,49–51
summary,74
Atomoxetine (Strattera),107, 131, 157, 158
Atypical antidepressants,131–132
Atypical antipsychotics.
See Second-generation antipsychotics
Auditory hallucinations,57–58
Autism,205
Autonomic hyperactivity,263
Balance evaluation,68
Barbital (Veronal),161
Barbiturates,114, 119, 161–162
Baseline observation carried forward (BOCF),19–20
Bayesian logic,3, 85, 98, 282–285
Benzaldehyde,234
Benzedrine (D-amphetamine+L-amphetamine),153
Benzodiazepinesfor anxiety disorders,114–121
historical context,114–115, 161
for insomnia,161–162
monitoring use of,118
as mood stabilizers,149
for neuroleptic malignant syndrome,265–266
pharmacokinetics,115–118,
116, 161
refills,286–287
side effects,119
suicidality and,115, 268
taper schedule,118, 286–287
tolerance, rebound and physiological dependence,117, 118, 161–162
withdrawal syndrome and,115–116, 117–118, 119, 162
Benztropine,136, 264
Best practices,6–7
β-Blockers,119–120
Beverages,229–232,
229.
See also Alcohol
Biasemergents and,97
emotions and,4–5, 84–85
in meta-analyses,25,
26for statistical significance,15
study methodology and,19–20
in treatment planning,84–85
“Big data,”5, 97
Binding affinity (Kd),106
Bioavailability,103–104
Biperiden,266
Bipolar depression,144, 204
Bipolar disorderelectroconvulsive therapy and,248
medication for,144
mixed bipolar states,144, 248, 268
nicotine use and,232
overview,144
postpartum depression and,222
second-generation antipsychotics for,137
stimulants use and,231
supplements and,198
transcranial direct current stimulation and,251
Birth and development,62, 63
Birth control methods,69, 197, 280–281,
281Bizarre delusions,58
Blood dyscrasia,151–152
Blood pressureassessment,61–63
hypertension,61–63, 157
hypotension,135, 136, 156
Blood sugar problems,68
BOCF (baseline observation carried forward),19–20
Body mass index,224–225,
224–
225Body Weight Planner (NIH),225
Bradykinesia,136, 264
Brain injuries.
See Head and brain injuries
Breastfeeding,204, 205,
281Brintellix,132
Bromides,114, 160–161
Bromocriptine,266
Bupropionfor ADHD,156–157
dosage recommendations,128, 129,
130,
134FDA warnings,128–129
historical context,128–129
for major depression,86
marketing,128–129
pharmacodynamics,96,
107, 127–128
seizure precautions,129
side effects,125, 126,
134for smoking cessation,234, 235
Buspirone,121
Caffeineassessment of use,64, 229, 281
follow-up checklist,281patient education on,230, 232
pharmacodynamics,107, 230–231,
231sleep disturbances and,221
smoking’s effect on levels of,233sources of,229–230,
229withdrawal syndrome and,231–232
Calcium levels,71,
74, 146, 203
Calories,224–225
Camphor,247
Cannabis,61, 64, 114, 227–228,
229, 281
Capsulotomy,251
Carbamazepine,74,
107, 147, 150
Cardiac ectopy,203–204
Cardiovascular system review,62, 72–73,
283Case reports,14, 31
Catapres (Clonidine),156
Catatonia,249, 266
Central anticholinergic syndrome,266
Cerebral folate deficiency,200
Cerebrovascular accidents,67, 72
Chief complaint,45–49, 278–280,
279, 282
Childhood trauma history,65–66
ChildrenADHD treatments,153, 154, 156, 157
antidepressant warnings for,267–268
anxiety disorder treatments,120
body mass index calculation,224
sleep hygiene recommendations,220, 221
Chloral hydrate,116, 160
Chlordiazepoxide,114,
116, 117
Chlorpromazine,135, 136, 153
Cholecalciferol,202–203
Chronic kidney disease (CKD),146–147
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,72
Cigarette smoking.
See Nicotine use
Cingulotomy,251
Citalopram,96,
107, 125,
134Clinical gossip,17, 83, 284
Clinical interview.
See Assessment techniques
Clinical observations,52, 94–95
ClinicalTrials.gov,16–17
Clobazam,115
Clock drawing test,68
Clomipraminehistorical context,123
for OCD,164–165
pharmacodynamics,107pharmacokinetics,230
smoking’s effect on levels of,233Clonazepamfor anxiety disorders,114
historical context,114
for insomnia,161
as mood stabilizer,149
pharmacokinetics,116taper schedule,118
Clonidine (Catapres, Kapvay),156
Clonus,263
Clorazepate,114,
116Closed head injuries.
See Head and brain injuries
Clozapineas antipsychotic,136–138
dosage recommendations,138
efficacy analysis,137, 151
historical context,136–137
monitoring use of,136–137
as mood stabilizer,137, 152
olanzapine comparison,139
pharmacodynamics,107pharmacokinetics,230,
231route of administration,142
side effects,136, 137, 138, 141
smoking’s effect on levels of,233weight gain and,141
Cocaine,229Cochrane Collaboration study registries,15–16
Cochran Q test,27
Cognitive confirmation bias,4
Cognitive disorders,152–160
ADHD,152–158
dementia,158–160
executive function impairment,158
mild cognitive impairment treatment,159–160
nicotine use and,233
supplements and,206
treating syndromes, not symptoms with,152, 158
vitamin D deficiency association,201
Cogwheel rigidity,136, 264
Complementary treatments.
