No access

Published Online: 24 March 2023

Index

Publication: Laboratory Medicine in Psychiatry and Behavioral Science

https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9781615379897.index

Get full access to this content

View all available purchase options and get full access to this content.

Page numbers in boldface refer to primary discussions. For interpretation of abbreviations, such as ACTH, see the guide printed on the volume endpapers.

Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS),

577

Absence seizures,

541

Acamprosate,

576

Acetaminophen,

291, 394

N-acetyl aspartate (NAA),

188

Acetylcholinesterase,

502

Acetylsalicylic acid,

204

Acid-base imbalance,

Acid-fast bacilli (AFB),

265

Acidosis,

74, 288, 295

Acoustic neuroma,

121

Acquired CJD,

368

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

.See HIV/AIDS

Acromegaly,

161

Acute cholinergic crisis,

502

Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis,

495

Acute intermittent porphyria (AIP),

278, 522

Acute tubular necrosis (ATN),

399

Addison’s disease,

88, 278.See also Hypocortisolism

Adipose tissue,

260

Adrenal insufficiency,

2, 330–331

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH),

2–3, 370, 371

Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale,

346

Affective disorder, and MRI,

185

Age

.See Children; Older adults

Agitation

.See also Irritability

catatonia and,

355

glucose levels and,

139

lorazepam and,

178

Agranulocytosis,

577

AIDS

.See HIV/AIDS

Akathisia, and restless legs syndrome,

534

Akinetic mutism, and CJD,

368

Alanine transaminase (ALT),

4–6, 31, 83, 175, 176

Albumin,

7–8.See also Urine albumin

bilirubin cycle and,

636, 636

CMP and,

hypocalcemia and,

441

liver function tests and,

175

serum level of,

225

urine and,

384

Albuminuria,

291

Alcohol

.See also Alcoholism; Alcohol use disorder; Blood alcohol level; Ethanol

anxiety and withdrawal from,

345

benzodiazepines and,

78, 103, 127, 178, 244

chlordiazepoxide and,

fatty liver disease and,

401

osmolality and,

203

pancreatitis and,

506, 508

sedative-hypnotics and,

392

thiamine deficiency and,

556

thrombocytopenia and,

558

toxicity of,

triglycerides and,

260

urine bilirubin and,

272

urine drug screen and,

283

Alcohol dehydrogenase inhibitor,

197

Alcoholic fatty liver disease,

401

Alcoholism

.See also Alcohol; Alcohol use disorder

amylase and,

carbon dioxide levels and,

CSF protein and,

ethylene glycol level and,

119

folate level and,

128

liver function tests and,

176

Marchiafava-Bignami disease and,

473

testosterone level and,

245

tuberculosis and,

562

Alcohol use disorder (AUD),

332–334.See also Alcohol; Alcoholism; Substance use

alanine transaminase and,

4, 5

alkaline phosphatase and,

ammonia levels and,

aspartate transaminase and,

31, 32

bilirubin and,

37, 38

blood alcohol level and,

carbohydrate-deficient transferrin and,

chlordiazepoxide level and,

follicle-stimulating hormone and,

131

gamma-glutamyltransferase and,

137

glucose levels and,

139

homocysteine level and,

156

lipase and,

167

magnesium and,

182

mania and,

471

mean corpuscular volume and,

193

methanol level and,

197, 483

phosphate and,

209

potassium and,

217

protein and,

225

pyridoxine level and,

227

reticulocyte count and,

234

syphilis testing and,

242

thiamine level and,

249

triglycerides and,

260

uric acid and,

267

vitamin B₁₂ level and,

307

Wernicke’s encephalopathy and,

570

Aldosterone,

9–10

Alkaline phosphatase (ALP),

11–13, 83, 175, 176

Alkalosis,

74, 295

Allergies,

84, 313, 315

Alprazolam,

14, 284, 622.See also Benzodiazepines

Aluminum toxicity,

335–336

Alzheimer’s disease (AD),

337–338

aluminum toxicity and,

335–336

apolipoprotein E genotyping and,

CSF and,

60, 70

daytime somnolence and,

201

dementia and,

375, 409

homocysteine level and,

156

lead poisoning and,

460

lithium level and,

172

mild neurocognitive disorder and,

485, 486

secondary psychosis and,

530

thiamine deficiency and,

556

total iron-binding capacity and,

256

vitamin D level and,

309

WBC count and,

320

Amenorrhea,

117, 131, 445

American Association for Clinical Chemistry,

American Cancer Society,

191, 223

American College of Cardiology,

631

American Diabetes Association,

148, 383, 384

American Porphyria Foundation,

522

American Psychiatric Association,

632

American Society of Health-System Pharmacists,

American Urological Association,

245

Amitriptyline,

613, 622

Ammonia,

15–16

Amnesia

inhalant abuse and,

391

Korsakoff’s syndrome and,

557

mild cognitive impairment and,

485

syphilis and,

551

Wernicke’s encephalopathy and,

570

Amniocentesis, and Down syndrome,

387

Amoxapine,

622

Amphetamines,

283, 284, 390, 576

Amylase,

17–18

Amyloid PET scanning,

486

Amyloidosis,

297

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS),

172, 408

Anabolic steroids,

247, 443, 445

Analgesics,

209, 291.See also Acetaminophen; Aspirin

Anemia,

339–340.See also specific types

fecal blood testing and,

123

ferritin and,

125

folate level and,

128

hematocrit and,

144

hemoglobin and,

146

iron deficiency and,

81, 125, 165

mean corpuscular volume and,

193

RBC count and,

231

reticulocyte count and,

234

total iron-binding capacity and,

256

Anesthesia, and blood gases,

Aneurysm,

19, 21, 632

Angiography,

19–22

Anorexia nervosa,

341–342.See also Eating disorders

albumin level and,

estrogen and,

117

follicle-stimulating hormone and,

131

glucose levels and,

139

hepatitis panel and,

150

magnesium and,

182

potassium and,

217

prealbumin and,

219

prolactin and,

220

protein and,

225

thiamine level and,

249

triglycerides and,

260

Anoxia, and opioids,

391

Antacids,

182, 307

Anterior cerebral artery (ACA) occlusion,

544

Antibiotics

hypokalemia and,

447

Lyme disease and,

464

porphyria and,

522

urinary tract infection and,

566

urine pH and,

295

Antibody tests

.See also Antigen/antibody tests; Antinuclear antibody testing

for COVID-19,

366

for HIV,

154, 155, 425

for Lyme disease,

465

for neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder,

496

for syphilis,

242

Anti-β-2 glycoprotein 1 antibody,

343

Anticonvulsants,

322.See also Carbamazepine; Phenytoin; Valproate

Antidepressants

.See also Psychotropic medications; Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors; Tricyclic antidepressants

drug-induced liver injury and,

394

electrocardiogram and,

106

folate level and,

128

hyponatremia and,

451

lipid panel and,

169

neutrophils and,

322

osmolality and,

203

platelet count and,

209

REM sleep behavior disorder and,

378

restless legs syndrome and,

534

serotonin transporter polymorphism and,

236

sodium and,

240

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH),

23–24, 381, 549, 638–639

Antiepileptic drugs,

110, 227, 305.See also Carbamazepine; Phenytoin; Valproate

Antifreeze, and ethylene glycol,

119, 399

Antigen-antibody response,

317

Antigen/antibody tests

for HIV,

154, 155, 425

for Lyme disease,

179

Antinuclear antibody (ANA) testing,

25–26, 351, 555

Antiphospholipid (aPL) antibodies,

27–28, 555

Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS),

27, 343–344, 554

Antipsychotics,

575.See also Atypical antipsychotics; Psychotropic medications

creative kinase and,

drug-induced liver injury and,

394

hyponatremia and,

451

liver function tests and,

175

neuroleptic malignant syndrome and,

493

neutrophils and,

322

parkinsonism and,

379

platelet count and,

209

prolactin and,

220

restless legs syndrome and,

534

schizophrenia and,

539

sodium and,

240

Antiretroviral therapy,

317, 424

Anxiety

.See also Anxiety disorders

blood gases and,

carotid ultrasound and,

chest X-ray and,

cholinesterase levels and,

Cushing’s syndrome and,

370

electrocardiogram and,

106

fragile X DNA testing and,

134

glucose levels and,

139

hematocrit and,

144

medical causes of chronic,

345

metanephrines and,

195

myocardial infarction and,

489

parathyroid hormone and,

207

testosterone level and,

245

thyroid function testing and,

251

Anxiety disorders

.See also Anxiety; Generalized anxiety disorder; Substance/medication induced anxiety disorder

dexamethasone suppression test and,

101

diabetes and,

383

fragile X DNA testing and,

134

functional MRI and,

136

Anxiety disorder due to another medical condition,

345, 411

Aortic stenosis,

209, 632

Apathetic hyperthyroidism,

251, 253

Aplastic anemia,

234

Apnea-hypopnea index (AHI),

213, 500

Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) genotyping,

29–30, 338

Arboviruses,

397

Argyll Robertson pupil,

551, 552

Aripiprazole,

480, 576

Arsenic,

142

Arthritis, and Lyme disease,

464, 465.See also Rheumatoid arthritis

ARUP Laboratories,

xv, 284

Arylsulfatase A gene,

481

ASCVD Risk Estimator Plus,

629

Asenapine,

578

Aseptic meningitis,

475

Aspartate transaminase (AST),

31–33, 83, 175, 176

Aspiration pneumonia,

Aspirin,

152, 286

Asthma,

313, 315, 630

Asymptomatic bacteriuria,

269, 566

Ataxia

angiography and,

19, 21

CT head scan and,

MRI and,

186

Wernicke’s encephalopathy and,

570

Atherosclerosis,

152, 169, 260

Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD),

629

Atomoxetine,

579

Atonic seizures,

541

Atrial hypertrophy,

106

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

in adults,

346–347

MRI and,

185

PET and,

215

SPECT and,

238

Atypical antipsychotics

.See also Antipsychotics; Clozapine; Psychotropic medications

glucose levels and,

139

lipid panel and,

169

metabolic syndrome and,

480

Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule, Second Edition (ADOS-2),

348

Autism spectrum disorder,

348–349

fragile X syndrome and,

405

MRI and,

185

PET and,

215

pica and,

521

schizophrenia and,

538

Autoimmune diseases

.See also Autoimmunity; HIV/AIDS

antinuclear antibody testing and,

antiphospholipid antibodies and,

CSF glucose and,

C-reactive protein and,

Down syndrome and,

386

DRESS syndrome and,

388

ESR and,

115

hepatitis as,

363, 394, 395

hypothyroidism and,

453

limbic encephalitis as,

462

meningitis as,

475

narcolepsy and,

491

neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder and,

495

prolactin and,

220

pyridoxine level and,

227

syphilis testing and,

242

vitamin D level and,

309

Autoimmune OCD,

497

Autoimmunity, and lymphocytes,

317.See also Autoimmune diseases; Immune system

Automatisms, and seizures,

541

Azotemia,

Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine,

265

Bacterial meningitis,

475, 476

Bacteriuria,

566

Barbiturates,

283

Basal ganglia, calcification of,

350

Basic metabolic panel (BMP)

.See also Comprehensive metabolic panel

anxiety and,

345

creatinine and,

potassium and,

217

sodium and,

240

subdural hematoma and,

547

Basilar artery stroke,

545

Basophils,

311, 313–314

B cells,

317

Behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD),

337, 375, 407, 408, 409

Benign ethnic neutropenia (BEN),

584

Benzodiazepines,

283, 284, 579.See also Alprazolam; Chlordiazepoxide; Clonazepam; Diazepam; Flurazepam; Lorazepam; Oxazepam; Temazepam

Beriberi,

249, 556, 557

Beta-blockers,

139, 209, 260

Bezoars, and pica,

521

Bile acids,

35–36

Bile duct obstruction,

175, 303, 636

Bilirubin, and bilirubin cycle,

37–39, 636

alkaline phosphatase and,

CMP and,

liver function tests and,

175

in urine,

272, 303

Binge drinking,

332

Binge eating/purging type, of anorexia nervosa,

341

Biochemical testing, for metachromatic leukodystrophy,

481

Biomarkers, for dementia with Lewy bodies,

379

Biosynthetic tests, of liver function,

175

Bipolar disorder

.See also Mania

carbamazepine and,

clozapine level and,

FTD and,

408

lithium level and,

172

magnetic resonance spectroscopy and,

188

PET and,

215

serotonin transporter polymorphism and,

236

syphilis testing and,

242

thyroid function testing and,

251

valproate level and,

305

Bipolar and related disorder due to another medical condition,

350–351

Bladder epithelial cells,

286

Bleeding disorders, and platelet count,

211

Blood, neuroimaging signal appearance of,

624.See also Blood gases; Blood glucose level; Cardiac blood flow; Clotting; Complete blood count; Hemorrhage; Red blood cells; White blood cells

