Page numbers printed in boldface type refer to tables and figures.
AAAs.
See Animal-assisted activities
AACR.
See Animal-assisted crisis response
AAIs.
See Animal-assisted interventions
AAT.
See Animal-assisted therapy
Abram, David,xv
Abuseof animals,27–28
of children,70
sexual,77
Academic stress management (ASM),228–229
Activities of daily living (ADLs)management of,180
for older adults,206
in older adults,215,217
SMI and,174
ADA.
See Americans With Disabilities Act
ADHD, companion animals in the treatment ofAAI as an integrative strategy for,88–89
AAI practices for children,92–94
clinical presentation and longitudinal time course,86
contraindications for pharmacological intervention,87–88
evidence-based interventions,86–87
evidence for AAI as treatment for,89–91
media attention of,85
overview,85–86
pharmacological management and,86–87
prevalence of,86
randomized controlled trial of,91–92
settings for AAIs, therapies, and activities,94–95
supervision of children with,25
ADLs.
See Activities of daily living
Adolescents, with therapy dogs,259
Age.
See Adolescents; Children; Older adults
Aggressionpatient’s history of,80
reducing aggressive behavior,180–181
toward animals,81
AgoraphobiaCBT for treatment of,142
description of,141–142
AIBO,182
AKC (American Kennel Club),96, 239, 276
Alliance of Therapy Dogs,249
Alzheimer’s disease,207–208
American College Health Association,223–224
American Counseling Association’s Animal-Assisted Therapy in Counseling Competencies,44
American Humane Society,92, 96
American Kennel Club (AKC),96, 239, 276
American Psychological Association,164
American Veterinary Medical Association, guidelines for initiating AAIs in health care facilities,243
Americans With Disabilities Act (ADA),43,
48, 232, 242, 243
Amphetamines, for management of ADHD,86–87
Anhedonia,178
Animal-assisted activities (AAAs),6, 43–44
characteristics of university-based AAAs,222–223
definition of,7for management of ASD,106–107
mindfulness and,151with older adults,215to reduce stress and anxiety,143
Animal-assisted crisis response (AACR),65.
See also Crisis intervention, companion animals in
fight/flight/freeze response,56
handlers and,61
impact stage,56
oversight,63
overview,56–58
safety and comfort for the survivor,59
training,65
Animal-assisted education, for management of ASD,106–107
Animal Assisted Intervention International,40, 45,
153Animal-assisted interventions (AAIs),6.
See also Autism spectrum disorder; Stress
as an integrative strategy for ADHD,88–89
appropriateness of,119
availability to client,116, 119
contraindications to,26–29, 30, 119
contraindications to participation,115definition of,7efficacy,80
evidence for treatment of ADHD,89–91
good versus harm,xvii
historical perspective of,240–241
during hospice care,193–194
for improving the mental health and academic performance of university studentsASM and,228–229
assessing pet-related separation anxiety,231–232
assessing risk and treatment effects,228–229
at-risk students,234–235
characteristics of university-based AAAs,222–223
companion animals and,232–233
demand on and limited capacity of university-based mental health centers,224–225
empirical implications of using mood and perceived stress as a risk indicator,230–231
experimental design,228
identifying at-risk students for campus-based AAIs,225–226
identifying indicators of stress-related psychopathology,229–230
overview,221–222
risk factors,224, 227, 234
selected prevention approach,226–228
university student mental health crisis,223–224
“levels of prevention” and,226
for maltreated or adjudicated youth,71–74
for management of ASD,106
in older adults,207–208
in palliative care,198–199
participation gains from,115–116
positive outcomes with,80
to reduce stress and anxiety,143
resources for training and aims,96
sessions,117
building collaboration and social skills,118building empathy,117building self-regulation and anxiety reduction skills,117settings, therapies, and activities for ADHD,94–95
themes of,58
for treatment of depression,126
treatment program protocol,97
Animal-Assisted Interventions in Health Care Settings: A Best Practices Manual for Establishing New Programs,244
Animal-assisted therapy (AAT),6, 44–45
for at-risk and adjudicated youth,71
definition of,7good versus harm,xvii
for management of ASD,106–107
mindfulness and,151with older adults,215in psychotherapyAAIs in psychotherapy,264–270
Adlerian approach,267
choice theory approach,269
cognitive-behavioral approach,266–267
existential approach,268–269
Gestalt approach,268
person-centered approach,266
psychoanalytic approach,267–268
reality therapy,269
solution-focused approach,269–270
existing evidence,257–259
overview,257
recommendations,270
relational value of animals participating in psychotherapy,260–261
resources,270
significant human-animal relational moments,261–264
to reduce stress and anxiety,143
resources for implementation of,153resources for training and aims,96
risk assessment,10–11
standards for,45techniques for,264–266
trainer for,263
Animal visitation programs (AVPs).