See Supplements
Compliance assessment,50, 261–262,
279, 280, 286–287
Concentration assessment,47,
52,
279Concerta (methylphenidate osmotic release oral system),154
Confidence interval,22–23, 33
Consciousness, loss of,65, 66
Constipation,72
Continuation electroconvulsive therapy (C-ECT),248–249
Convergent thinking,6
Convulsive therapies,94, 95, 122, 247–249
Cooperation, of patient,52, 61,
279, 281
Creatinine serum levels,73, 146,
283Cyanocobalamin (vitamin B12) deficiency,197–198, 201,
202Cyproheptadine,263
Cytochrome P450 (CYP450) enzyme systemcaffeine and,230–231,
231drug–drug interactions and,106,
107, 108
nicotine and,232,
233serotonin syndrome and,263
Dantrolene,266
Data analysis.
See Meta-analysis; Study design and data analysis
Daytrana,154
Decaffeinated products,64, 221, 229–230
Deductive reasoning,2, 3, 93–94
Deep brain stimulation,251–252
Deep repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulations (rTMS),250–251
Delusionsassessment of,52, 57, 58, 60,
279, 280
as positive symptom,135
Delusions of reference,58
Dementiaassessment of,53, 56, 67–68
caffeine and,232
supplements and,198, 202, 205
treatments for delaying,158–159
Depot injections,142–143
Depressed moodelectroconvulsive therapy and,248
nicotine use and,232
as symptom,121
treatment,121, 132
vitamin D deficiency association,201–202
Depression.
See Bipolar disorder; Major depression
Desipramine,120, 122, 156
Desmethyldiazepam (nordiazepam),115–116
Desvenlafaxine,130,
134Dexmethylphenidate hydrochloride (Focalin and Focalin XR),154
Dextroamphetamine (Dexedrine, Dextrostat, Zenzedi),153, 155
Dextroamphetamine saccharate,153–154
Dextroamphetamine sulfate,154
Dextromethorphan,64,
107DHA (docosahexaenoic acid),204–205
Diabetes,62, 68
Diabetic ketoacidosis,137
Diarrhea,145, 166
Diazepamhistorical context,114
for insomnia,161
pharmacodynamics,107pharmacokinetics,115–117,
116taper schedule,118
Dieting.
See Weight gain and diet
Digit repetition assessment,53–54,
54Diphenhydramine,136, 264
Discontinuation syndrome,117, 125, 126–127
Dissociative symptoms,133
Disulfiram,165–166,
231Divalproex sodium,147–148
Divergent thinking,6
Dizziness,48–49, 121, 126, 130, 147, 263
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA),204–205
Donepezil,152, 158, 159
Dopamine and dopamine receptors dopamine theory of psychosis,135
second-generation antipsychotics and,138
tardive dyskinesia and,264
transporter testing,265
Dosagesmaximum tolerated dosages,18
optimal treatment dosage,86–87
preexisting medical conditions and,72
Double-blind randomized studies.
See Randomized controlled trials
Doxepin,122, 164
Dress appropriateness,52,
52,
279Dronabinol,228
Drug (illegal and recreational) use,64, 114, 156, 227–228,
229, 281,
281Drug–drug interactions,106,
107.
See also specific drugsDrug holidays,125, 156
Drug-induced parkinsonism (extrapyramidal syndrome),264
Drugs.
See Medications
Duloxetinedosage recommendations,134historical context,130
for major depression,130,
134pharmacodynamics,96,
107pharmacokinetics,230
side effects,134smoking’s effect on levels of,233Dyanavel XR,155
Dyskinesiasassessment,68
tardive dyskinesia,264–265
withdrawal dyskinesias,68, 264
Dysthymic disorder,121
Dystonic reactions,136, 264
Eating disorders,201, 202, 252
e-cigarettes,64, 233–234
Ecstasy (MDMA),229Effective half-life (t½),50, 104, 116–117
Efficacy analysis,18,
30–
31, 31
Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA),204–205
Ejaculation,69
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) efficacy analysis,248
historical context,247–248
indications,248, 249
mechanism of action,95
misconceptions,249
for neuroleptic malignant syndrome,266
protocol,248–249
Electroconvulsive therapy combined therapy,253
Electrolyte panel,73
Electronic (e-)cigarettes,64, 233–234
Emergents,97–98
Emotional biases,4–5, 84–85
Endocrinological system review,62, 68–71, 72
Energy, assessment of,46–47, 48,
279Energy drinks,230
Eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome (EMS),198
Ephedra,230
Epilepsy,115, 247, 252
EPS (extrapyramidal syndrome),136, 138, 139, 233, 264–265
Equilibrium dissociation constant (Kd),106
Erectile dysfunction,125–126
Escitalopram,125,
134, 165
Esketamine,132, 133
Estazolam,115,
116, 161
Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR),146–147
Estrogen,69,
231Eszopiclone,163
Ethical issuesclinical trial registrations,16
second opinions and,286
European Association of Science Editors,18
European Clinical Trials Database,16
European Medicines Agency,16
European Union Clinical Trials Register,16
Euthyroid,70, 71
Evekeo,155
Evidence-based medicine,13–42
clinical gossip and,17
interview techniques for,45
meta-analysis,24–32,
25–
26,
28,
30–
31study design and data analysis,17–24,
22study registries,15–16, 17
summary,32–33
validity problems,13–17
Executive function impairment,158.
See also Dementia
Exercise,221, 222–223
Expansive mood,55–56
Extrapyramidal syndrome (EPS),136, 138, 139, 233, 264–265
Eye contact,52,
52,
279Family psychiatric history,51
Fatigue,206, 231–232.