Blood alcohol level (BAL),

40–41, 333

Blood-brain barrier, and WBC count,

320

Blood chemistries

.See Complete blood count

Blood gases,

42–43, 56.See also Carbon dioxide

Blood glucose level,

139, 287, 480.See also Hyperglycemia; Hypoglycemia

Blood pressure

.See Hypertension Blood urea nitrogen (BUN),44–45, 83, 95, 564

Body mass index (BMI), and antipsychotics,

577

Bone, neuroimaging signal appearance of,

626.See also Bone mineral density scan

Bone marrow

.See also Leukemia

platelet count and,

211

reticulocyte count and,

234

WBC count and,

311, 315, 317

Bone mineral density scan,

Borrelia burgdorferi,

179, 464, 465

Bovine spongiform encephalopathy,

368

Brachial plexus neuritis,

150

Bradycardia,

107

Bradykinesia, and Parkinson’s disease,

512

Brain

.See also Brain death; Brain fog; Brain tumors

abscess of,

68, 352

ADHD in adults and,

346

glucose and function of,

139

infections of,

188

lesions of and secondary mania,

350

MRI and,

185

maps of,

229

neuroimaging signal appearance of,

626

neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder and,

495

progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy and biopsy of,

526, 527

serotonin transporter polymorphism and,

236

Brain death, and electroencephalogram,

111

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF),

172

Brain fog,

452, 491

Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP),

47–48

Brainstem auditory evoked response,

121

Brain tumors,

353

CSF and,

65, 68

electroconvulsive therapy and,

632

magnetic resonance spectroscopy and,

188

mammography and,

191

secondary mania and,

350

Breast cancer,

191, 336

Bremelanotide,

580

Brexpiprazole,

580, 622

Bubble cells,

286

Bulimia nervosa,

217, 354.See also Eating disorders

Buprenorphine,

283, 580, 622

Bupropion,

581, 622

Burn trauma,

81, 249

Bush-Francis Catatonia Rating Scale,

355

Buspirone,

581

Caffeine, and panic attacks,

510

CAG (cytosine-adenine-guanine) trinucleotide repeat,

426

Calcification, and neuroimaging signal appearance,

626

Calcium,

49–51.See also Hypercalcemia; Hypocalcemia

CMP and,

hypoparathyroidism and,

452

lithium and,

593

magnesium and,

182

osteoporosis and,

505

parathyroid hormone and,

207

phosphate and,

209

stones in acidic or alkaline urine,

295

Callosal disconnection syndrome,

473

Cancer. See also specific types

alkaline phosphatase and,

antiphospholipid antibodies and,

calcium levels and,

CSF glucose and,

depression and,

380

homocysteine level and,

156

limbic encephalitis and,

462

neutrophils and,

322

PET and,

215

prealbumin and,

219

prostate-specific antigen and,

223

SIAD and,

549

vitamin D level and,

309

Cannabis,

283, 284, 390

Capgras syndrome,

379

Carbamazepine,

52–53, 580

pregnancy and,

158

pyridoxine and,

227

sodium and,

240

testosterone levels and,

245

therapeutic and toxic levels of,

622

Carbohydrate-deficient transferrin (CDT),

54–55, 137, 332

Carbon dioxide,

56–57

blood gases and,

CMP and,

electrolytes panel and,

113

Carbon monoxide poisoning,

Carcinomatous meningitis,

61, 65

Cardiac blood flow,

104, 215

Cardiac dysrhythmia,

447, 632

Cardiac effects, of Lyme disease,

464

Cardiac muscle injury,

263

Cardiac-related tests,

xvii

Cardiomyopathy,

263, 354

Cardiopulmonary failure, and ethylene glycol poisoning,

399

Cardiovascular disease

.See also Chest pain; Heart attack; Heart disease; Heart failure

c-reactive protein and,

homocysteine level and,

156

hypomagnesemia and,

449

hypothyroidism and,

453

lithium and,

593

phosphate and,

209

triglycerides and,

260

uremic syndrome and,

564

uric acid and,

267

urine microalbumin and,

291

Cardiovascular risk assessment,

631

Cariprazine,

582, 622

Carotid artery disease,

Carotid dissection,

Carotid ultrasound,

58–59

Carotid vascular disease,

Carotid vascular surgery,

Carpopedal spasm,

441

Casal necklace, and pellagra,

514

Casts, in urine,

276

Catalepsy, and catatonia,

355

Cataplexy,

491

Catatonia,

85, 110, 355–356

Catecholamine-secreting tumors,

519

Celiac disease,

128, 387

Cell-free DNA screening,

387

Cell-mediated immunity,

317, 320

Cellular casts,

276

Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC),

421–422, 460

Central diabetes,

381

Central nervous system

.See also Nervous system

ethylene glycol poisoning and,

399

infections of,

lithium toxicity and,

172

secondary mania and lymphoma of,

350

SIAD and diseases of,

549

uremic syndrome and,

564

Central pontine myelinolysis (CPM),

357–358

Cerebellar signs, of CJD,

368

Cerebral blood flow, and SPECT brain scanning,

238

Cerebral folate deficiency,

403, 404

Cerebral hemorrhage,

Cerebritis,

352

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

amyloid-β1 and,

42, 60

analysis of,

61–62

cell count and differential of,

63–64

cytology and,

glucose and,

lactate and,

fluid protein of,

68–69, 70

Cerebrospinal fluid testing,

xvii,

Alzheimer’s disease and,

60, 338

catatonia and,

356

chronic traumatic encephalopathy and,

362

CJD and,

368

FTD and,

408

Hashimoto’s encephalopathy and,

412, 413

hydrocephalus and,

428

limbic encephalitis and,

462

Lyme disease and,

465

meningitis and,

476

mild neurocognitive disorder and,

486

multiple sclerosis and,

488

OCD and,

498

progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy and,

526

sarcoidosis and,

537

syphilis and,

552

systemic lupus erythematosus and,

555

tuberculosis and,

563

viral encephalitis and,

398

Cerebrovascular disease

carotid ultrasound and,

dementia and,

375

SPECT and,

238

uric acid and,

267

Ceruloplasmin,

572–573

Cervical bruit,

Challenge tests

for diabetes insipidus,

381

for panic attacks,

510

Chaparral,

272

Chemical- or drug-induced meningitis,

475

Chest pain

electrocardiogram and,

107

troponins and,

263

Chest X-ray (CXR),

71–72, 366, 562

Child-Pugh Score for Cirrhosis Mortality,

364

Children

.See also Developmental issues

ammonia levels in,

ADHD and,

346

brain abscess in,

352

calcium levels and prolonged immobilization with fracture in,

ethylene glycol poisoning and,

119, 399

evoked potential testing and,

121

folate deficiency in,

403

follicle-stimulating hormone and,

132

fragile X syndrome and,

134, 405

heavy metal screening and,

142

human growth hormone level and,

160, 161

Huntington gene mutation in,

163, 426

hypogonadism and,

445

inhalant abuse and,

391

lead poisoning and,

460

methanol poisoning and,

197, 483

mercury poisoning and,

478

organophosphate poisoning and,

Prader-Willi syndrome and,

524

progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy and,

526

22q11.2 deletion syndrome and,

328

urine nitrite and,

293

Chlordiazepoxide,

73, 620.See also Benzodiazepines

Chloride,

74–75, 83, 113

Chlorpromazine,

175, 539, 622

Cholecystitis,

481

Cholesterol levels

estrogen and,

117

lipid panel and,

169

triglycerides and,

260

Cholinesterase,

76–77

Chorea, and Huntington’s disease,

163

Chorionic villus sampling,

387

Chromaffin cell tumors,

195

Chromosomal microarray (CMA),

348

Chromosome 21,

386, 387

Chromatography/mass spectrometry,

283

Chronic adrenal insufficiency,

330

Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS),

201, 359–360, 455

Chronic interictal psychosis,

530

Chronic inflammatory diseases,

115

Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI),

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD),

42, 71, 632

Chronic organophosphate-induced neuropsychiatric disorder (COPIND),

503

Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE),

361–362

Chvostek’s sign,

441

Cigarettes

.See Smoking

Cirrhosis,

363–364.See also Liver disease

alkaline phosphatase and,

ammonia levels and,

aspartate transaminase and,

bile acids and,

bilirubin and,

hepatic encephalopathy and,

418

phosphate and,

209

protein and,

225

testosterone level and,

245

urine bilirubin and,

272

urobilinogen and,

303

Citalopram,

100, 583, 622

Claustrophobia, and neuroimaging,

185, 238

Clinically isolated syndrome (CIS), multiple sclerosis as,

487

Clomipramine,

615, 616, 622

Clonazepam,

78, 284, 620.See also Benzodiazepines

Clotting, of blood,

211

Clozapine,

584.See also Atypical antipsychotics

electrocardiogram and,

106

laboratory test for level of,

79–80

metabolic syndrome and,

480

schizophrenia and,

539

therapeutic and toxic levels of,

622

thrombocytopenia and,

211

WBC count and,

311, 323

Cluster headaches,

414

Coagulation profile,

211

Cobalamin,

199, 568, 569

Cocaine,

283, 390–391

Codeine,

601

Cognitive impairment

.See also Executive function impairment; HIV-associated neurocognitive impairment; Memory; Mental status changes

Alzheimer’s disease and,

337

CSF tau protein and,

chronic traumatic encephalopathy and,

361

CJD and,

368

dementia with Lewy bodies and,

378

event-related potential testing and,

120

folate level and,

128

FTD and,

407

hepatitis panel and,

150

homocysteine level and,

156

Huntington’s disease and,

163

hypoparathyroidism and,

452

lead poisoning and,

460

lithium level and,

172

metachromatic leukodystrophy and,

481

multiple sclerosis and,

487

organophosphate poisoning and,

503

Parkinson’s disease and,

512

polysomnography and,

213

renal function panel and,

233

sarcoidosis and,

536

schizophrenia and,

538

subdural hematoma and,

547

vitamin B₁₂ level and,

307

vitamin D level and,

309

Collagen vascular diseases,

313

Colon cancer,

123

Color, of urine,

278–279

Color duplex ultrasound,

Coma

blood alcohol level and,

electroencephalogram and,

111

evoked potential testing and,

121

inhalant abuse and,

391

osmolality and,

203

renal function panel and,

233

Communicating hydrocephalus,

428

Comorbidities, psychiatric

anorexia nervosa and,

341

autism spectrum disorder and,

348

bulimia nervosa and,

354

organophosphate poisoning and,

503

Parkinson’s disease and,

512

Prader-Willi syndrome and,

524

schizophrenia and,

538

Complete blood count (CBC),

81–82

Alzheimer’s disease and,

339

anorexia nervosa and,

341

folate deficiency and,

403

mean corpuscular volume and,

193

pancreatitis and,

509

peripheral neuropathy and,

517

platelet count and,

211

secondary mania and,

350

subdural hematoma and,

547

vitamin B₁₂ deficiency and,

568, 569

Complex partial seizure,

541

Comprehensive metabolic panel (CMP),

83.See also Albumin; Basic metabolic panel

anxiety and,

345

creatinine and,

pancreatitis and,

509

peripheral neuropathy and,

517

potassium and,

217

secondary mania and,

350

serum protein and,

225

sodium and,

240

uremic syndrome and,

564

Compulsions, and OCD,

497

Computed tomography (CT)