See also Visitation programs
characteristics of university-based AVPs,222–223
Animals.
See also Assistance animals; Crisis intervention, companion animals in; Diseases; Emotional support animals; Mammals; Pets; Service animals
abuse of,27–28
as adjuncts in treatment of stress and anxiety,144–145
aggression toward,81
attachment theory and,5–9
body language and,64
coexistence with humans,1–2
as companions with older adults,208–209
considerations for screening clients with mental illness,39–40,
40decision to recommend a pet to a patient,9–10
direct and moderating stress effectsof being in the presence of an animal,146–147
of viewing animals,146
effectiveness of species,274–275
fear of,115hoarding,28–29
human allergies and,115with individuals who have mental illnessanimal welfare and well-being considerations,38–39
health, welfare, and well-being for dogs,38–40
overview,37–38
intervention research on,275
participating in psychotherapy,260–261
patient and staff perceptions of interactions with,181
for prevention of development of psychopathology,221–222
robotic,182, 186
in the role of “nurturer,”261
safety of,30
screening clients for interactions with,40in treatment of schizophrenia,176–177
victimization of,28
welfare of,19–20,
21, 30, 62–63, 77–78, 154, 169, 183, 196–197,
197, 249–250, 251–252
during treatment of at-risk and adjudicated youth,77–78
Animals & Society Institute,153Anticonvulsants, for management of ASD,105
Antidepressantsfor treatment of depression,125
for treatment of generalized anxiety disorder,141
for treatment of social anxiety disorder,142
Antipsychotics, for management of anxiety disorders,143
Anxiety/anxiety disorders.
See also Human-animal interaction
animal implications for clinical practice,150–153,
151–
152characterization of,141–142
clinical presentation and longitudinal time course,140–142
during COVID-19,140
description of,141
evidence-based treatments,143
improving with animals,179–180
management and grounding in crisis intervention,59–60
overview,139–140
physiological underpinnings of,142
potential for companion animals to reduce,143–144
prevalence of,140
quality and strength of evidence base and limitations,149–150
reduction and management of,152, 193
risk factors for,140
scientific evidence base,144–147
animals as adjuncts in treatment,144–145
pet ownership,145
proximity effects,146–147
direct and moderating effects of being in the presence of an animal,146–147
direct and moderating stress effects of viewing animals,146
settings and populations,145–146
therapeutic interactions with animals,147–149
nature of interaction with an animal,147–148
settings and populations,148–149
Aripiprazole, for management of ASD,105
ASD.
See Autism spectrum disorder
ASM (academic stress management),228–229
Assistance animals,45–47, 242–243
definitions of,232–233
Assistance device.