See also Sleep problems
FDAbioavailability monitoring by,104
bupropion warnings by,128–129,
130clozapine mandates by,137
dosage recommendations,86, 129,
130esketamine mandates by,133
mission of,129
Physicians’ Desk Reference by,86
study designs and,18, 19, 33
on study registries,16
suicidality drug warnings by,267, 268
Females.
See Gender issues
Fibromyalgia,130
First-generation antipsychotics (FGAs)historical context,135–136
as mood stabilizers,148–149
nicotine–drug interactions,136, 232, 233,
233route of administration,142–143
side effects,141–142, 233
time to response,142–143,
143Fish consumption,204, 205
Fish oil,204
Fixed effects,25–27, 29, 32
Flashbacks,50
Flat facies,264
Flax oil,204
Flight of ideas,56
Fluoxetinedosage recommendations,134efficacy studies,30–31, 84
historical context,124–125
for major depression,124–125
for OCD,125, 165
pharmacodynamics,96,
107pharmacokinetics,50, 105, 126, 127
serotonin syndrome and,262
side effects,134suicidality treatment,268
for treatment-resistant major depression,30–31, 84
weight loss and,124
Fluphenazine,135
Fluphenazine decanoate,142–143
Flurazepam,114,
116, 117, 161
Fluvoxaminecaffeine and,230,
231dosage recommendations,134, 165
historical context,125
for OCD,165
pharmacodynamics,107, 230,
231side effects,134Focalin and Focalin XR (dexmethyl-phenidate hydrochloride),154
Folate deficiency,197–198, 199, 200–201,
202Folinic acid,199
Forest plot,27–29,
28Forfivo XL,128
Frequentism,2, 4, 85
Frontotemporal dementias,158
Funnel plot,25,
26, 32
Gabaminergic agents.
See also Benzodiazepines; Gabapentin
for anxiety disorders,114–121
for insomnia,161–164
as mood stabilizers,149, 150–151
withdrawal syndrome and,117–118, 162
Gabapentin,72, 120–121, 150–151
Gait evaluation,68, 263
Galactorrhea,136
Galantamine (Razadyne),159
Gastrointestinal system review,62, 72,
283Gehry, Frank,6–7
Gender issuesendocrine system history,68–69
study methodology for addressing,18
Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD),120, 121
General medical history and review of symptoms,61–73, 278–282
allergies,63, 72
appearance,61–63
birth and development,63
cardiovascular,72–73
consciousness, loss of,65, 66
endocrinological,68–71, 72
gastrointestinal,72
hearing impairments,72
hematological,72
medications,63
menstruation and pregnancy,68–69
monitoring treatment plans and,278–282,
279,
283neurological,64–68
olfaction,72
orthopedic,72
overview,61,
62past medical problems,63, 64–67
respiratory,72
seizures,66
sexual desire, assessment of,48, 68
substance use,64
vision impairments,72
Generic medicationsbrand change precautions,154, 262, 281
pharmacokinetic differences,104, 149, 154
Genetic analysis.
See Pharmacogenomics
Geneticsof mood and anxiety symptoms and,222
MTHFR polymorphisms testing,200, 201
pharmacogenomics,106–108
serotonin syndrome and,263
Ginkgo biloba,206
Ginseng,206, 230
Goiter,72
Green tea,230
Grooming assessment,52,
52,
277Guanfacine,156
Gynecomastia,136
Halazepam,114
Half-life (t½),104–105, 115–116
Hallucinationsassessment of,52, 72,
279, 280
auras and,67
mental status examination,52
as positive symptom,135
thought content assessment and,57–58
vitamin D toxicity and,204
Haloperidol,135, 136
Haloperidol decanoate,143
Hand tremor,145
Hashimoto’s disease (thyroiditis),69–71
Headaches,66–67, 151, 263
Head and brain injuriesgeneral history of,64–66, 73–74
sleep-deprivation and,73–74
Head-to-head studies,15
Hearing impairments,72
Heat stroke,266
Hematological system review,62, 72,
283Hepatotoxicity,148
Herbal tea,229–230
Herbal treatments.
See Supplements
Heroin,229Heterogeneity, of results,27–28
High blood pressure,61–63, 157
HIV antivirals (ritonavir),107Homocysteine,201,
2025-HT2 and 5-HT3 heteroreceptor agonist,131–132, 138
5-HT2 and 5-HT3 heteroreceptor inhibitor,131, 138
Human reasoning.
See Reasoning
Hunter criteria, for serotonin syndrome,263
Hydroxyzine,153
Hyperactivity.
See ADHD
Hypercalcemia,203–204
Hypercalciuria,203–204
Hypericum perforatum (St. John’s wort),107, 197
Hyperparathyroidism,146, 204
Hyperreflexia,263
Hypersomia (oversleeping),46, 221
Hypertension,61–63, 157
Hyperthermia,263, 265–266
Hyperthyroidism,69–71
Hypnagogic and hypnopompic illusions,57
Hypnotics,160.
See also Soporifics
Hypoglycemia,68
Hypoglycemic convulsions,247
Hypomania,198
Hyponatremia,148, 151–152
Hypotension,135, 136, 156
Hypothyroidism,69–70, 72
I2 measurement,27, 29, 32
Ibuprofen,107Ideas of reference,58
123I-ioflupane dopamine transporter protocol,265
Illusions,57
Imipraminefor ADHD,156
historical context,94, 120, 122
for panic disorder,120
pharmacodynamics,230
Immediate memory problems,67
Impulse-control problemsalcohol dependence,165–167
obsessive-compulsive disorder,133–135, 164–165, 205, 251, 252
Inborn errors of metabolism,200
Inductive reasoning,2, 3–4, 93–94
Infertility,136
Insight assessment,52, 60,
279Insomnia.