.See also Neuroimaging; Single-photon emission computed tomography

alcohol-related dementia and,

333

Alzheimer’s disease and,

337

angiography and,

19–20

brain tumor and,

353

central pontine myelinolysis and,

357

COVID-19 and,

366

dementia with Lewy bodies and,

379

ethylene glycol poisoning and,

400

fatty liver disease and,

401

headaches and,

415

head scan and,

84–86, 185, 627

hydrocephalus and,

428

meningitis and,

476

mild neurocognitive disorder and,

485

pancreatitis and,

506, 507, 508

pheochromocytoma and,

520

porphyria and,

523

progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy and,

527

secondary mania and,

350

signal appearance by type of image,

626

stroke and,

546

Confusion, and thiamine deficiency,

557

Confusion Assessment Method,

373

Congenital heart disease, and Down syndrome,

386

Congestive heart failure (CHF),

47, 214, 297

Conjugated hyperbilirubinemia,

Connective tissue disease,

297

Consciousness, and seizures,

541

Contrast-enhanced mammography,

191

Conversion disorder,

542

Copper, and Wilson’s disease,

573

Coronary artery disease (CAD),

632

Coronary heart disease (CHD),

169, 489

Corpus callosum, and Marchiafava-Bignami disease,

473

Correctional facilities, and tuberculosis testing,

265, 266, 562

Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF),

Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) stimulation test,

371

Corticosteroids,

167, 601

Cortisol,

2, 9, 87–89, 101

Cosyntropin test,

Counseling

.See Genetic counseling; Patient counseling

COVID-19,

365–367

adrenal insufficiency and,

330

antiphospholipid antibodies and,

antiphospholipid syndrome and,

343

bulimia nervosa and,

354

catatonia and,

355

chest X-ray and,

chronic fatigue syndrome and,

359

C-reactive protein and,

creative kinase and,

delirium and,

373

drug abuse and,

390

HIV/AIDS and,

424

hypercortisolism and,

370

immune-mediated encephalitis and,

368

iron level and,

165

lipase and,

165

methanol poisoning and,

197, 483

neutrophils and,

322

thiamine level and,

249

thyroid function testing and,

251, 254

triglycerides and,

260

urine casts and,

276

Cranial irradiation,

160

C peptide level,

444

Craniopharyngiomas,

220

Craniotomy,

353

Creatine kinase (CK),

92–94

C-reactive protein (CRP),

90–91, 115, 152

Creatinine,

83, 95–97, 98

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD),

70, 110, 368–369, 526

Cryptococcal meningitis,

476

Cryptorchidism,

246

Crystals, in urine,

280–281

Cushing’s syndrome,

370–372.See also Hypercortisolism

adrenocorticotropic hormone and,

aldosterone and,

cortisol levels and screening for,

87, 88, 101

dexamethasone suppression test and,

101

secondary mania and,

350

CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 genotypes,

100

Cystatin-C,

98–99

Cystic fibrosis,

307

Cystine,

295

Cystitis,

566

Cytochrome P450 (CYP450) genotyping,

100

Cytotoxic therapy,

267

Daytime sleepiness,

201, 491, 499

Dehydration

diabetes insipidus and,

381

osmolality and,

203

urine crystals and,

280

urine specific gravity and,

301

Delayed hypersensitivity reactions,

317

Delayed-onset neuropathy,

399

Delirium,

373–374

ammonia level and,

blood gases and,

CSF glucose and,

chest X-ray and,

C-reactive protein and,

creatinine and,

echocardiogram and,

104

electroencephalogram and,

109, 110

heavy metal screening and,

142

lead poisoning and,

460

magnesium and,

182

osmolality and,

203

parathyroid hormone and,

207

phosphate and,

209

prealbumin and,

219

protein and,

225

quantitative electroencephalogram and,

229

renal function panel and,

233

sedative-hypnotics and,

392

sodium and,

240

thiamine level and,

249

thyroid function testing and,

251, 253

uremic syndrome and,

564

urinalysis and,

269, 290, 293, 302

vitamin B₁₂ level and,

307

WBC count and,

311

Delirium-onset prodrome,

378

Delirium tremens,

92, 473

Delta hepatitis (hepatitis D),

150

Delusions

.See also Hallucinations

delirium and,

373

FTD and,

408

psychogenic polydipsia and,

528

psychotic disorder due to another medical condition and,

530

schizophrenia and,

538

vitamin B₁₂ level and,

307

Dementia,

375–377.See also Alzheimer’s disease; Dementia with Lewy bodies; Frontotemporal dementia; Vascular dementia

alcohol use disorder and,

333

chest X-ray and,

chronic traumatic encephalopathy and,

361

cortisol level and,

event-related potential testing and,

120

folate deficiency and,

403

heavy metal screening and,

142

homocysteine level and,

156

Huntington’s disease and,

426

inhalant abuse and,

391

lithium level and,

172

MRI and,

185, 188

metachromatic leukodystrophy and,

481

neurosyphilis and,

242, 551, 552

PET and,

215, 238

thyrotoxicosis and,

560

valproate level and,

305

vitamin B₁₂ level and,

307

Dementia with Lewy bodies,

378–379

Alzheimer’s disease and,

337

clozapine level and,

mild neurocognitive disorder and,

485

parkinsonism and,

375, 512

secondary psychosis and,

530

Demyelinating disorders,

189

Dentistry, and mercury poisoning,

478

Depression

.See also Depressive disorder due to another medical condition; Major depressive disorder; Postpartum depression; Substance/medication-induced depressive disorder

anemia and,

339

brain natriuretic peptide and,

cholinesterase levels and,

cortisol levels and,

Cushing’s syndrome and,

370

daytime somnolence and,

201

dexamethasone suppression test and,

101

diabetes and,

383

electrocardiogram and,

106

event-related potential testing and,

120

ferritin and,

125

folate level and,

128

glucose levels and,

139

hematocrit and,

144

human growth hormone level and,

160

Huntington’s disease and,

163, 426

hypoparathyroidism and,

452

hypothyroidism and,

453

infectious mononucleosis and,

455

magnesium and,

182

medical conditions and,

467

neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder and,

495

parathyroid hormone and,

207

Parkinson’s disease and,

512

polysomnography and,

213

PET and,

215

pyridoxine level and,

227

RBC count and,

231

serotonin transporter polymorphism and,

236

stroke and,

544

systemic lupus erythematosus and,

555

testosterone level and,

245, 246

thyroid function testing and,

251, 253

total iron-binding capacity and,

256

transferrin and,

258

vitamin B₁₂ level and,

307

vitamin D level and,

309

Depressive disorder due to another medical condition,

380, 467

Dermatitis, and pellagra,

514

Dermatomyositis,

Desipramine,

622

Desvenlafaxine,

585, 622

Developmental issues

.See also Children

fragile X DNA testing and,

134

22q11.2 deletion syndrome and,

328

Dexamethasone suppression test (DST),

2, 87, 101–102, 371

DEXA scan,

46, 342, 505

Diabetes,

381–385.See also Pancreatogenic diabetes

antidiuretic hormone and,

chloride levels and,

electroconvulsive therapy and,

631

glucose levels and,

139

hemoglobin A1C and,

148

hypoglycemia and,

443

hypomagnesemia and,

449

ketonuria and,

288

osmolality and,

203

renal function panel and,

233

sodium and,

240

triglycerides and,

260

uric acid and,

267

urine microalbumin and,

291

urine nitrite and,

293

urine protein and,

297

Diagnostic algorithm, for anemia,

339–340

Dialysis

.See also Kidney disease

aluminum toxicity and,

335, 336

BUN and,

potassium and,

217

Diarrhea,

74, 514

Diazepam,

100, 103, 284, 622.See also Benzodiazepines

Diet

.See also Eating disorders; Malnutrition

BUN and,

folate level and,

128, 403

homocysteine level and,

156

iron level and,

165

magnesium and,

182

manganese poisoning and,

469

mercury and,

478

MAOIs and,

598

osteoporosis and,

505

pellagra and,

514

phosphate and,

209

protein and,

225

potassium and,

217

pyridoxine and,

227, 532

sodium and,

240

thiamine and,

249, 556

triglycerides and,

260

urine crystals and,

280

urine ketones and,

288

vitamin B₁₂ and,

568

Digital systems, of electroencephalogram,

229

“Dippers’ flu,”

503

Direct testing, for pyridoxine,

532

Diseases

.See Medical conditions

Diuresis, and chloride levels,

Diuretic medications,

217, 249, 447

Divalproex,

616

Dizziness, and carotid ultrasound,

Donepezil,

585

Doppler analysis,

Double-stranded DNA antigen (anti-dsDNA),

555

Down syndrome,

386–387

Down syndrome disintegrative disorder (DSDD),

386

Doxepin,

100, 620

DRESS syndrome,

388–389

Drowning, and magnetic resonance spectroscopy,

188

Drug abuse See Substance abuse

Drug-induced leukopenia/neutropenia,

577

Drug-induced liver injury (DILI),

394–395

Drug-induced lupus,

25, 26, 554

Drug Information (American Society of Health-System Pharmacists),

Drug interactions

clozapine and,

MAOIs and,

598

Duloxetine,

586, 622

Dwarfism,

160

Dysgraphia,

407

Dysphagia,

396

Dyspnea,

42, 71

Eating disorders

.See also Anorexia nervosa; Bulimia nervosa

amylase level and,

calcium level and,

carbon dioxide and,

chloride levels and,

creatinine and,

diabetes and,

383

electrocardiogram and,

106

PET and,

215

thiamine level and,

249

Echocardiogram,

104–105

Echolalia, and catatonia,

355

Echopraxia, and catatonia,

355

Ectopic pregnancy,

158

Edema,

225, 626

Elastography, and liver disease,

395, 401

Electrocardiogram (ECG),

106–108

anorexia nervosa and,

341

heart blocks and,

631

hyperkalemia and,

434

hypokalemia and,

448

Lyme disease and,

180, 465

myocardial infarction and,

489

polysomnography and,

213

ten rules for normal,

630

thyrotoxicosis and,

561

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

human chorionic gonadotropin and,

158

medical evaluation for,

632–633

urine blood, hemoglobin, and myoglobin,

274

Electroencephalogram (EEG),

109–112.See also Quantitative electroencephalogram

adrenal insufficiency and,

330

brain abscess and,

352

brain tumor and,

353

catatonia and,

356

CJD and,

368

delirium and,

373

dementia with Lewy bodies and,

379

Down syndrome and,

386

Hashimoto’s encephalopathy and,

412

hepatic encephalopathy and,

418

limbic encephalitis and,

462

OCD and,

498

polysomnography and,

213

secondary mania and,

350

seizures and,

542–543

uremic syndrome and,

564

vitamin B₁₂ deficiency and,

569

Electrolyte balance,

203, 354

Electrolyte panel,

113, 217, 240

Electromyography (EMG),

114, 213, 333, 517

Elemental mercury,

478

Embolic strokes,

544

Emphysema,

Encephalitis,

185, 238, 397–398

Encephalopathy,

109, 180, 460.See also Hypertensive encephalopathy

Endocrinology

depression and,

380

Down syndrome and,

386

follicle-stimulating hormone and,

132

hypoglycemia and,

444

pancreatitis and,

508

sarcoidosis and,

536

Enhanced Liver Fibrosis Score,

401

Enterovirus-related encephalitis,

397

Environment

heavy metal poisoning and,

142

organophosphate poisoning and,

502

progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy and,

526

systemic lupus erythematosus and,

554

Environmental Protection Agency,

469

Enzyme immunoassay (EIA),

179, 465

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA),

552

Eosinophil(s),

311, 315–316

Eosinophilia myalgia syndrome (EMS),

315

Epilepsy

aluminum toxicity and,

335

CSF protein and,

homocysteine level and,

156

magnetic resonance spectroscopy and,

188

PET and,

215

secondary mania and,

350

seizures and,

541

Epinephrine,

195

Epithelial casts,

286

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV),

359, 455

Epworth Sleepiness Scale,

500

Erythema migrans,

179, 464, 465

Erythrocyte aspartate aminotransferase (EAST),

532

Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR),

115–116

Erythropoiesis,

234

Escitalopram,

100, 586, 622

Esketamine,

590

Esophageal cancer,

193

Esophageal dysphagia,

396

Esterase,

290

Estimated average glucose (eAG),

148

Estrogen,

117–118, 342, 445

Eszopiclone

.See Nonbenzodiazepine hypnotics

Ethanol,

54, 197, 483.See also Alcohol

Ethnicity

.See Race

Ethylene cysteine diethylester (99m Tc-ECD),

238

Ethylene glycol,

119, 204, 280, 399–400

European Association of Urology,

223

European Registry of Severe Cutaneous Adverse Reactions (RegiSCAR),

388

Euthymia,

188

Euthyroid sick syndrome,

251

Event-related potential (ERP) testing,

120

Evoked potential (EP) testing,

120, 121–122, 488

Executive function impairment

.See also Cognitive impairment; Memory; Mental status changes

ADHD in adults and,

346

bulimia nervosa and,

354

Extractable nuclear antigen (ENA) antibody panel,

Extrahepatic biliary obstruction,

Extrapontine myelinolysis (EPM),

357

Eye exam, and diabetes,

384

Eye-tracking data, and autism in adults,

348

“Face of the giant panda,” and Wilson’s disease,

573

Factitious disorder,

313, 444

Familial autosomal dominant AD,

338

Fasting plasma glucose (FPG),

384

Fatty acids,

260

Fatty casts,

276

Fatty liver disease,

175, 401–402

Fecal blood testing,

123–124

Fecal elastase-1, and pancreatitis,

508

Fecal fat test, and pancreatitis,

509

Fecal immunochemical test (FIT),

123

Fecal occult blood test (FOBT),

123

Fentanyl,

283

Ferritin,

125–126

Fever

CSF analysis and,

Lyme disease and,

465

Fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing (FEES),

396

Fibromyalgia,

201, 359

Fibrosis-4

Index for Liver Fibrosis,

363, 401

Flaccid paralysis,

433

Flumazenil

chlordiazepoxide level and,

clonazepam level and,

diazepam level and,

103

flurazepam level and,

127

oxazepam level and,

206

temazepam level and,

244

Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH),

387

Fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)