See Assistance animals
Assistance Dogs International,46,
48Atomoxetinecontraindications,87–88
for management of ADHD,86–87
for management of ASD,105
At-risk and adjudicated youth, companion animals inAAIs for,71–74
equine-facilitated psychotherapy,71–73
family therapy,70
group psychotherapy,74
individual psychotherapy,73–74
overview,71
therapy animal visitation programs in residential juvenile justice settings,74
case example of,78–80
clinical outcomes and longitudinal time course,70
companion animals in children’s lives,71
evidence-based practices,70
evidence for human-animal interactions,75
future research in,78–80
human-animal interaction in positive youth development,75–76
prevalence and risk factors for,69–70
At-risk and adjudicated youth, companion animals in, clinical and animal welfare considerations,77–78
Attachment theory,3
animals and,5–9, 76
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD),78
AAIs,106–107
biopsychosocial model and,107
clinical practice implications,113–118
AAI and client characteristics,114AAI and contraindications to participation,115clinical presentation and longitudinal time course,104–105
description of,103
diagnostic criteria for,104–105
evidence-based treatments,105–106
pet ownership and,145
pharmacological management of,105
prevalence of,104
risk factors for,104
scientific evidence base,107–113
communication, emotions, and stress,112
growth of the field,107–108
international representation,108,
109intervention characteristics,108–110
intervention activities,110
intervention representation animal participants,108–109,
110human participants,109
outcomes of AAI interventions,110–111,
111peer-reviewed scientific publications on AAIs,108social interaction,111–112
strength and quality of the evidence base,112–113
symptoms of,103
AVPs.
See Animal visitation programs
Behavioral therapy, for treatment of specific phobia,142
Benzodiazepines, for treatment of social anxiety disorder,142
Best Friends,201Beta-blockersfor management of anxiety disorders,143
for treatment of social anxiety disorder,142
Biophilia hypothesis, description of,3
Biopsychosocial model,4,
5Birds, in management of schizophrenia,177
Bupropion, for treatment of depression,125
“Calming signs,”23
Canines.
See Clinicians, therapy dogs and; Dogs; Therapy dogs
Care farming,127
Care teams,186
Case examplesof at-risk youth and animals,78–80
of depression with a cat,132–133
of dog visitation program in a hospital,251
of older adult with depression,213
of PTSD in a soldier,168–169
of schizoaffective disorder and PTSD,184–185
therapy dog for patient in hospice care,199–200
Catscase example of depression with,132–133
with older adults,210
shelter,231
CBT.
See Cognitive-behavioral therapy
CDC (U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention),245
Center for Human-Animal Interaction (CHAI),249–250
Center for Human Animal Interventions,153Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, statistics on mental illness,xvii
CHAI (Center for Human-AnimalInteraction),249–250
Chickens,72
Children.
See also ADHD, companion animals in the treatment of
abuse of,70
AAI practices for children with ADHD,92–94
companion animals in children’s lives,71
executive functioning in,88–89
in group therapy in AAT,257–258
hospitalized,149
pet ownership and,145
safety for children with ADHD,95
supervision of children with ADHD,25
with therapy dogs,259
Choice theory,269.
See also Animal-assisted therapy
Cis individuals, depression in,224
Clinicians, therapy dogs and.
See also Therapeutic alliance
attributes contributing to effective AAIs,20–22
canine cognition,22
domestication,20–21
emotional contagion,21–22
overview,20
guidelines for initial selection of,24–25
age,24
life balance,24–25
proper supervision,25
selecting the right dog for the correct job,25
overview,17–18
therapeutic alliance,25–26
understanding canine issues,19
workplace stress,22–24
Clinicians, therapy dogs and animal welfare,19–20,
21Clonidine ERcontraindications,87–88
for management of ADHD,86–87
for management of ASD,105
Cognitionof dogs,22
in older adults,207
Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)for at-risk and adjudicated youth,74
for management of PTSD,164
for treatment of agoraphobia,142
for treatment of depression,124
for treatment of generalized anxiety disorder,141
for treatment of social anxiety disorder,142
Communication, improvement with animals,178
Community, older adults in,208–210
Companion animals.