See Sleep problems
Insulin shock,247–248
Integrated data analysis (pooled data),25, 32
Intention to treat (ITT),18–20
International Clinical Trials Registry Platform,16
Interview (clinical).
See Assessment techniques
Intuniv,156
123I-ioflupane dopamine transporter protocol,265
Isocarboxazid,122
Isoniazid,94, 122
ITT (intention to treat),18–20
Jet lag,198–199
Judgment assessment,52, 60,
279Kapvay (Clonidine),156
Kava kava (Piper methysticum),206
Kcal (calories),224–225
Ketamine,107, 132–133
Keynes, John Maynard,83, 85
Kidney function.
See Renal function
Kidney stones,71, 72, 151, 203–204
Kindling,147
Labile affect,56
Laboratory and diagnostic studies,70–71, 73–74,
73, 282,
283Lactate production,223
Lamotrigine,69, 149–150
Last observation carried forward (LOCF),19–20
Laudanum,114
Learning disorders,62, 63
Levomilnacipran,130
Lewy body dementia,158, 159
Libido assessment,48,
62,
279Lifestyle supports,219–245
for alcohol cessation,226–227
for drug use avoidance,227–228,
229exercise,222–223
monitoring,281
for nicotine avoidance,232–235
overview,219
sleep hygiene,219–222
for stimulants avoidance,229–232,
229summary,235–236
weight and diet,223–226
Lisdexamfetamine,155
Listening to Prozac (Kramer),124
Lithiumefficacy,147–148
electroconvulsive therapy combined therapy,249
historical context,144
renal function and,72, 145, 146–147
route of administration,144–145
salt intake and,145
serum levels,74, 87, 145, 282
side effects,145
teratogenicity risk,21, 23
toxicity,21, 23, 145–146, 266
Lithobid,145
Liver function,72, 73, 148
L-Methylfolate (Deplin),199–201
LOCF (last observation carried forward),19–20
Long-term memory problems,54–55, 67
Loose associations,56
Lorazepam,114,
116, 118, 161
Losartan,107Loxapine,122–123
L-Tryptophan,198–199
Lurasidone,141,
143Machine learning,5, 97–98
Major depressionexecutive function impairment and,158
hormones and,69–70, 71
medications for,121–135,
134.
See also Antidepressants
nicotine use and,232
past psychiatric history assessment of,49
pregnancy and,204, 205, 222
somatic treatments for,248, 251, 252–253
supplements and,197–198, 202, 204
treating syndromes, not symptoms with,121
treatment-resistant,30–32, 84, 122, 138, 199, 200, 253
Major tranquilizers,135.
See also Antipsychotics
Malaise,147
Males.
See Gender issues
Malignant hyperthermia,266
Maniaassessment,48, 58
electroconvulsive therapy and,248, 249
medications for,147–148
supplement side effect,198, 206
transcranial direct current stimulation and,251
MAOIs.
See Monoamine oxidase inhibitors
Maprotiline,96, 131
Maximum serum concentration (Cmax,ss),104
Maximum tolerated dosages,18
MDMA (Ecstasy),229Mechanisms of action,83, 85–86, 95, 98.
See also Pharmacodynamics
Medical history.
See General medical history and review of symptoms
Medically significant rashes,150
Medications,113–194.
See also Adverse events; Side effects
allergies to,63
for anxiety disorders,113–121, 133, 267.
See also Benzodiazepines
for cognitive disorders,152–160.
See also Cognitive disorders
general medical history review of,50,
62, 63–64
for impulse-control problems,164–167.
See also Impulse-control
problems for major depression,121–135.
See also Antidepressants
monitoring treatment plans,277–289.
See also Monitoring treatment plans
for mood stabilization,143–152.
See also Mood stabilizers
for psychosis,135–143.
See also Antipsychotics
for sleep problems,160–164.
See also Soporifics
summary,167
Melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine),198–199
Melatonin agonist,163
Memantine,158, 159, 160
Memes, defined,1–2
Memory lapses,47, 53–55, 67–68
Menstruation and pregnancy history,62, 68–69, 280–281,
281Mental health history,49–51
Mental status examination (MSE),51–61
of anxiety,55
insight and,60
judgment and,60
of memory lapses,47, 53–55
monitoring symptoms through,278–280,
279overview,51–52,
52reliability of,60–61
of sensorium,52–53
of thought content,57–60
of thought processing,56–57
Meprobamate,114, 153
Meta-analysis,24–32,
25–
26,
28,
30–
31Metabolism.
See Pharmacokinetics
Metadate CD,154
Methadone,107Methodology, validity problems and,13–15
L-Methylfolate (Deplin),199–201
Methylin,154
Methylmalonic acid,201,
202Methylphenidateabuse of,156
for ADHD,157–158
drug holidays for,156
duration of action,153, 154
for executive function impairment,158
historical context,153
monitoring use of,155–156
rebound events,153–154
route of administration,154–155
Methylphenidate osmotic release oral system (OROS),154
Midazolam,115,
116Migraines,67, 151
Milnacipran,130
Minimal brain dysfunction,49.
See also ADHD
Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE),67–68, 280
Minorities, inclusion in Phase III studies,18
Minor tranquilizers (anxiolytics),113–121
antidepressants as,133
benzodiazepines as,114–119,
116.