.See Positron emission tomography

Fluoxetine,

587, 622

Fluphenazine,

622

Flurazepam,

127

Fluvoxamine,

588, 622

Folate deficiency,

403–404

Folate level,

128–130, 156, 193, 234

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH),

131–133

Fomepizole,

197

Formes frustes,

551

Formic acid,

197, 483

4AT Rapid Clinical Test for Delirium,

373

Fracture risk,

Fracture Risk Assessment Tool (FRAX),

505

Fragile X-associated neuropsychiatric disorders (FXAND),

134, 405

Fragile X-associated primary ovarian insufficiency (FXPOI),

405

Fragile X DNA testing,

134–135

Fragile X mental retardation 1 gene (FMRI),

134

Fragile X primary ovarian insufficiency (FXPOI),

134

Fragile X syndrome (FXS),

134, 348, 405–406

Fragile X tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS),

134, 405

Free T4 (FT4) level,

251, 253

Frontotemporal dementia (FTD),

407–410.See also Behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia

FTD/amyotrophic lateral sclerosis,

163

FTA-ABS,

242, 552

“Fume events,” and organophosphate poisoning,

502

Functional MRI (fMRI),

136

Functional neurological symptom disorders,

114, 121, 307

Functional nonepileptic seizures (FNES),

542, 543

Fungal meningitis,

476

Gabapentin,

233, 588, 622

Gadolinium,

185

Gait disorder, and manganese poisoning,

470

Galantamine,

589

Gallstones,

167, 506

Gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT),

137–138, 175, 332

Gastric bypass surgery,

128, 307

Gastric cancer,

219

Gastric ulcer,

123

Gastroesophageal reflux disease,

396

Gastrointestinal (GI) diseases

fecal blood testing and,

123

fragile X DNA testing and,

134

lithium level and,

172

Gender

.See also LGBT+ population

alcohol use disorder and,

332

amylase level and,

autism spectrum disorder and,

348

BUN and,

bone mineral density scan and,

brain abscess and,

352

drug-induced liver injury and,

394

electroencephalogram and,

110

ESR and,

116

estrogen and,

117

follicle-stimulating hormone and,

131, 132

fragile X syndrome and,

405

gamma-glutamyltransferase and,

137

hyperparathyroidism and,

438

hypogonadism and,

445

hypoparathyroidism and,

452

insomnia disorder and,

456

Klinefelter’s syndrome and,

458

lipase and,

165

mammography and,

191

myocardial infarction and,

489

neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder and,

495

OCD and,

497

osteoporosis and,

505

obstructive sleep apnea and,

499

pancreatitis and,

506

porphyria and,

522

prolactin and,

220

systemic lupus erythematosus and,

554

testosterone level and,

245, 246

urine nitrite and,

293

vitamin D level and,

309

Generalized anxiety disorder,

134, 188, 411

Generalized seizures,

541

General paresis,

551

Genetic(s), and genetic testing,

xvii.See also Genetic counseling

Alzheimer’s disease and,

338, 486

apolipoprotein E genotyping and,

ADHD in adults and,

346

autism spectrum disorder and,

348

cobalamin defects and,

199

cytochrome P450

genotyping and,

100

dementia and,

375, 376

diabetes and,

381

Down syndrome and,

386

fragile X syndrome and,

134, 405

FTD and,

407, 408

hemochromatosis and,

416

hemoglobin variants and,

146

Huntington’s disease and,

163, 426

Klinefelter’s syndrome and,

458

metachromatic leukodystrophy and,

481

multiple sclerosis and,

487

neuroleptic malignant syndrome and,

493

organophosphate exposure and,

pancreatitis and,

506

porphyria and,

522, 523

Prader-Willi syndrome and,

524

restless legs syndrome and,

534

schizophrenia and,

538

serotonin transporter polymorphism and,

236

22q11.2 deletion syndrome and,

328

systemic lupus erythematosus and,

554

Wilson’s disease and,

572, 573

Genetic counseling,

134, 163, 387

Genomic imprinting disorder, Prader-Will syndrome as,

524

Geriatrics

.See Older adults

Germander,

272

Gestational diabetes,

381

Gestational trophoblastic tumors,

158

Gigantism,

160, 161

Gilbert’s syndrome,

Glioblastomas,

353

Globulins,

225

Glomerular filtration barrier,

291

Glucocorticoids,

Glucose,

139–141

CMP and,

hemoglobin A1C and,

148

osmolality and,

203

urinalysis and,

287

Glucuronic acid, and bilirubin cycle,

636

Glycerol,

260

Glycogen synthase kinase-3β,

172

Glycosuria,

287

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH),

131

Gout,

267

Graft rejection,

317

Gram stain, and meningitis,

476

Granular casts,

276

Granulomatous disease,

537

Graves’ disease,

560, 561

Ground-glass opacities, and COVID-19,

366

Growth hormone deficiency, and Prader-Willi syndrome,

524

Guanfacine,

585

Guillain-Barré syndrome,

61, 150

Gummas,

551

Gunshot wounds, and lead poisoning,

460

Hallucinations

delirium and,

373

dementia with Lewy bodies and,

378

FTD and,

408

psychotic disorder due to another medical condition and,

530

schizophrenia and,

538

Hallucinogens,

391

Haloperidol,

622

“Halo vision,” and methanol poisoning,

483

Hand sanitizer,

197, 483

Hashimoto’s encephalopathy,

412–413

HbA1c test,

384

Headaches,

414–415.See also Migraines

angiography and,

antiphospholipid syndrome and,

343

carotid ultrasound and,

CSF analysis and,

chronic traumatic encephalopathy and,

361

CT and,

19, 84

MRI and,

185

prolactin and,

220

subdural hematoma and,

547

Head CT scan,

84–86, 185, 627

Head trauma

.See also Traumatic brain injury

blood gases and,

CSF lactate and,

chronic traumatic encephalopathy and,

361

Hearing impairments, and evoked potential testing,

121

Heart attack high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and,

152

platelet count and,

209

troponin testing for diagnosis of,

uric acid and,

267

Heart disease, and triglycerides,

260.See also Congenital heart disease; Coronary heart disease

Heart failure, and thiamine,

249, 556.See also Congestive heart failure

Heart valve function,

104

Heavy metal poisoning,

115, 142–143, 286

Helminths,

313, 315

Hematocrit,

144–145, 234

Hematological/oncological disorders, and Down syndrome,

386

Hematology, relevance of to psychiatric practice,

xvii

Hematopoiesis,

320

Hematuria,

274, 299

Heme production, and porphyria,

522

Hemochromatosis,

416–417

ferritin and,

125

iron level and,

165, 256

prolactin and,

220

transferrin and,

258

Hemodialysis, and secondary mania,

350

Hemoglobin,

146–147

CBC and,

iron level and,

165

RBC count and,

231

and urine blood, hemoglobin, and myoglobin,

274

Hemoglobin A1C (HbA1C),

148–149

Hemoglobinuria,

274

Hemolytic anemia,

37, 636

Hemolytic disease,

272, 303

Hemolytic jaundice,

Hemorrhage, and pancreatitis,

506

Heparin,

313, 558

Hepatic encephalopathy (HE),

418–419

Hepatic failure, and ammonia levels,

Hepatitis

.See also Hepatitis panel; Liver disease; Viral hepatitis

alanine transaminase and,

4, 5

ammonia levels and,

aspartate transaminase and,

31, 32

bile acids and,

bilirubin cycle and,

636

cirrhosis and,

363

drug-induced liver injury and,

395

HIV testing and,

155

infectious mononucleosis and,

455

liver function tests and,

175, 176

urine bilirubin and,

272

urine color and,

278

urobilinogen and,

303

Wilson’s disease and,

572

Hepatitis panel,

150–151

Hepatobiliary disease,

37, 137, 272

Hepcidin,

416

Herbal and alternative medicines drug-induced liver injury and,

394

lead poisoning and,

460

liver function tests and,

175

urine bilirubin and,

272

Herpes simplex virus (HSV),

397

High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C),

169

High-performance liquid chromatography,

283

High-resolution manometry,

396

High-sensitivity C-reactive protein (haCRP),

90, 152–153

Hirsutism,

246

Histamine,

313

Histoplasmosis,

220

HIV/AIDS,

424–425

antiphospholipid antibodies and,

brain abscess and,

352

chest X-ray and,

diabetes and,

384

hepatitis and,

422

lymphocytes and,

317

MRI and,

185

syphilis testing and,

242, 551, 552

testing for,

154–155

thiamine level and,

249, 556

tuberculosis testing and,

265, 562

HIV-associated neurocognitive impairment,

320, 424

Holotranscobalamin,

199, 569

Homeless

HIV/AIDS and,

154, 424

tuberculosis testing and,

265, 266, 562

Home testing, for obstructive sleep apnea,

500

Homocysteine level,

156–157

Hormone replacement therapy,

117

Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG),

158–159

Human growth hormone,

160–162, 524

Huntington gene mutation,

163–164

Huntington’s disease (HD),

163, 185, 426–427

HPA axis suppression,

101

Hyaline casts,

276

Hydrocephalus,

428–429, 632

Hydrocodone,

283, 603

Hydronephrosis,

280, 381

Hyperactivity, and fragile X DNA testing,

134

Hyperaldosteronism,

Hyperammonemia,

Hyperarousal, and insomnia disorder,

456

Hypercalcemia,

49, 50, 430–431, 591

Hyperchromia,

Hypercortisolism,

2, 88, 370

Hyperemesis gravidarum,

249

Hyperglycemia,

432

CSF glucose and,

diabetes and,

139, 383

osmolality and,

203

Hyperkalemia,

217, 433–434

Hyperlipidemia,

167, 480

Hypermagnesemia,

435–436

Hypernatremia,

437

Hyperparathyroidism,

438

calcium elevation and,

430

lithium and,

593

PTH test for diagnosis of,

207, 431

Hyperphagia,

524

Hyperphosphorylated tau deposition,

361

Hyperplasia,

223

Hypersensitivity reactions,

313

Hypersomnia,

201

Hypertension

fragile X DNA testing and,

134

homocysteine level and,

156

metabolic syndrome and,

480

metanephrines and,

195

troponins and,

260

uric acid and,

267

urine microalbumin and,

291

urine protein and,

297

Hypertensive encephalopathy,

439–440

Hyperthyroidism

elevated basophil levels and,

313

Hashimoto’s encephalopathy and,

412

secondary mania and,

350

thyroid function testing and,

251, 253, 254

thyrotoxicosis and,

560

urine bilirubin and,

272

Hypertriglyceridemia,

169

Hyperventilation,

42, 74, 106

Hypoalbuminemia,

450

Hypocalcemia,

49, 441–442, 450

Hypochromia,

Hypochromic anemia,

340

Hypocortisolism,

2, 88

Hypocretin levels, and narcolepsy,

492

Hypoglycemia,

139, 160, 443–444

Hypogonadism,

445–446

diabetes and,

384

Klinefelter’s syndrome and,

458

testosterone levels and,

245, 246

Hypokalemia,

217, 447–448, 450

Hypomagnesemia,

449–450

Hyponatremia ADH measurement and,

central pontine myelinolysis and,

357

osmolality and,

203

porphyria and,

522

psychogenic polydipsia and,

528

sodium and,

240

SIAD and,

549, 550

Hypoparathyroidism,

207, 452

Hypopituitarism,

3, 240

Hypopnea,

213

Hypothalamic disease,

131, 245

Hypothalamic-pituitary axis,

161, 253

Hypothyroidism,

453–454

follicle-stimulating hormone and,

131

Hashimoto’s encephalopathy and,