See also Culture
categories of,232–233
consideration of,232–233
crisis intervention and,273
with older adults,217
Coping skills, enhancing,179
Cortisol,146–147
COVID-19.
See SARS-CoV-2 disease
Crisischaracteristics of,55descriptions of,53
versus trauma,54–55
Crisis intervention, companion animals in,273.
See also Animal-assisted crisis response
animal-assisted crisis response,56–65
connection with crisis responders and resources,60
contact and engagement,58–59
ethics and best practices,61–64
clinical and animal welfare considerations,62–63
safety and comfort of survivor,59
state of anxiety management and grounding,59–60
teams and vicarious trauma,61
clinical presentation and longitudinal time course,54–56
coping,53
credentialing and national standards,63–64
essential characteristics of crisis,55evidence-based treatments,56
multicultural considerations,64
overview,53–54
quality and strength of evidence,65
Cultureconsiderations for HAI,64
diversity issues and,275
Delinquency.
See At-risk and adjudicated youth, companion animals in
Delusions,174.
See also Schizophrenia
Dementia,130
in older adults,207–208
Depressive disorders.
See also Major depressive disorder
AAIs in treatment of,126
clinical and animal welfare considerations,132–133
case example of,132–133
clinical presentation and longitudinal time course,124
depression in cis women and cis men,224
depression in older adults,206–207
evidence-based treatment of,124–125
evidence for AAIs and AAT in,128–130
overview,123
pet ownership and,130–131
prevalence of,123–124
psychotherapy for treatment of,124
remission,125
risk factors,123–124
for suicidal behavior in older adults,207
role of animals in treatment of,125–128
AAIs,126
AAT,127–128
feasibility and acceptability of,127–128
in specific populations,128
ecosystem-based approaches,127
horses and dogs,125–126
treatment for,124–125
treatment-resistant depression and companion animals,131–132
Diamond Model of AAI,80
Diseasesendoparasites,27
Munchausen syndrome,27–28
zoonosis,27, 30, 240–241, 244
Diversity, cultural issues and,275
DOC (Dogs on Call) program,249
Dog visitation programs in hospitals.
See also Animal visitation programs
benefits of,241–242
best practices example program,249–251,
252case example of,251
evaluation of the evidence base,247
guidelines for visits,245
harm to others and,243
infection risk,244–245
overview,239–241,
240risk assessment and infection prevention,243–246
amelioration of risks,244–245
lessons learned from COVID-19,245–246
scientific evidence base,246–247
examples of,246–247
service dogs in hospitals,242–243
Dogs.
See also Therapy dogs
AAI session and,117–
118alerting signals of,260–261
attributes contributing to effective AAIs,20–22
calming signals of,260–261
“calming signs” of,23
case example of PTSD in a soldier,168–169
comfort-offering behaviors,22
communication with,2
domestication,20–21
effects of a therapy dog,11, 13–14
elements of support of,41emotions of,2
ethical duties to,38
example of neotenous features in,240facility,37, 45
influence of,47
negative behavior of,38–39
on-call therapy dog,248, 249
robotic,182, 186
roles in mental health care,41–47
shelter,231
training to target treatment goals,94
welfare and well-being considerations,38–39
Dogs on Call (DOC) program,249
Dopamine,261
DOT.
See U.S. Department of Transportation
DSM-5criteria for PTSD,140
Severity Measure for Separation Anxiety Disorder,231–232
Duloxetine, for treatment of depression,125
EAGALA (Equine Assisted Growth and Learning Association),125, 176, 181
Ecotherapy,127
ECT (electroconvulsive therapy),215
Education, for ASD,106–107
EFP.
See Equine-facilitated psychotherapy
Ehlers, Cindy,57–58
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT),215
Emotional support animals (ESAs),41–43
description of,145–146
handler,42–43
Emotions, of dogs,2
End-of-life care.