See also Benzodiazepines
β-blockers as,119–120
buspirone as,121
gabaminergic agent as,120–121
historical context,114–116
serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors as,120
side effects,119, 120–121
suicidality risk and,267
treating syndromes, not symptoms with,113–114
withdrawal syndrome and,117–118
Mirtazapine,96, 131,
233Mixed bipolar states,144, 248, 268
MMSE (Mini-Mental State Examination),67–68, 280
Modafinil,107, 157, 158
Modified BOCF (baseline observation carried forward),19–20
Monitoring treatment plans,277–289
assessment techniques,277
general medical history,281–282,
283laboratory and diagnostic studies,282,
283lifestyle issues,281
medication review,280–281,
281overview,277–278
progress assessment,282–285
reevaluation and,286–287
referrals and,285
second opinions,285–286
summary,287
symptom review,278–280,
279time interval recommendations,286
Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)for anxiety disorders,120
discontinuation syndrome and,126–127
electroconvulsive therapy combined therapy,249
historical context,122
pharmacodynamics,95,
96Monoamine theory,95,
96Mood disordersmedications for,143–152.
See also Mood stabilizers
mental status examination for,52, 55–56
neurovegetative symptom review for,48
progesterone’s effect on,69
Mood stabilizers,143–152
antipsychotics as,137, 148–149
carbamazepine,74, 147
clonazepam,149
divalproex sodium,147–148
gabaminergic agents,149, 150–151
historical context,144
lamotrigine,149–150
lithium,144–147
overview,143–144
oxcarbazepine,150, 151–152
topiramate,151
valproate,73,
74, 147, 149–150
Mood symptoms,201,
279Motivation assessment,48
Mottos,6–7
MSE.
See Mental status examination
MTHFR polymorphism,199, 200
Muscular rigidity,265–266
Nabilone,228
Nabiximols,228
N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine (melatonin),198–199
Nalmefene,166–167
Naltrexone,166, 167
Narcolepsy,157, 158, 164
National Institutes of Health (NIH)body mass index calculation,224
Body Weight Planner,225
on study design,18
Nauseacannabis for,227
general medical history of,72
lithium toxicity symptom,145–146
medications for,263
reported as allergy by patient,63
as side effect,72, 145, 158–159
with withdrawal syndrome,117, 226
Nefazodone,131
Negative symptoms,135, 136
Network meta-analysis,29–30,
30–
31Neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS),263, 265–266
Neuroleptics,135.
See also Antipsychotics
Neuroleptization,142
Neurological system review,62, 64–68
Neuromodulators,133–135, 147.
See also Anticonvulsants
Neuropathic pain,130
Neurovegetative symptom review,45–46.
See also Chief complaint
Neutropenia,136–137, 148
Nicotine patch,234–235
Nicotine useassessment of,281
drug–nicotine interaction,136, 232, 233,
233general history of,64
nicotine replacement options,234–235
pharmacokinetics,232,
233prevalence of,232
tapering schedule,232–234,
281NIH.
See National Institutes of Health
Nitrazepam,114
NMDA receptor antagonist,132–133, 158, 159
NNH (number needed to harm),24,
25NNT (number needed to treat),24,
25Nocturia,68
Nonprescription treatments.
See Supplements
Nordiazepam (desmethyldiazepam),115–116
Norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor.
See Bupropion
Norfluoxetine,50,
107Nortriptyline,87, 122
Null hypothesis,4, 15, 23–24
Number needed to harm (NNH),24,
25Number needed to treat (NNT),24,
25Nursing mothers,204, 205,
281Nutritional supplements.
See Supplements
Objective symptoms,278–279,
279Observationsof clinical benefit,93–95
of patients,52
Occam’s razor,82
OCDmedications for,125, 133–135, 164–165
psychosurgery and,251
somatic treatments for,252
supplement efficacy and,205
treatment-resistant,251
Odds,22,
22Odds ratio,21–22,
22, 23, 32
Olanzapinefluoxetine potentiation study,30–32
historical context,139
as mood stabilizer,152
pharmacodynamics,107pharmacokinetics,230
for psychosis,139, 140, 142
route of administration,142, 143
sedation effect,139, 140
side effects,139, 141, 152
smoking’s effect on levels of,233time to response,143weight gain side effect,139, 141
Olfaction,72
Olfactory hallucinations,58, 72, 280
Omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs),204–205
Ondansetron,263
One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest (film),249
Open-label studies,14, 31–32
Opiate antagonist,166
Opiateshalf-life,229historical context,114
physiological dependence and,117
for sleep problems,160
Optimal treatment dosage,86–87
Oral contraceptives,69, 197
Orexin receptor antagonists,163–164
Orgasm,68, 125–126, 128
Orthomolecular movement,196
Orthopedic system review,62, 72
Overeaters Anonymous,226
Oversleeping (hypersomnia),46, 221
Over-the-counter (OTC) self-treatment.