412

homocysteine level and,

156

mean corpuscular volume and,

193

secondary mania and,

350

thyroid function testing and,

251, 253, 254

Hypoventilation,

42, 214

Hypovolemia,

437

Hypoxic/ischemic insults,

189

Iatrogenic CJD,

368

Idiopathic hypersomnia,

201

Idiopathic OCD,

497

Idioventricular rhythm,

107

IgG index, and multiple sclerosis,

488

IGRA tests, for tuberculosis,

265, 562

Iloperidone,

590, 622

Imipramine,

522, 622

Immune system,

227, 317, 320, 386.See also Autoimmune diseases; Autoimmunity

Immunoassay, and drug abuse,

392

Infarction,

106

Infectious meningitis,

475

Infections

.See also Bacterial meningitis; Lyme disease; Viral hepatitis; Viral meningitis

antiphospholipid antibodies and,

brain abscess and,

352

CSF cell count and differential,

CSF glucose and,

chronic fatigue syndrome and,

359

CBC and,

C-reactive protein and,

ESR and,

115

hepatitis panel and,

150

lymphocytes and,

317

neuroimaging signal appearance of,

626

relevance of testing for to psychiatry,

xviii

secondary mania and,

350

WBCs and,

302, 311, 322

Infectious mononucleosis (IM),

455

Infertility

estrogen and,

117

follicle-stimulating hormone and,

131

fragile X DNA testing and,

134

hypogonadism and,

445

Klinefelter’s syndrome and,

458

prolactin and,

220, 221

testosterone level and,

245, 246

Inflammation

.See also Chronic inflammatory diseases

CSF glucose and,

CBC and,

C-reactive protein and,

ESR and,

115

high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and,

152

neuroimaging signal appearance of,

626

platelet count and,

209

prostate-specific antigen and,

223

total iron-binding capacity and,

256

WBCs and,

302, 313, 315, 320, 322

Inflammatory bowel disease,

227

Inhalants, and drug abuse,

391

Inhalation, of organophosphates,

502

Inorganic mercury,

478

Inositol monophosphatase (IMP),

172

Insomnia disorder,

456–457

Insulin,

139, 288

Insulin-like growth factor (IGF),

160

Intellectual development disorder,

521

Intellectual disability, and fragile X syndrome,

405

Intensive Care Delirium Screening Checklist,

373

Intermediate syndrome, and organophosphate poisoning,

502

Internal carotid artery occlusion,

544

International Encephalitis Consortium,

398

Interstitial nephritis,

276

Intracerebral hemorrhage,

263

Intrahepatic cholestasis,

Iodine, and hypothyroidism,

453

Ipsilateral Horner syndrome,

19, 84

Iron deficiency anemia,

339

ferritin and,

125

mean corpuscular hemoglobin and,

reticulocyte count and,

234

total iron-binding capacity and,

256

Iron level,

165–166.See also Hemochromatosis; Total iron-binding capacity; Transferrin

Irritability

.See also Agitation

Huntington’s disease and,

163

vitamin B₁₂ level and,

307

Ischemia,

106, 632

Ischemic stroke,

263, 544, 546

Isoniazid,

167

Jaundice

alanine transaminase and,

aspartate transaminase and,

bilirubin and,

38, 272

drug-induced liver injury and,

394

hepatitis panel and new-onset,

150

John Cunningham virus (JCV),

526

Kallmann syndrome,

445

Kanamycin,

295

Karyotyping, and Klinefelter’s syndrome,

458

Kava kava,

272

Kayser-Fleischer rings,

572

Ketamine,

283, 522, 588

Ketones,

288

Ketonuria,

288

Kidney disease

.See also Dialysis; Renal failure; Uremic syndrome

antipsychotics and,

577

carbon dioxide and,

creatinine and,

95, 96

cystatin-C and,

DRESS syndrome and,

388

folate level and,

128

homocysteine level and,

156

lithium and,

591

mean corpuscular volume and,

193

parathyroid hormone and,

207

potassium and,

217

protein and,

225

risk factors for,

233

triglycerides and,

260

uric acid and,

267

urinalysis and,

269, 297

urine microalbumin and,

291

vitamin B₁₂ level and,

307

Kidney stones

calcium levels and,

uric acid and,

267

urine pH and,

295

Klinefelter’s syndrome,

131, 458–459

Korsakoff’s syndrome,

249, 556, 557, 570

Laboratory tests. See also specific diseases and specific tests

general guidelines for,

xvi

in preparation for electroconvulsive therapy,

632

role of in psychiatry,

xvi

selection of tests for inclusion in text,

Lactation, and prolactin,

220

Lacunar strokes,

545

Lamotrigine,

591, 622

Language

.See also Mutism

developmental issues in children and,

121

fragile X DNA testing and delay in,

134

Latent autoimmune diabetes of adulthood (LADA),

383

Latent infection, and tuberculosis,

562

Lead, and heavy metal poisoning,

142, 460–461

Learning disorders,

134

Left hand apraxia,

473

Left shift, and neutrophils,

322

Left ventricular dysfunction,

104

Lemborexant,

591

Leucine-rich glioma-inactivated 1 (LGH) encephalitis,

462

Leukemia,

267, 317

Leukocyte esterase (LE),

282, 290, 293, 566

Leukopenia,

577

Levetiracetam,

592, 622

Levomilnacipran,

592, 622

Lewy bodies

.See Dementia with Lewy bodies

LGBT+ population

.See also Gender

bulimia nervosa and,

354

HIV/AIDS and,

154, 424

testosterone level and,

245, 246

Lhermitte’s sign, and multiple sclerosis,

487

Life expectancy, and Down syndrome,

386

Lifestyle, and triglycerides,

260.See also Diet; Smoking; Stress

Limbic encephalitis (LE),

462–463

Lipase,

17, 167–168, 506

Lipid panel,

169–171

Lithium,

593

antidiuretic hormone and,

calcium level and,

chloride levels and,

creatinine and,

cystatin-C and,

electrocardiogram and,

106

electrolytes panel and,

113

human chorionic gonadotropin and,

158

hypercalcemia and,

430

hypernatremia and,

437

osmolality and,

203

potassium and,

217

renal function panel and,

233

sodium and,

240

test for levels of,

172–174

therapeutic and toxic levels of,

622

thrombocytopenia and,

211

thyroid function testing and,

251

toxicity of,

110, 172, 173, 622

WBC count and,

311

Liver biopsy,

363, 364, 395

Liver disease

.See also Cirrhosis; Fatty liver disease; Hepatitis; Jaundice

alanine transaminase and,

4, 5

alkaline phosphatase and,

antipsychotics and,

577

aspartate transaminase and,

bile acids and,

bilirubin and,

DRESS syndrome and,

388

folate level and,

128

gamma-glutamyltransferase and,

137

glucose levels and,

139

hepatic encephalopathy and,

418

liver function tests and,

175, 176

protein and,

225

transferrin and,

258

urobilinogen and,

303

vitamin B₁₂ level and,

307

Wilson’s disease and,

572

LiverTox,

394

Locked-in syndrome,

357

Lofexidine,

594

Long-haul COVID,

366

Lorazepam,

178, 284, 623.See also Benzodiazepines

Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C),

169

L-tryptophan,

315

Lumateperone,

594

Lumbar puncture (LP)

CSF sampling and,

61, 63, 65, 67, 68

hydrocephalus and,

428

hypertensive encephalopathy and,

439

meningitis and,

476

Lung disease,

71, 144.See also Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; Pulmonary disease

Lupus,

25.See also Systemic lupus erythematosus

Lupus anticoagulant,

343

Lupus nephritis,

555

Lurasidone,

595, 623

Luteinizing hormone (LH),

131, 132, 245

Lyme disease,

63, 179–181, 464–466

Lymphadenopathy,

388

Lymphocytes,

311, 317–319

Lymphocytosis,

455

Lymphoma,

317

Lymphoproliferative states,

317

Macroalbuminuria,

291

Macroamylasemia,

Macrocytic anemia,

307, 340, 403, 568

Macrocytosis,

307

Magnesium,

182–184, 435, 449

Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA),

19, 21

Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography,

508

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI),

185–187.See also Functional MRI

alcohol-related dementia and,

333

Alzheimer’s disease and,

337

brain abscess and,

352

brain tumor and,

353

central pontine myelinolysis and,

357

CJD and,

368, 369

Cushing’s syndrome and,

370

dementia with Lewy bodies and,

378

diabetes insipidus and,

381

ethylene glycol poisoning and,

400

fatty liver disease and,

401

fragile X DNA testing and,

134

FTD and,

409

Hashimoto’s encephalopathy and,

412

headaches and,

415

hydrocephalus and,

428

hypertensive encephalopathy and,

439

limbic encephalitis and,

462

manganese poisoning and,

469

Marchiafava-Bignami disease and,

473–474

metachromatic leukodystrophy and,

482

mild neurocognitive disorder and,

485

multiple sclerosis and,

487

neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder and,

495

OCD and,

498

organophosphate poisoning and,

503

pancreatitis and,

508

pheochromocytoma and,

520

porphyria and,

523

progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy and,

527

prostate-specific antigen and,

223

sarcoidosis and,

537

secondary mania and,

350

seizures and,

542

signal appearance by type of image,

626

stroke and,

546

subdural hematoma and,

547

systemic lupus erythematosus and,

555

thiamine deficiency and,

557

uremic syndrome and,

564

vitamin B₁₂ deficiency and,

569

Wernicke’s encephalopathy and,

570

Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS),

188–190

Magnesium ammonium phosphate crystals,

280

Maintenance of wakefulness test (MWT),

201–202

Major depressive disorder (MDD),

467–468.See also Depression

cortisol level and,

PET and,

215

WBC count and,

320

Major neurocognitive disorder,

375

Malingering, and seizures,

542

Malnutrition

.See also Diet

folate level and,

129

magnesium and,

182

Marchiafava-Bignami disease and,

473

prealbumin and,

219

thiamine level and,

249

Mammography,

191–192

Manganese,

142, 469–470

Mania, and manic episodes,

471–472.See also Bipolar disorder; Secondary mania

magnetic resonance spectroscopy and,

188

serotonin transporter polymorphism and,

236

vitamin B₁₂ level and,

307

Manometry,

396

Mantoux test,

265

Marchiafava-Bignami disease (MBD),

473–474, 556

Marginated pool, of neutrophils,

322

Marijuana

.See Cannabis

Mast cells,

313

Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF),

476

MDMA (Ecstasy),

283, 357, 391

Mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH),

Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC),

Mean corpuscular volume (MCV),

144, 193–194

Mean platelet volume (MPV),

211

Medical conditions

.See also Cancer; Cardiovascular disease; Diabetes; Infections; Inflammation; Kidney disease; Liver disease; Lung disease; specific conditions

criteria for inclusion in text, xv depression and,

380, 467

mania and hypomania with,

471

obstructive sleep apnea and,

500

psychotic disorder due to another medical condition,

530–531

schizophrenia and,

538

Medications

.See also Analgesics; Betablockers; Diuretic medications; Drug interactions; Herbal and alternative medicines; Opioids; Psychotropic medications