See Hospice care
Endoparasites,27
Endorphins,261
Equine Assisted Growth and Learning Association (EAGALA),125, 176, 181
Equine-facilitated psychotherapy (EFP)for maltreated or adjudicated youth,71–73
positive effects of,259
ESAs.
See Emotional support animals
Escherichia coli,244
Ethicsbest practices in crisis management,61–64
duties to animals,38
Eunice Kennedy Shriver NationalInstitute of Child Health and Human Development,91
Facility dogs,37, 45
Fair Housing Act (FHA),43, 232
Farm Animal Welfare Council,19
Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA),57
courses for AACR,63–64
FEMA.
See Federal Emergency Management Agency
FHA (Fair Housing Act),43, 232
Fight/flight/freeze response,56
Five Domains model,20,
21“Five Freedoms,”19
Flight-or-fight response, in PTSD,161
911fosterpets,2011FUR1 Foundation,200Gabapentin, for management of anxiety disorders,143
Generalized anxiety disorderCBT for treatment of,141
description of,141
Gestalt theory,268.
See also Animal-assisted therapy
Giardia species,245
GMM (growth mixture modeling),161
Goats,72
Green Care programs,176, 178, 179, 184
Green Chimneys program,76, 77–78
Growth mixture modeling (GMM),161
Guanfacine ERcontraindications,87–88
for management of ADHD,86–87
for management of ASD,105
Guinea pigs, AAI session and,117–
118HAI.
See Human-animal interaction
Hallucinations,174.
See also Schizophrenia
HandlersAACR and,57
of AACR teams,61
of dog visitation programs in hospitals,250–251
dogs’ attachment to,24
of ESAs,42–43
scope of practice,62
therapy animal program development,194–196,
195training of,251
volunteer,197Healthy Minds Network,223–224
Hippotherapy,179–180
Hoarding of Animals Research Consortium,28, 29
Hope Animal-Assisted CrisisResponse (HOPE AACR),57–58, 61, 65–66
Horseback ridingAAI session and,117–
118to improve executive functioning in children,88–89
Horses.
See also Equine-facilitated psychotherapy
AAI session and,117–
118in Green Care programs,176
for treatment of ADHD,90
Hospice care.
See also Palliative care
AAI/therapy program development and implementation,194–196,
195best practices for hospital-based AAI programs,197case example of,199–200
clinical and animal welfare considerations,196–197
clinical presentation and longitudinal time course,192
evidence-based treatments,192
evidence for AAIs in palliative care,198–199
future research,199
human-animal interactions and mental health outcomes,192–194
overview,9, 191–192
referrals for companion animal,192
Hospitals.
See also Dog visitation programs in hospitals
dog visitationin emergency departments,246
in inpatient units,246–247
in waiting rooms,246
health care worker support of AAI research,242, 247,
248service dogs in,242–243
HPA.
See Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis
Human-animal bondbiophilia hypothesis,3
“bonding” opportunities for,92–93
contraindications to,26–29
definition of,2–3
in hospice care,192–194
Human-animal interaction (HAI),2.
See also Animal visitation programs
body language and,64
contraindications to,26–29, 30
evidence for companion animals in at-risk and adjudicated youth,75
multicultural considerations for,64
positive,58–59
positive youth development and,75–76
program evaluation and popularity,251,
252PTSD and,167–168
to reduce stress and anxiety,144
relational moments of,261–264
significant relational moments,261–264
theoretical perspectives on the bond between,2–4
attachment theory,3
biopsychosocial model,4,
5effects of oxytocin and,3
social support theory,4
value of,18
Human-Animal Interactions in Counseling Interest Network,42
Humane Rescue Alliance,201Humanscoexistence with animals,1–2
screening clients for interactions with animals,40well-being of mental health,26
Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, stress/anxiety and,142
Infection.