See Supplements
Oxazepam,114, 116,
116Oxcarbazepine,107, 150, 151–152
P50 gating,233
Paliperidone,138–139
Paliperidone palmitate,143
Panax ginseng (ginseng),206
Panax quinquefolius (ginseng),206
Pancreatitis,148
Panic disorders,120, 223
Paranoia,57, 58
Paranoid delusions,60
Parathyroid hormone (PTH),71,
74, 146, 202
Parkinson’s disease,158–159, 252, 264–265
Paroxetinefor anxiety disorders,120
dosage recommendations,134drug holidays and,125
historical context,120
for major depression,124
for OCD,165
pharmacodynamics,107side effects,134Past medical history, review of,62, 63, 64–67
Past psychiatric history,49–51
Patient registries,20–21
Peak serum concentration (Cmax),104
Peer review,2, 13–14, 45
Pemoline,155
Pentius et mehodice, omni tempore,6–7
Pentylenetetrazol,247
Perceptual illusions,57
Perinatal depression,204
Peripartum depression,205
Peripheral hypertonicity,263
Personalized treatment,87–88
Pervasive anhedonia assessment,48
Pharmacodynamics,103, 105–106,
107Pharmacogenomics,103, 106–108
Pharmacokineticscytochrome P450 enzyme system and,106,
107, 108, 230,
231, 232,
233, 263
discontinuation syndrome and,126–127
generic medications differences,104, 149, 154
metabolites and excretion rate,115–117,
116, 230,
231overview,103–105
past medical history review and,50
taper schedules,118, 286–287
Phase I–IV studies,18
Phencyclidine,132,
229Phenelzine,122
Phenobarbital,107, 153, 161
Phenothiazine,135
Phenytoin,107, 206
Phosphorus serum levels,71,
74, 146, 203
Physical examination referrals,61
Physicians’ Desk Reference,86
“Pill-rolling” tremor,136, 264
Pimozide,107Piper methysticum (kava kava),206
Planned drug holidays,125, 156
Polycystic ovarian syndrome,148
Polyuria,145, 203–204
Pooled data,25, 32
Positive symptoms,135–136
Postpartum depression,204, 222
Posttraumatic nightmares,50
Postural hypotension,138
Potassium bromide,160–161
Potency,106, 136
Predictive value,27, 29
Prefrontal asymmetry theory,250
Pregnancybody mass index calculation,224
depression and,204, 205, 222
family psychiatric history and,51
general medical history review,61, 68–69,
281prospective studies for drug safety,20–21
teratogenetic medications,148, 199
Preponderance, of data,85
Prescription refill guidelines,128, 156, 286–287
Priapism,124
Primary parathyroidism,71
Primidone,107Prior probability biases,97
Probability theory,4, 83–86
Procentra,155
Progesterone,69
Prolactin levels,136, 137, 138, 140, 141
Promethazine,135
Propranolol,119
Prospective analyses,20–21
Prospective registries,20–21
Protein binding, of medications,105
Protriptyline,122
Proverbs,57
Prozac.
See Fluoxetine
Pseudodementia,67
Pseudoephedrine,64, 229, 231
Pseudoparkinsonian side effects (extrapyramidal syndrome),136, 138, 139, 233, 264–265
Psychiatric history,45–74
chief complaint,45–49, 278–280,
279, 282
family psychiatric history,51
general medical history and review of symptoms,61–73
laboratory and diagnostic studies,70–71, 73–74,
73mental status examination,51–61
past psychiatric history,49–51
Psychopharmacology.
See Rational psychopharmacology
Psychosis, treatment of,135–143, 248.
See also Antipsychotics
Psychotherapy sessionspast psychiatric history of,50–51
psychopharmacology sessions combined with,44
Psychotomimetic side effects,133
PTH (parathyroid hormone),71,
74, 146, 202
PTSD,119
Publication bias,25,
26P values,4, 22–24
Q test,27
Quazepam,115
Quetiapine,139,
143, 152
QuilliChew ER,155
Quillivant XR,154–155
Racing thoughts,56–57
Radomski criteria, for serotonin syndrome,263
Ramelteon,163,
233Random effects,25–27, 29, 32
Random numbers assessment test,53–54,
54Randomized controlled trials (RCTs)clinical observations followed-up with,94
meta-analysis comparison,30
overview,4, 13
rational thought and,98
registry database for,15–16, 17
study design and data analysis,18, 31–32
treatment planning decisions and,85–86
Range of affect,55–56
Rapastinel,133
Rapid thinking,56–57
Rashes, medically significant,150
Rational psychopharmacologyassessment techniques,43–80, 277–289
evidence-based medicine and,13–42
lifestyle supports for,219–245
on supplement efficacy,195–217
thinking thoroughly and methodically,1–11, 93–101
treatments,81–92, 113–194, 247–259
Razadyne (galantamine),159
RCTs.
See Randomized controlled trials
Reasoningabductive,93–101
artificial intelligence and,5–6
assessment of use,57
deductive,2, 3, 93–94
inductive,2, 3–4, 93–94
mottos on,6–7
scientific method and,2–5, 93–94
summary,7
threats to,4–5
Rebound events,117, 118, 153–154
Reboxetine,131
Receptor specificity,105–106
Recreational drug use,51, 64, 114, 227–228,
229, 281,
281Red ginseng,206
Reductionism,94–95
Referrals,61, 285
Refill guidelines, for medications,128, 156, 286–287
Register of Lithium Babies,21
Registries,15–16, 17, 20–21
Relative risk (risk ratio),21–22,
22, 23, 27–29, 32
Reliability assessment,52, 60–61,
279Reminyl,159
Renal functionkidney stones,71, 72, 151, 203–204
lithium and,72, 145, 146–147
parathyroid function and,71
Repetition of digits assessment,53–54,
54Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS),250–251
Reserpine,135
Respiratory system review,72
Restless agitation (akathisia),136, 233
Retrospective analyses,20
Retrospective registries,20
Reversible anticholinesterase inhibitors,158
Review of symptoms.
See General medical history and review of symptoms
Rigidity (muscular),265–266
Riluzole,231Risknumber needed to harm (NNH) and,24, 25
Risk ratio (relative risk),21–22,
22, 23, 27–29, 32
Risperidoneas antipsychotic,138–139
as mood stabilizer,152
pharmacodynamics,107psychodynamics,138
route of administration,143
side effects,138–139
time to response,143Ritalin SR and LA,154
Ritonavir,107Rivastigmine,158–159
Safety analysis,18, 24, 31
Salivation, excessive,138
SAMe (S-adenosyl-L-methionine),197–198
Sample bias (selection error),25
Sampling error,2, 20
Schizoaffective disorder,149
Schizophreniaassessment techniques,58
convulsive therapies and,94, 247–248
deep brain stimulation and,252
historical context,247–248
medication options,138, 141, 142–143
nicotine use and,233
supplement and,205
supplements and,196, 200, 204, 205
Scientific methoddevelopment of,2–4
motto for,6–7
reasoning and,2–5, 93–94
summary,7
threats to,4–5
Secondary parathyroidism,71
Second-generation antipsychotics (SGAs),136–143.