chronic anxiety and,

345

depression and,

467

diversion of prescribed,

284

folate levels and,

128, 156

follicle-stimulating hormone and,

131

hyperkalemia and,

433

mania and,

471

pellagra and,

514

peripheral neuropathy and,

516

phosphate and,

209

porphyria and,

522

protein levels and,

225

pyridoxine deficiency and,

532

SIAD and,

549

thrombocytopenia and,

558

thrombocytosis and,

559

urine crystals and,

280

Megaloblastic anemia,

129, 217, 234, 568

MELD Score (Model for End-stage Liver Disease),

364

Memantine,

595

Memory

.See also Amnesia; Cognitive impairment; Executive functions

carotid ultrasound and,

FTD and,

407

mild neurocognitive disorder and,

485

vitamin B₁₂ level and,

307

Meningiomas,

353

Meningitis,

475–477.See also specific types

C-reactive protein and,

CSF and,

63, 65, 67, 68

encephalitis and,

397

MRI and,

185

tuberculosis and,

562

Meningoencephalitis,

150

Meningovascular syphilis,

551

Menopause

estrogen and,

117

follicle-stimulating hormone and,

131

human chorionic gonadotropin and,

158

hypogonadism and,

445

Menstruation and menstrual cycle,

117, 131.See also Amenorrhea

Mental status changes

.See also Agitation; Cognitive impairment; Irritability

electroencephalogram and,

109

ESR and,

115

thiamine deficiency and,

557

urinalysis and,

269, 290, 293, 302

vitamin B₁₂ level and,

307

Wernicke’s encephalopathy and,

572

Mental status examination, and dementia,

375

Mercury,

142, 478–479

Metabolic acidosis,

43, 494

Metabolic alkalosis,

Metabolic conditions, and catatonia,

355

Metabolic syndrome,

480

antipsychotics and,

562, 577

C-reactive protein and,

hemoglobin A1C and,

148

lithium and,

593

schizophrenia and,

539

testosterone level and,

245

uric acid and,

267

Metabolizer status, and psychotropic drugs,

100

Metachromatic leukodystrophy (MLD),

481–482

Metal fume fever,

335

Metals

.See Aluminum toxicity; Heavy metal poisoning

Metanephrines,

195–196, 519–520

Methadone,

283, 284

Methamphetamine,

284, 390

Methcathinone,

469

Methanol,

197–198

osmolality and,

203

poisoning and,

40, 197, 483–484

Methionine metabolism,

156

Methylmalonic acid (MMA) level,

199–200, 569

Methylphenidate,

284, 594

Microalbuminuria,

291

Microcytic anemia,

340

Microdeletion syndromes,

328

Micro-hemagglutination assay,

242, 552

Middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion,

545

Migraines,

121, 414.See also Headaches

Mild cognitive impairment with Lewy bodies (MCI-LB),

378

Mild neurocognitive disorder,

485–486

Military tuberculosis,

562

Milnacipran,

596, 623

Minimal hepatic encephalopathy,

418

Miosis,

391

Mirtazapine,

260, 597, 623

Mixed connective tissue disease,

Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD),

Modified barium swallow (MBS),

396

Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs),

139, 598

Monocytes,

311

Monoglycerides,

260

Mononeuropathy,

516

Monospot antibody test,

455

Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA),

375, 485

Mood disorders

cortisol level and,

fragile X DNA testing and,

134

functional MRI and,

136

Lyme disease and,

180, 464

neurosyphilis and,

242

schizophrenia and,

538

thyroid function testing and,

251, 253

total iron-binding capacity and,

256

Mood instability, and lithium,

172.See also Agitation; Irritability

Morel’s laminar sclerosis,

473

Morphine,

283

Mosaicism, and Down syndrome,

386

Mosquitos, and viral encephalitis,

397

Motor vehicle accident cases,

Motor symptoms

cholinesterase levels and,

of chronic traumatic encephalopathy,

361

of CJD,

368

of FTD,

407, 408

of Hashimoto’s encephalopathy,

412

of Huntington’s disease,

163, 426

manganese poisoning and,

469

of peripheral neuropathy and,

516

Multiple mononeuropathy,

516

Multiple sclerosis,

487–488

CSF protein and,

evoked potential testing and,

121

neuroimaging signal appearance of,

626

neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder and,

496

secondary mania and,

350

Multiple sleep latency test (MSLT),

201–202, 491

Muscle injury,

92, 274

Muscle rigidity, and neuroleptic malignant syndrome,

493

Mutism, and catatonia,

355.See also Akinetic mutism

Myalgia,

Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS),

359

Mycobacterium tuberculosis,

265, 562

Myeloma,

297

Myelotoxicity, and thrombocytopenia,

558

Myocardial infarction (MI),

107, 263, 489–490

Myocarditis,

388

Myoclonus,

305, 368

Myoglobin,

274

Myoglobinuria,

274, 494

Myopathy,

Naltrexone,

599

Narcolepsy,

201, 491–492

National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer’s Association (NIA-AA),

337

National Institutes of Health,

526

National Library of Medicine,

xv, 394

Nefazodone,

600

Negativism, and catatonia,

355

Neocortical atrophy,

163

Neomycin,

295

Neoplastic meningitis,

475

Nephrogenic diabetes,

381

Nerve conduction testing (NCT),

114, 333, 517

Nervous system

.See also Central nervous system; Neurological symptoms; Neuropathy; Neuropsychiatric symptoms

Lyme disease and,

180, 464, 465

neuro-COVID and,

365

Neurobehavioral dysregulation, and chronic traumatic encephalopathy,

361

Neuroborreliosis,

179

Neurodegenerative diseases,

186, 350

Neurofilament light chain (NfL),

488

Neuroimaging

.See also Chest X-ray; Computed tomography; Magnetic resonance imaging; Positron emission tomography

Cushing’s syndrome and,

370

ethylene glycol poisoning and,

400

FTD and,

409

headaches and,

415

hypertensive encephalopathy and,

439

insomnia disorder and,

456

meningitis and,

477

viral encephalitis and,

398

Neuroinflammation, and PET,

215

Neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS),

92, 274, 493–494

Neurological symptoms

.See also Functional neurological symptom disorders; Nervous system; Neuropathy; Neuropsychiatric symptoms

catatonia and,

355

depression and,

380

Down syndrome and,

386

organophosphate poisoning and,

503

vitamin B₁₂ level and,

307

Wilson’s disease and,

572

Neuromuscular disease,

114

Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD),

488, 495–496

Neuropathic pain,

320

Neuropathy

.See also Peripheral neuropathy

electromyography and,

114

restless legs syndrome and,

534

thiamine deficiency and,

557

Neuropsychiatric symptoms of brain tumor,

353

of pellagra,

514

of syphilis,

551

of systemic lupus erythematosus,

554

of uremic syndrome,

564

of Wilson’s disease,

572

Neuropsychological testing, and ADHD in adults,

346

Neurosarcoidosis,

61, 536–537

Neurosyphilis,

63, 68, 242, 552

Neurotoxicity, of aluminum,

335

Neutropenia,

323

Neutrophils,

311, 322–325

Next-generation sequencing (NGS),

477

Niacin, and pellagra,

514

Nitrate,

293

Nitrite,

282, 293, 566

Nitrous oxide,

568

Nocturnal hypoglycemia,

444

Nocturnal leg cramps,

534

Non-AD primary progressive aphasia,

337

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD),

363, 401

Nonbenzodiazepine hypnotics,

598

Noncommunicating hydrocephalus,

428

Noncompliance, with medication

benzodiazepine levels and,

14, 52, 73, 78, 103, 127, 178, 206, 244

clozapine level and,

valproate level and,

305

Non-convulsive status epilepticus,

110

Nonfluent variant primary progressive aphasia (nfvPPA),

407, 409

Nontreponemal tests,

242

Normochromic anemia,

340

Normocytic anemia,

340

Nortriptyline,

615, 623

NPH, as subtype of hydrocephalus,

428

N-terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP),

Nucleic acid tests, for HIV,

154, 155, 425

Nursing homes hypernatremia and,

437

SIAD and,

549

tuberculosis testing and,

265, 562

urinalysis and,

269

vitamin D level and,

309

Nutrition

.See Diet; Malnutrition

Obesity

cortisol levels and,

diabetes and,

383

fragile X DNA testing and,

134

human growth hormone level and,

160

metabolic syndrome and,

480

obstructive sleep apnea and,

499

testosterone level and,

245

triglycerides and,

260

urine microalbumin and,

291

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD),

188, 215, 497–498

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA),

213, 499–501

Occupational exposure

alcohol use and,

aluminum toxicity and,

336

heavy metal poisoning and,

142, 143

organophosphate poisoning and,

76, 502

urine drug screen and,

283

Ocular signs, of Wernicke’s encephalopathy and Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome,

570.See also Vision

Olanzapine,

480, 601–602, 623

Older adults anemia and,

339

BUN and,

bone mineral density scan and,

brain natriuretic peptide and,

chest X-ray and,

clonazepam and,

clozapine and,

CT and,

delirium and,

373

drug-induced liver injury and,

394

electrocardiogram and,

106

electroconvulsive therapy and,

632

electroencephalogram and,

110

ESR and,

115, 116

estrogen and,

117

folate level and,

129

follicle-stimulating hormone and,

131

fragile X DNA testing and,

134

homocysteine level and,

156

human growth hormone level and,

160

Huntington gene mutation in,

163

hydrocephalus and,

428

hypernatremia and,

437

hyperparathyroidism and,

438

hypoglycemia and,

444

hypokalemia and,

447

hyponatremia and,

451

hypoparathyroidism and,

452

hypothyroidism and,

453

infectious mononucleosis and,

455

lithium and,

172, 173, 593, 622

MRI and,

185

mild neurocognitive disorder and,

485

neuroleptic malignant syndrome and,

493

osteoporosis and,

505

Parkinson’s disease and,

512

polysomnography and,

213

prostate-specific antigen and,

223

protein and,

225

pyridoxine deficiency and,

227, 532

sodium and,

240

stroke and,

544

subdural hematoma and,

547

thiamine level and,

249

thyroid function testing and,

251, 253

thyrotoxicosis and,

560, 561

urinalysis and,

269, 290, 291, 293, 299, 302

urine dipstick testing and,

282

vitamin B₁₂ level and,

307–308, 568, 569

vitamin D level and,

309

Wilson’s disease and,

572

Oligoclonal bands (OCBs), and multiple sclerosis,

488

Open MRI,

185

Opioids,

603

drug abuse and,

391–392

polysomnography and,

213

sodium and,

240

urine drug screen and,

283

Optical coherence tomography (OCT),

496

Optic neuritis,

495

Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT),

384

Oral hypoglycemic agents,

288

Orexin, and narcolepsy,

491

Organic mercury,

478

Organophosphate-induced delayed neuropathy,

502

Organophosphate poisoning,

76, 502–504

Organ transplantation,

90, 317, 422

Oropharyngeal dysphagia,

396

Orthostatic proteinuria,

297

Osmolal gap,

203

Osmolality,

203–205

hypernatremia and,

437

SIAD and,

550, 639

urine specific gravity and,

301

Osmotic demyelination syndrome (ODS),

357, 473

Osteomalacia,

Osteopenia,

46, 354, 505

Osteoporosis,

11, 46, 209, 505

Otitis media,

134

Oval fat bodies,

286

Overdose

of benzodiazepines,

14, 73, 78, 103, 127, 178, 206, 244

of opioids,

391

of valproate,

305

Oxazepam,

73, 206, 284, 623.See also Benzodiazepines

Oxcarbazepine,

604, 623

Oxycodone,

283, 603

Oxygen blood gases and,

hematocrit and,

144

hemoglobin and,

146

Paget’s disease,

11, 49, 50

Pain

in chest,

107, 263

neuropathic,

320

pancreatitis and,

506, 508

porphyria and,

522

restless legs syndrome and,

534

Paliperidone,

220, 605, 623

Pancreas, and DRESS syndrome,

388

Pancreatitis,

506–509

amylase testing and,

blood glucose levels and,

139

C-reactive protein and,

lipase and,

167

triglycerides and,

169, 260

Pancreatogenic diabetes,

508, 509

Panic attacks,

510–511

carotid ultrasound and,

drug abuse and,

390

glucose levels and,

139

metanephrines and,

195

polysomnography and,

213

Panic disorder,

195, 510–511

Paraganglioma,

195, 519

Paralysis, and narcolepsy,

491

Parasomnias,

213

Parathyroid hormone (PTH),

207–208, 431, 441, 452

Parenchymal hemorrhage,

19, 21

Parkinsonism,

142, 185, 197

Parkinson’s disease,

512–513

daytime somnolence and,

201

lead poisoning and,

460

lithium and,

172

SPECT and,

238, 238, 239

Parkinson’s disease dementia (PDD),

378

Paroxetine,

606, 623

Paroxysmal hypertension, and pheochromocytoma,

519

Partial seizures,

541

Partial trisomy 21,

386

Patient counseling, and HIV testing,

154, 425.See also Genetic counseling

Pellagra,

514–515

Pericardial effusion,

104

Pericarditis,

106

Peripheral neuropathy,

516–518

acute intermittent porphyria and,

522

hepatitis C and,

150

homocysteine level and,

156

vitamin B₁₂ and,

307

Peripheral vascular disease,

534

Pernicious anemia,

303, 307, 568, 569

Peroxidase,

313

Perphenazine,

623

Personality disorders,

52, 242

Personality traits, and 22q11.2 deletion syndrome,

328

Pesticides

.See Organophosphate poisoning

P-glycoprotein pump function,

215

pH, and urinalysis,

295

Phantom boarder syndrome,

379

Phencyclidine (PCP),

283

Phenothiazines,

139, 240, 288

Phenytoin,

227, 623

Pheochromocytoma,

195, 519–520

Phosphate,

209–210

Phosphatidyl ethanol (Peth),

333

Phosphorus,

209

Phosphorylated tau (P-tau),

70, 486

Physical exam, and dementia,

376

Pica,

165, 339, 521

Pimavanserin,

606

Pitolisant,

607

Pituitary disorders,

132, 160, 245

Pituitary lesions, and Cushing’s syndrome,

371

Pituitary stroke,

330

Pituitary tumors,

220

Plasma cholinesterase,

76, 503

Plasma fibrinogen level,

115

Plasma metanephrine testing,

195

Platelet count,

81, 211–212, 558, 559

Pleocytosis,

PML-associated immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (PML-IRIS),