See also SARS-CoV-2 disease
prevention of,197risk with dog visitation programs in hospitals,244–245
Institute of Medicine,164
Interacting With Dogs Safely workbook,92
International Association of Human-Animal Interaction Organizations,45, 96
Interpersonal psychotherapy, for treatment of depression,124
Intimate partner violence, pet abuse and,76–77
LEAD (Lincoln Education Assistance with Dogs Risk Assessment Tool),10–11,
12–
13, 80, 196
LegislationAmericans With Disabilities Act,43,
48, 232, 242, 243
Fair Housing Act,43, 232
LGBTQ+ community, pet ownership in,13
Lincoln Education Assistance with Dogs (LEAD) Risk Assessment Tool,10–11,
12–
13, 80, 196
Loneliness, in older adults,206,
216Louv, Richard,xv–xvi
Major depressive disorder (MDD).
See also Depressive disorders case
example of,132–133
prevalence of,123–124
risk factors for,123–124
Mammals.
See also Animals
response to stress,263
as social beings,263–264
social interaction and,260
social response of,261
MDD.
See Major depressive disorder
Media, attention of ADHD, companion animals in the treatment of,85
Men, depression in cis men,224
Mental health.
See also Serious mental health
among university students,223–224
effect of pets on,40–41
positivity of pets and,130–131
providers,47
response-to-crisis situations,225
roles of dogs in care of individuals with,41–47
well-being of,26
Mental illness.
See also Animals
recovery with animals,14
statistics on,xvii
Methylphenidatefor management of ADHD,86–87
for management of ASD,105
Military.
See Veterans
Mind-body therapy, for management of ASD,106
Mindfulness, in patients with pets,151Mirtazapine, for treatment of depression,125
Modelsbiopsychosocial,4,
5, 107
Diamond Model of AAI,80
Five Domains model,20,
21Green Chimneys program,76, 77–78
growth mixture modeling,161
One Health,277, 278
Mood, improvement with animals,179–180
Muir, John,xv
Munchausen syndrome,27–28
Murrah Federal Building bombings,57
Music therapy, for management of ASD,106
NATIONAL Crisis Response Canines,63–64
National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence,164
National Institute of Mental Health, statistics on mental illness,xvii
Nature-deficit disorder,xvi
Nonstimulants, for management of ADHD,86–87
Occupational therapy,90
Olanzapine, for management of ASD,105
Older adultsAAIs with,207–208
aging,205
Alzheimer’s disease in,207–208
carrying out ADL,215clinical presentation, prevalence of, and risk factors for,206–208
aging-related concerns for older adults,206
dementia in older adults,207–208
depression in older adults,206–207
positive effect of companion animals on older adults,208
combating social isolation and loneliness,216COVID-19 in,206
decline in cognitive function,207
implications for clinical practice,213–214,
215,
216overview,205–206
pet ownership in,13–14
physical health of,206–207, 209
psychological health of,209–210
scientific evidence base,208
animals as adjuncts in the treatment of aging-related concerns,208–210
case example of,213
of older adults in residential long-term care facilities,210–211
of older adults living in the community,208–210
quality and strength of,212–213
One Health model,277, 278
Oxytocin,261
effects of,3
PACK (Positive Assertive Cooperative Kids) study,91–94
Palliative care.
See also Hospice care
description of,191–192
evidence for AAIs in,198–199
resources for families,200–
201Pandemic.
See SARS-CoV-2 disease
Panic disorder, description of,141
PATH (Professional Association of Therapeutic Horsemanship),116, 125, 176
Patientsassessment of,214
benefits of dogs in hospital settings,241–242
clinical and animal welfare considerations,183, 196–197
comfort level with animals in a therapeutic treatment plan,154
community-dwelling,186
evaluation of,169
perceptions of interactions with animals,181
welfare of,197Pet Partners AACR,43–44, 61, 66,
153,
201, 249
program,64
Pets.