See also Clozapine; Olanzapine; Risperidone
dosage recommendations,138, 139
historical context,136–137, 138–141
as mood stabilizers,137
nicotine–drug interactions,136, 232, 233,
233pharmacodynamics,137, 138
pharmacokinetics,138–139, 230
route of administration,140, 142–143
side effects,136, 138–139, 141–142, 233, 265
tardive dyskinesia (TD) and,136, 138, 265
time to response,142–143,
143weight gain and,136, 138, 139, 140–142
Second-generation serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors,95,
96, 129–131.
See also Duloxetine; Mirtazapine; Venlafaxine
Second opinions,88, 285–286
Sedationα-adrenergic antihypertensive drug side effect,156
anticonvulsant side effect,147
antidepressant side effect,124
antipsychotic side effect,138, 142
historical context,160–161
valproic acid side effect,148
Sedative-hypnotics,160.
See also Soporifics
Seizuresevaluation for,73
historical context,160, 247–248
neurological system review for,66
risk of,129, 138, 147
Seizure threshold,129, 138, 147
Selection error (sample bias),25
Selective D2L partial agonist,140
Selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors,131, 157
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs).
See also Citalopram; Fluoxetine; Nefazodone; Sertraline
for anxiety disorders,120
discontinuation syndrome and,126–127, 131
historical context,124–125
for major depression,124–125, 199
for OCD,133, 165
receptor affinities,95,
96side effects,125–126, 128
St. John’s wort–drug interaction,197
supplement interactions with,197
for treatment-resistant depression,199
Selegiline,122
Self-harmassessment of,52, 59, 60,
279family history of,51
Sensorium assessment,52–53
Serial subtraction of numbers assessment,53
Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs).
See also Tricyclic antidepressants
about,95,
96for ADHD,197
for anxiety disorders,120
discontinuation syndrome and,126
historical context,129–131, 133
sexual side effects,125
St. John’s wort–drug interaction,197
Serotonin syndromeclinical features,263
diagnosis,263
differential diagnosis,266
discontinuation syndrome and,127
medications precautions,127, 165, 262–263
patient education and,264
supplements and,197, 198
treatment,263
Sertindole,141
Sertraline,107, 120, 124–125,
134, 165
Sex and Gender Equity in Research Guidelines (EASE),18
Sexual desire, assessment of,48,
62, 68,
279Sexual side effects,124, 125–127, 128
SGAs.
See Second-generation antipsychotics
Shift-work sleep disorder,198–199, 220
Shock treatment/shock therapy,249
Short-term memory assessment,47, 67
Side effects.
See also specific side effects
assessment of,280
as mechanisms of action,95
Silenor,164
Simvastatin,107Sleep hygieneassessment of,46–47, 220,
279daily rhythm of sleep,220, 221
duration recommendation,220
importance of,219, 222
postpartum,221–222
room temperature and,221
Sleep problemsADHD medication side effect,157
assessment of,46–47, 220,
279beverages and,221
blue light and,220–221
eating and,221
exercising and,221
historical context,160–161
lifestyle support for,219–222.
See also Sleep hygiene
medications causing,124–125
medications for,160–164.
See also Soporifics
napping and,221
overview,160
postpartum depression and,221–222
supplements and,198–199, 205, 206
treating syndromes, not symptoms with,160
Smoking cessation.
See Nicotine use
SNRIs.
See Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors
Social anxiety disorder,120
Social phobia,228
Sodium serum levelsaccepted range,74anticonvulsants’ effect on,151–152
lithium’s effect on,145, 146
Somatic treatments,247–259
convulsive therapies,94, 95, 122, 247–249
deep brain stimulation,251–252
past psychiatric history assessment of,50–51
summary,253–254
transcranial direct current stimulation,251
transcranial magnetic stimulation,249–251
vagus nerve stimulation,252–253
Somnambulism,162
Soporifics (hypnotics, sedative-hypnotics)barbiturates as,161
gabaminergic agents as,161–164.
See also Benzodiazepines
historical context,160–161
melatonin agonist,163
orexin receptor antagonists as,163–164
somnambulism and,162
suicidality risk and,267
tricyclic antidepressants as,164
withdrawal syndrome and,119, 162
Speech assessment,52,
279Speech latency,56–57
SSRIs.
See Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
Statistical significance,15, 22, 23–24
Steady-state serum concentration (Cav,ss),104–105
Sternbach criteria, for serotonin syndrome,263
Stevens-Johnson syndrome,149, 150, 157
Stimulants,249, 286.
See also Amphetamines; Caffeine; Methylphenidate; Pseudoephedrine
St. John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum),107, 197
Strattera (atomoxetine),107, 131, 157, 158
Study design and data analysis,17–24,
22.