526, 527

Poisoning

.See Toxicity

Polycythemia,

144, 146, 231

Polydipsia,

240.See also Psychogenic polydipsia

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR),

179, 406, 526, 563

Polymyalgia rheumatica,

115

Polymyositis,

Polycystic ovary syndrome,

246

Polyneuropathy,

333, 516

Polysomnography (PSG),

201, 213–214, 456, 500

Polyuria,

Porphyria,

74, 278, 522–523

Positron emission tomography (PET),

215–216

Alzheimer’s disease and,

338

ADHD in adults and,

346

brain tumor and,

353

dementia with Lewy bodies and,

379

mild neurocognitive disorder and,

486

Posterior cerebral artery stroke,

545

Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES),

439

Postictal psychosis,

530

Postpartum depression,

144

Postrema syndrome,

495

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) cortisol level and,

dexamethasone suppression test and,

101

magnetic resonance spectroscopy and,

188

WBC count and,

320

Posttreatment Lyme disease,

464

Postural instability, and Parkinson’s disease,

512

Potassium,

217–218

CMP and,

electrolytes panel and,

113

hyperkalemia and,

433

hypokalemia and,

447

Potomania,

528

POUND (mnemonic),

414

Powassan encephalitis,

397

Prader-Willi syndrome,

160, 524–525

Pravastatin,

Prealbumin,

219

Prediabetes,

384

Pregnancy

anemia and,

339

antiphospholipid syndrome and,

343

bile acids and,

electroconvulsive therapy and,

633

estrogen and,

117

folate level and,

128

fragile X DNA testing and,

134

hematocrit and,

144

hepatitis testing and,

422

human chorionic gonadotropin and,

158

hypothyroidism and,

453

MRI and,

185

mercury poisoning and,

478

pica and,

521

prolactin and,

220

pyridoxine level and,

227

restless legs syndrome and,

534

syphilis testing and,

242

urinalysis and,

269, 288, 293

Prescription drug monitoring programs,

392

Primary headaches,

414

Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT),

438, 449

Primary hypogonadism,

445

Primary myopathy,

114

Primary ovarian failure,

131

Primary polydipsia,

381, 528

Primary progressive multiple sclerosis,

487

Prion protein,

368

Prodromal symptoms, of Parkinson’s disease,

512

Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML),

526–527

Prolactin,

220–222, 245, 543

Prolactinoma,

221

Propranolol,

139, 211

Propylene glycol toxicity,

178

Prostate cancer,

223

Prostate-specific antigen (PSA),

223–224

Protein

in CSF,

CMP and,

serum level of,

225–226

urinalysis and,

297

Protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA),

369

Protein-rich fluid, and neuroimaging signal appearance,

626

Proteinuria,

291, 297

Provocation, and electroencephalogram,

109

Pseudocysts, and pancreatitis,

508

Pseudoseizures,

110

Pseudotumor cerebri,

Psychiatric-onset prodrome,

378, 379

Psychiatry

.See also Comorbidities; Psychotropic medications; specific disorders

lumbar puncture for diagnostic indications and,

relevance of laboratory testing to practice of,

xvi–xviii

Psychogenic nonepileptic seizures,

220, 221, 238

Psychogenic polydipsia,

23, 74, 203, 528–529

Psychopharmacology

.See Psychotropic medications

Psychosis

antiphospholipid syndrome and,

343

clozapine level and,

CT and,

84, 85

Cushing’s syndrome and,

370

dementia with Lewy bodies and,

379

drug abuse and,

390, 391

electroencephalogram and,

109

event-related potential testing and,

120

Hashimoto’s encephalopathy and,

412

heavy metal screening and,

142

Huntington’s disease and,

426

manganese poisoning and,

469

metachromatic leukodystrophy and,

481

systemic lupus erythematosus and,

555

thyroid function testing and,

251, 253

22q11.2 deletion syndrome and,

328

viral encephalitis and,

397

vitamin B₁₂ level and,

307, 568

WBC count and,

320

Psychotic disorder due to another medical condition,

530–531

Psychotropic medications

.See also Antidepressants; Antipsychotics; Benzodiazepines; Lithium; Monoamine oxidase inhibitors; Nonbenzodiazepine hypnotics; Noncompliance; Overdose; Sedative-hypnotics; Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors

alanine transaminase and,

albumin level and,

alkaline phosphatase and,

anemia and,

339

antidiuretic hormone and,

aspartate transaminase and potential hepatotoxicity of,

bone mineral density and,

DRESS syndrome and,

388

drug-induced liver injury and,

394

drug-induced lupus and,

echocardiogram and,

104

electrocardiogram and,

106

eosinophilia and,

315

human chorionic gonadotropin and,

158

hyponatremia and,

451

lipid panel and,

169, 170

liver function tests and,

175–176

metabolic syndrome and,

480

metabolization of by CYP2D6,

100

multiple sleep latency test and,

201

OCD and,

498

osmolality and,

203

parathyroid hormone and,

207

pheochromocytoma and,

519

platelet count and,

209

prolactin and,

220

psychogenic polydipsia and,

528

renal function panel and,

233

restless legs syndrome and,

534

screening and monitoring of,

xviii

sodium and,

240

testosterone level and,

245, 246

therapeutic and toxic levels of,

622–623

triglycerides and,

260

upper GI bleeding and,

123

urine color and,

278

WBC count and,

320, 322–323

P300, and event-related potential testing,

120

Puberty, and follicle-stimulating hormone,

131, 132

Pulmonary disease, and SIAD,

549.See also Cardiopulmonary failure; Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; Respiratory disease

Pulmonary hypertension, and Down syndrome,

386

Pulmonary manifestations, of DRESS syndrome,

388

Pulsatile tinnitus,

Purified protein derivative (PPD),

265

P wave, and heart cycle,

106

Pyelonephritis,

269, 280, 566

Pyramidal tract signs, of Hashimoto’s encephalopathy,

412

Pyridoxine,

227–228, 532–533

Pyuria,

302, 566

QRS complex,

106

QT interval, and electrocardiogram,

106

QT prolongation, and antipsychotics,

575

Quantitative electroencephalogram (qEEG),

229–230

Quetiapine,

339, 606, 621

Rabies,

397

Race/ethnicity

bilirubin levels and,

carbamazepine level and,

clozapine level and,

creatinine and,

diabetes and,

383

drug-induced liver injury and,

394

hemochromatosis and,

416

HIV/AIDS and,

154, 424

metabolization of psychotropic drugs and,

100

multiple sclerosis and,

487

neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder and,

495

osteoporosis and,

505

pica and,

521

platelet count and,

211

porphyria and,

522

prostate-specific antigen and,

223

sarcoidosis and,

536

serotonin transporter polymorphism and,

236

22q11.2 deletion syndrome and,

328

systemic lupus erythematosus and,

554

urine microalbumin and,

291

WBC count and,

311

Ramelteon,

609

Rapid plasma reagin (RPR) test,

242, 552

Rash

DRESS syndrome and,

388

Lyme disease and,

179, 465

pellagra and,

514

secondary syphilis and,

551

Rivastigmine,

610

Raynaud’s disease,

RBC cholinesterase,

Reactive thrombocytosis,

559

Real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuIC),

368–369

Recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rTPA),

546

Recurrent hypoglycemia,

444

Red blood cells (RBC).

231–232

bilirubin cycle and,

636

CBC and,

ESR and,

115

folate level and,

128

hematocrit and,

144

iron level and,

165

manganese poisoning and,

469

mean corpuscular volume and,

193

organophosphate poisoning and,

503

reticulocyte count and,

234

urine blood, hemoglobin, and myoglobin,

274

urine RBCs and RBC casts,

299

Red cell distribution of width (RDW),

Relapses, of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder,

495

Relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis,

487

REM sleep behavior disorder,

213, 378, 379

Renal failure

.See also Kidney disease

BUN and,

ethylene glycol poisoning and,

399

osmolality and,

203

thiamine level and,

249

urine crystals and,

280

Renal function panel,

233

Renal tubule epithelial cells,

286

Replacement therapy, for testosterone,

245

Respiratory acidosis,

Respiratory alkalosis,

Respiratory disease,

42, 74.See also Lung disease; Pulmonary disease

Respiratory event index (REI),

500

Resting tremor, of Parkinson’s disease,

512

Restless legs syndrome,

144, 213, 534–535

Restricting type, of anorexia nervosa,

341

Reticulocyte count,

234–235

Reticulocyte production index (RPI),

234

Rett syndrome,

348

Reverse transcription-PCR method,

366

Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction,

415

Reye’s syndrome,

Rhabdomyolysis,

92, 274

Rheumatoid arthritis,

26, 227

Rigidity, and Parkinson’s disease,

512

Risperidone,

220, 260, 609, 623

Safety labs, and schizophrenia,

539

S allele deletion,

236

Sarcoidosis,

220, 536–537

Schizoaffective disorder,

79, 538

Schizophrenia,

538–540

antidiuretic hormone and,

clozapine level and,

cortisol level and,

C-reactive protein and,

dexamethasone suppression test and,

101

folate deficiency and,

403

functional MRI and,

136

homocysteine level and,

156

iron level and,

165

MRI and,

185

pica and,

521

PET and,

215

psychosis and,

530

22q11.2 deletion syndrome and,

328

Wilson’s disease and,

572

Scintigraphy,

561

Scleroderma,

25, 26

Scrapie prion protein,

368

Screening, and screening questions

.See also Urine drug screen

restless legs syndrome and,

534

for viral hepatitis,

421–422

Secondary headaches,

414

Secondary hypogonadism,

445

Secondary mania (SM),

350–351

Secondary progressive multiple sclerosis,

487

Secondary psychosis,

530

Sedative-hypnotics, and drug abuse,

392

Seizures,

541–543

ammonia levels and,

brain abscess and,

352

CSF and,

61, 66

creative kinase and,

electroencephalogram and,

109, 110

Hashimoto’s encephalopathy and,

412

limbic encephalitis and,

462

methanol level and,

197

opioid abuse and,

391

phosphate and,

209

polysomnography and,

213

porphyria and,

523

postictal psychosis and,

530

prolactin and,

220, 221

quantitative electroencephalogram and,

229

sarcoidosis and,

536

SPECT and,

238

sodium and,

240

uremic syndrome and,

564

valproate level and,

305

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) bone mineral density and,

OCD and,

497

prolactin elevation and,

220

serotonin transporter polymorphism and,

236

upper GI bleeding and,

123

Selegiline,

598

Semantic variant primary progressive aphasia (svPPA),

407, 409

Sensory neuropathies,

516–517

Septic shock,

249

Serdexmethylphenidate/dexmethylphenidate,

610

Serotonin syndrome,

493

Serotonin transporter polymorphism,

236–237

Sertraline,

611, 623

Serum osmolality,

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2),

365

Sexual behavior, and HIV testing,

154–155

Sexually transmitted infection (STI),

242.See also Syphilis

Short corticotropin test,

330

Sialic acid,

Sickle cell disease,

146

Sildenafil,

611

Simvastatin,

Single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT),

238–239, 338, 379

Sjogren’s syndrome,

25, 26

Skin tests, for tuberculosis,

265, 562

SLC6A4 gene,

236

Sleep, and sleep disorders

.See also Daytime sleepiness; Insomnia disorder; Narcolepsy; Obstructive sleep apnea; Restless legs syndrome; Sleep-onset REM periods

anemia and,

339

diabetes and,

383

multiple sleep latency test and,

201

polysomnography and,

213

uremic syndrome and,

564

Sleep diary,

456

Sleep-onset REM periods (SOREMPs),

491

Smith antigen (anti-Sm),

555

Smoking

bone mineral density and,

hematocrit and,

144

mean corpuscular volume and,

193

pancreatitis and,

508

stroke and,

544

triglycerides and,

260

urinalysis and,

274, 299

Sneddon’s syndrome,

Social Responsiveness Scale, Second Edition (SRS-2),

348

Sodium

CMP and,

electrolytes panel and,

113

hypernatremia and,

437

hyponatremia and,

451

serum osmolality and,

203

SIAD and,

549, 637

test for levels of,

240–241

Somatic symptom disorder,

Somatosensory evoked response,

121

Special populations

.See Children; Homeless; LGBT+; Older adults; Race/ethnicity

Speech apraxia,

407

“Spice” (synthetic cannabinoid),

276, 284

Spinal cord lesions or stroke,

121

Spinal tuberculosis,

562

Splenic rupture,

455

Sporadic CJD (sCJD),

368

Spurious elevation, of potassium,

433

Squamous epithelial cells,

286

Stable angina,

263

Statin drugs,

92, 152

Status epilepticus,

263

Status seizure,

541

Steatohepatitis,

401

Stercobilin,

636

Stereotactic aspiration, of brain abscesses,

352

Stereotactic biopsy, of brain tumors,

353

Stereotypy, and catatonia,

355

Sterile pyuria,

566

Steroid-responsive encephalopathy associated with autoimmune thyroiditis (SREAT),

412

Steroid(s)

.See Anabolic steroids; Corticosteroids

Stevens-Johnson syndrome,

Stimulus-induced rhythmic, periodic, or ictal discharges (SIRPIDs),

369

Stool DNA testing,

123

STOP-BANG test, and obstructive sleep apnea,

500

Strabismus,

134

Streptomycin,

295

Stress

adrenocorticotropic hormone and,

2, 3

cortisol level and,

87, 88

glucose level and,

139

insomnia disorder and,

456

myocardial infarction and,

489

panic disorder and,

510

testosterone level and,

245

urine protein and,

297

Stroke,

544–546

antiphospholipid syndrome and,

343

carotid ultrasound and,

CSF tau protein and,

creative kinase and,

folate deficiency and,

403

hepatitis panel and,

150

high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and,

152

homocysteine level and,

156

lipid panel and,

169

magnetic resonance spectroscopy and,

188

platelet count and,

209

polysomnography and,

213

secondary mania and,

350

triglycerides and,

260

uric acid and,

267

Stroke-heart syndrome,

263

Structural imaging, relevance of to psychiatry,

xviii

ST segment elevation MI (STEMI),

489

Stupor, and catatonia,

355

Subacute combined degeneration,

307

Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis,

110

Subarachnoid hemorrhage,

19, 61, 85, 263

Subclinical hypothyroidism,

453, 454

Subcortical white matter lesions,

343

Subdural hematoma,

203, 547–548

Substance/medication-induced anxiety disorder,

345

Substance/medication-induced depressive disorder,

467

Substance use, and substance use disorders

390–393See also Alcohol use disorder; Withdrawal; specific substances

cortisol level and,

hepatitis testing and,

422

HIV testing and,

154, 424

hyperglycemia and,

432

hyponatremia and,

451

liver function tests and,

175

mania and,

471

PET and,

215

sodium and,

240

syphilis testing and,

242

urine bilirubin and,

272

urine drug screen and,

283–285

WBC count and,

320

Suicide, and suicidal ideation

anorexia nervosa and,

341

ADHD in adults and,

346

clozapine level and,

Cushing’s syndrome and,

370

headaches and,

414

Huntington’s disease and,

163

insomnia disorder and,

456

Lyme disease and,

180, 464

major depressive disorder and,

467

methanol poisoning and,

197, 483

OCD and,

497

organophosphate poisoning and,

502

panic disorder and,

510

schizophrenia and,

538

Suvorexant,

612

Syncope,

107

Syndrome of apathetic hyperthyroidism,

560

Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuresis (SIAD),

549–550, 638–639

antidiuretic hormone and,

brain tumor and,

353

chloride levels and,

hyponatremia and,

451

osmolality and,

203

sodium and,

240

Synthetic cannabinoids,

276, 284

Syphilis,

551–553

CSF cell count and differential,

secondary mania and,

351

tests for,

242–243, 485

WBC count and,

320

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE),

554–555

antinuclear antibody testing and,

antiphospholipid antibodies and,

C-reactive protein and,

ESR and,

115

secondary mania and,

350

Tabes dorsalis,

552

Table of Pharmacogenetic Association,

100

Tapeworms,

307

Tardive dyskinesia,

79, 539

Tasimelteon,

612

Tau protein,

T cells,

317

Technetium-labeled hexamethylpropyleneamine oxime (99mTc-HMPAO),

238

Temazepam,

244.See also Benzodiazepines

Temporal arteritis,

115, 186

Tension-type headaches,

414

Testicular tumor,

246

Testosterone,

221, 245–248, 342, 445

Thalassemia,

Therapeutic drug monitoring, with carbamazepine,

Thiamine,

249–250, 342, 556–557.See also Wernicke’s encephalopathy

Three-dimensional (3D) mammography,

191

Thrombocytes,

211

Thrombocytopenia,

211, 344, 558

Thrombocytosis,

211, 559

Thrombosis,

Thrombotic strokes,

544

Thyroid antibodies,

561

Thyroid disease,

252, 253.See also Hyperthyroidism; Hypothyroidism

Thyroid function testing,

251–255, 413, 524

Thyroid replacement therapy,

254

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH),

253–255

Down syndrome and,

387

free thyroxine and,

251

secondary mania and,

350

thyrotoxicosis and,

560

Thyroid storm,

560

Thyroid surgery,

207

Thyrotoxicosis,

251, 313, 560–561

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH),

251, 253

Thyroxine (T4),

251, 253

Tic disorders,

497

Ticks Lyme disease and,

179, 464, 465

viral encephalitis and,

397

Tissue biopsy, and sarcoidosis,

537

Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA),

185

Tobacco

.See Smoking

Tonic-clonic seizures,

541, 543

Topiramate,

613, 623

Torsades de pointes,

106, 107

Total iron-binding capacity (TIBC),

256–257, 258

Toxic encephalopathy,

238

Toxic epidermal necrolysis,

Toxicity

.See also Heavy metal poisoning; Organophosphate poisoning

of alcohol,

of aluminum and,

335–336

of benzodiazepines,

14, 73, 78, 103, 127, 178, 206, 244

of carbamazepine,

52, 622

of clozapine,

79, 622

of ethylene glycol,

119, 280, 399–400

heavy metal screening and,

142

iron level and,

165

lead poisoning and,

460

of lithium,

110, 172, 173, 622

of manganese,

469

of mercury,

478

organophosphates and,

phosphate and,

209

protein levels and,

225

of pyridoxine,

227

of valproate,

305, 623

vitamin D and,

309

T. pallidum particle agglutination assay (TP-PA),

242

Tramadol,

613

Transferrin,

54, 256, 258–259

Transfusions, and hepatitis,

422

Transient elastography,

364

Transient ischemic attack (TIA),

545

angiography and,

19, 21

carotid ultrasound and,

CT and,

MRI and,

185

Transplant rejection,

90.See also Organ transplantation

Transthoracic echocardiography (TEE),

104

Transverse myelitis,

61, 495

Traumatic brain injury (TBI)

.See also Head trauma

CSF and,

67, 70

chloride levels and,

creative kinase and,

human growth hormone level and,

160

magnetic resonance spectroscopy and,

188

osmolality and,

203

secondary mania and,

350

SPECT and,

238, 239

subdural hematoma and,

547

troponins and,

260

valproate level and,

305

WBC count and,

320

Trazodone,

614, 623

Tremor, and Wilson’s disease,

572

Treponema pallidum,

242, 551, 552

Tricyclic antidepressants (TCA),

615–616

electrocardiogram and,

106

glucose levels and,

139

prolactin levels and,

220

serotonin transporter polymorphism and,

236

Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2),

338

Triglycerides,

169, 260–262

Triiodothyronine (T3),

253

Troponins,

92, 263–264, 490

Trousseau’s sign,

441

Tuberculomas,

562

Tuberculosis,

562–563

CSF count and,

63, 476

chest X-ray and,

HIV testing and,

155

lymphocytes and,

317

osmolality and,

203

prolactin and,

220

syphilis testing and,

242

testing for,

265–266

WBC count and,

320

Tubular necrosis,

276

Tubulointerstitial disease,

233

Tumors, and neuroimaging signal appearance,

624.See also Cancer; specific type

T wave, and heart cycle,

106

22q11.2 deletion syndrome,

328–329

Ultrasound

drug-induced liver injury and,

394

fatty liver disease and,

401

pancreatitis and,

506

Upper GI endoscopy,

396

Uremic syndrome,

44, 564–566

Urethelial carcinoma,

299

Uric acid,

267–268, 295

Urinalysis,

269–270.See also Urine; Urine dipstick testing; Urine drug screen

anorexia nervosa and,

341

bilirubin and,

272

blood, hemoglobin, and myoglobin,

274–275

casts and,

276–277

color and,

278–279

crystals and,

280–281

epithelial cells and epithelial casts,

286

glucose and,

287

ketones and,

288–289

leukocyte esterase and,

290

nitrite and,

293–294

pH and,

295–296

porphyria and,

522

protein and,

297–298

RBCs and RBC casts,

299–300

relevance of to psychiatry,

xix

secondary mania and,

350

specific gravity and,

301

urinary tract infection and,

566

WBCs and WBC casts,

302

urobilinogen and,

303–304

Urinary tract infection (UTI),

566–567

nitrite in urine and,

293

protein in urine and,

297

urinalysis and,

269

urine dipstick testing and,

282

urine leukocyte esterase and,

290

urine WBCs and,

302

Urine

.See also Urinalysis; Urinary tract infection; Urine dipstick testing; Urine drug screen

appearance of,

271

characteristics of,

269

culture of,

293, 566

diabetes insipidus and,

381

hypernatremia and,

437

mercury levels in,

479

osmolality of,

203, 437, 550

Urine albumin,

384.See also Urine microalbumin

Urine arginine vasopressin,

528

Urine copper test,

573

Urine dipstick testing,

282

hyperglycemia and,

432

initial screening for drug abuse,

283

leukocyte esterase and,

290

urinary tract infection and,

566

Urine drug screen,

283–285.See also Urinalysis

clonazepam and,

lorazepam and,

178

multiple sleep latency test and,

201

opioids and,

603

tampering with,

392

temazepam and,

244

Urine ethyl glucuronide,

333

Urine home pregnancy tests,

158

Urine microalbumin,

291–292

Urobilinogen,

303–304, 634

Urochrome,

278

Uveitis,

536

U wave, and heart cycle,

106

Vaccines

aluminum levels in adjuvants of,

335

COVID-19 and,

424

viral hepatitis and,

420

Valproate,

305–306, 616

pancreatitis and,

167

pregnancy and,

158

pyridoxine and,

227

therapeutic and toxic levels of,

623

urine ketones and,

288

Vardenafil,

617

Varenicline,

617

Vascular dementia,

267

Vascular disease,

21, 160

Vascular inflammation,

152

Vascular retinopathy,

291

Vasculitis,

297

Vasoconstriction,

211

Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL) testing,

242, 552

Venlafaxine,

618, 623

Venoms,

313

Ventricular arrhythmia,

450

Ventricular dysfunction, and brain natriuretic peptide,

Ventricular fibrillation,

107

Ventricular hypertrophy,

106

Ventricular tachycardia,

107

Vertebral artery stroke,

58, 545

Vertebral dissection,

Vertebrobasilar insufficiency,

Video electroencephalography,

220

Vilazodone,

618

Viral hepatitis,

420–423

Viral meningitis,

475, 476

Virilization,

246

Vision, and methanol level,

197.See also Eye exam; Ocular signs; Optic neuritis

Visual evoked response,

121

Vitamin B₁

.See Thiamine

Vitamin B₆

.See Pyridoxine

Vitamin B₁₂,

307–308

deficiency of,

568–569

folate level and,

128

mean corpuscular volume and,

193

methylmalonic acid level and deficiency of,

199

secondary mania and deficiency of,

350

Vitamin D,

309–310

hypocalcemia and deficiency of,

441

osteoporosis and,

505

pancreatitis and,

508

phosphate absorption and,

209

Vitamin deficiencies, and depression,

380

Vortioxetine,

617, 621

Water deprivation tests,

528

Waxy casts,

276

Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome,

249, 556, 570–571

Wernicke’s encephalopathy,

249, 473, 556, 570–571

Westergren method, and ESR,

115

Western blot, and Lyme disease,

179, 465

White blood cells (WBC),

311–312

basophils and,

313–314

CBC and,

eosinophils and,

315–316

lymphocytes and,

317–319

monocytes and,

320–321

neutrophils and,

322–325

urinalysis and,

302

Wilson’s disease,

35, 572–573

Withdrawal

alcohol use disorder and,

332

amphetamines and,

390

opioids and,

392

sedative-hypnotics and,

392

World Anti-Doping Agency,

160

World Health Organization,

505

Wrist actigraphy,

456

Xanthine stones,

295

Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra,

476

Zaleplon

.See Nonbenzodiazepine hypnotics

Zika virus,

397

Ziprasidone,

480, 619, 623

Zolpidem

.See Nonbenzodiazepine hypnotics

Information & Authors

Information

Published In

Laboratory Medicine in Psychiatry and Behavioral Science

Pages: 697 - 730

History

Published in print: 24 March 2023

Published online: 5 December 2024

Authors

Metrics & Citations

Metrics

Citations

If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.

For more information or tips please see 'Downloading to a citation manager' in the Help menu.

Format	RIS (ProCite, Reference Manager) EndNote BibTex Medlars RefWorks
Direct importt
Citation style
Style

Copy to clipboard
Tips for downloading citations

View Options

Login options

Already a subscriber? Access your subscription through your login credentials or your institution for full access to this article.

Personal login Institutional Login Open Athens login

Not a subscriber?

Subscribe Now / Learn More

PsychiatryOnline subscription options offer access to the DSM-5-TR^® library, books, journals, CME, and patient resources. This all-in-one virtual library provides psychiatrists and mental health professionals with key resources for diagnosis, treatment, research, and professional development.

Need more help? PsychiatryOnline Customer Service may be reached by emailing [email protected] or by calling 800-368-5777 (in the U.S.) or 703-907-7322 (outside the U.S.).

Index

Get full access to this content

Information & Authors

Information

Published In

History

Authors

Metrics & Citations

Metrics

Citations

View Options

Login options

Not a subscriber?

View options

PDF/EPUB

Media

Figures

Other

Tables

PREVIOUS CHAPTER

Get full access to this content

Information

Published In

History

Authors

Metrics

Citations

Login options

Not a subscriber?

View options

PDF/EPUB

Figures

Other

Share

Share article link

Share