See also Meta-analysis
Study registries,15–16, 17, 20–21
Subgroup analysis,29
Subjective symptoms,279–280
Sublingual antipsychotic medication,140
Substance (illegal and recreational) use,64, 114, 156, 227–228,
229, 281,
281Suicidalityassessment of,58–60
demographics,268
family history of,51
FDA drug warnings on,267, 268
historical context,266–267
medications associated with risk of,123, 266–267
treatments,267–268
Supplementsdrug–drug interactions,197, 198
ginkgo biloba,206
ginseng,206
kava kava,206
L-Methylfolate,199–201
monitoring serum levels of,282,
283omega-3 fatty acids,204–205
overview,195–197
review of,280,
281SAMe (S-adenosyl-L-methionine),197–198
St. John’s wort,197
summary,207–208
L-Tryptophan,198–199
valerian,205
vitamin B12,201,
202vitamin D,201–204
Suvorexant,163–164
Sweating, assessment of,68
Symptom review (chief complaint),45–49, 278–280,
279, 282
Syndromes (targeting syndromes, not symptoms)for cognitive disorders,152, 158
for major depression,121
for sleep problems,160
treatment planning based on,81–83, 98
Synthetic cannabinoids,228
Systems thinking,6
Tacrine,158,
233Tactile hallucinations,58, 280
Talking Back to Prozac (Breggin and Breggin),124
Tangentiality,56
Tardive dyskinesia (TD)anticholinergic agents and,136, 265
antipsychotics and,135, 136, 138, 265
baseline assessment,68
diagnosis,264–265
emotional biases and,84
monitoring for,136, 265
overview,264
treatment,136, 265
Tau aggregation,232
TCAs.
See Tricyclic antidepressants
TD.
See Tardive dyskinesia
tDCS (transcranial direct current stimulation),251
Teas,229–230
Temazepam,114, 116–117,
116, 161
Tension headaches,67
Testosterone,69
Theophylline,197,
231Therapeutic alliance,7, 60–61, 81, 228, 261
Thioridazine,135
Thiothixene,135, 136
Third-generation antipsychotic,140.
See also Aripiprazole
Thought content,52, 56, 57–60,
279Thought processing,52, 56–57,
279Thrombocytopenia,148
Thromboses,72
Thyroid function,69–70, 72
Thyroiditis (Hashimoto’s disease),69–71
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)tests,70–71,
74, 146
Thyroxine,146
Time to maximal concentration (tmax),103–104
Tiredness assessment,47
Toleranceto caffeine,240
to medication,284
Topiramate,107, 151, 166–167
Tourette syndrome,252
Tranquilizers.
See Antipsychotics; Minor tranquilizers
Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS),251
Transcranial magnetic stimulation,249–251
Tranylcypromine,122
Traumain general history and review of systems,64–66
in past psychiatric history,49–50
Trazodonehistorical context,123–124
pharmacodynamics,107as sedative,124–125, 160
sexual side effects and,124, 126
for short-term sleep assistance,160
Treatment planning,81–92
abductive reasoning and,93–94, 97–98
optimal treatment dosage,86–87
overview,81–83
personalized treatment and patient education,87–88
probabilities and,83–86
progress assessment,282–285
summary,88
Treatment-resistant depression,30–32, 84, 122, 138, 199, 200, 253
Treatment-resistant mania,249
Treatment-resistant OCD,251
Treatment-resistant psychosis,248
Tremorslithium side effect,145
lithium toxicity and,145–146
screening for,68, 136
serotonin syndrome and,263
Triazolam,114–115,
116, 161
Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs)for ADHD,156
for anxiety disorders,120
discontinuation syndrome and,126–127
historical context,94, 122–123, 131, 133
for OCD,164–165
overview,133,
134pharmacodynamics,95,
96pharmacokinetics,230
side effects,123
Trifluoperazine,135, 136
Trihexyphenidyl,136, 264
Trimipramine,122
Trintellix,132
Triptans,197, 262
Trough serum concentration (Ctrough),104
L-Tryptophan,198–199
TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone) tests,70–71,
74, 146
Tumescence,69
12-step programsfor alcohol avoidance,165
for drug use avoidance,228
for weight loss,226
Type I errors,16, 23, 24, 29
Type II errors,19, 23
Tyramine-free diet,122,
123Unconscious bias,4–5
Unipolar depression.
See Major depression
Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS),252–253
Valerian (Valeriana officinalis),205
Valproate (Depakote),73,
74, 147, 149–150
Valproic acid,72,
107, 206
Vanillin,234
Vaping,233–234
Varenicline,234, 235
Vascular dementia,158, 202
Venlafaxine,107, 129–130, 158, 268
Venlafaxine XL,134Verapamil,107, 152, 230–231,
231Veronal (barbital),161
Viloxazine,131
Violence assessment,51,
52,
279Vision impairments,72
Visual distortions,151
Visual hallucinations,57–58
Vital signs,61–62
Vitamin B12 deficiency,197–198, 201,
202Vitamin Ddeficiency,71,
74, 201–203
sensitivity,204
toxicity,74, 203–204
Vomiting,146
Vortioxetine,131–132,
134Vyvanse,155
Warfarin,107Weight gain and dietantidepressant side effect,124
antipsychotics and,136, 138, 139, 140–142
assessment of,47, 61–62,
279lifestyle supports,223–226
lithium side effect,145
second-generation antipsychotics and,138, 140, 141–142
Weight loss,124
Weight Watchers,226
Wellbutrin,128.
See also Bupropion
White ginseng,206
Withdrawal dyskinesias,68, 264
Withdrawal syndromealcohol and,117, 147, 162, 226
barbiturates and,162
benzodiazepines and,115–116, 117–118, 119, 162
caffeine and,231–232
discontinuation syndrome vs.,126
management of,117–118, 147
opiates and,117
pharmacokinetics of,115
Word recall assessment,53
Word salad,56
World Health Organization (WHO),16
World Medical Association,16
WWACCH symptom review,46, 48, 278
Zaleplon,163
Zenzedi (dextroamphetamine),153, 155
Ziprasidone,107, 139–140, 142,
143Zolpidem,107, 162–163,
233Zotepine,141
Zyban,128.
See also Bupropion