See also Animals
assessing pet-related separation anxiety,231–232
benefits of,275–276
care after their passing,202
decision to recommend a pet to a patient,9–10
effect on mental health,40–41
experiences of older adults,217
ownership,9, 145, 202, 212–213, 217
depressive disorders and,130–131
popularity of,39
role in supporting resilience,81
science-backed benefits of,10
selection of,212
Pharmacologycontraindications,87–88
for management of ADHD,86–87
management of ASD,105
Pigs,72
Positive Assertive Cooperative Kids (PACK) study,91–94
Professional Association of Therapeutic Horsemanship (PATH),116, 125, 176
Psychotherapy.
See also Animal-assisted therapy
Adlerian approach,267
animals participating in,260–261
choice theory approach,269
cognitive-behavioral approach,266–267
equine-facilitated,128
existential approach,268–269
Gestalt approach,268
for maltreated or adjudicated youthequine-facilitated psychotherapy for,71–73
group psychotherapy,74
person-centered approach,266
psychoanalytic approach,267–268
reality therapy and,269
solution-focused approach,269–270
for treatment of depression,124
Psychotic illnesses,174.
See also Schizophrenia; Serious mental health
PTSDAAT in treatment of veterans,128
case example of,168–169
clinical presentation and longitudinal time course,160–163
during COVID-19,140
evidence-based treatments,163–165
evidence supporting AAIs,167–168
factors to consider and recommendations for,165–167
growth mixture modeling and,161
guidelines for treatment of,164
HAI and,167–168
overview,8, 159
peritraumatic factors of,160
posttraumatic factors of,160
in pregnant women,162
pretraumatic factors of,160
prevalence of,160
risk factors for,160
service dogs for,46, 165–167
symptom management of,163
symptoms of,161–163
treatment for,164–165
in veterans,128, 160–161, 162
well-being and,164–165
Public access laws in the UnitedStates,48Quality of life,211
Randomized controlled trials (RCTs), in hospice care,198–199
Reality therapy,269.
See also Animal-assisted therapy
psychotherapy and,269
Residential long-term care facilities, older adults in,210–211
Richmond SPCA,201Risk assessment, description of,10–11
Risperidone, for management of ASD,105
Robotic animals,182, 186
Safetyof children with ADHD,95
of survivor in crisis intervention,59
Salmonellae,244
SARS-CoV-2 disease (COVID-19),140
infectious disease experts and,252–253
in older adults,206
risks learned from dog visitation programs in hospitals,245–246
SchizophreniaAAAs and AAIs as adjunctive treatments for,175
characterization of,174
companion animals and,182–183
evidence-based treatments for,174–175
overview,8
positive and negative symptoms of,177–178
resident animals in the treatment of,176–177
risk factors for,174
Selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitorsfor management of anxiety disorders,143
for management of ASD,105
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, for treatment of depression,125
Self-care, managing,180
Self-efficacy, enhancing,179
Separation anxiety, pet-related assessment of,231–232
Serious mental health (SMI).
See also Mental health
case example of,184–185
clinical and animal welfare considerations,183
clinical presentation and longitudinal time course,174
companion animals and schizophrenia,182–183
evidence-based treatments for schizophrenia,174–175
evidence for AAIs in treatment of,183–184
future research on,184
overview,173
prevalence of,174
risk factors for,174
role of animals in supporting people with SMI,175–181
enhancing self-efficacy and coping skills,179
improving mood and reducing anxiety,179–180
improving social interactions and communication,178
managing activities of daily living and self-care,180
overview,175
positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia,177–178
reducing aggressive behavior,180–181
in treatment of schizophrenia,176–177
types of AAI used in populations with SMI,175–176
role of robotic animals with,182
Service animalscare of,165–166
definitions of,232–233
owner’s lifestyle and,166
PTSD and,165–167
rights of,43
stress and,170
Service dogsin hospitals,242–243
psychiatric,46–47
for PTSD,46
Sexual abuse,77
Sheep,72
Simple phobia.
See Specific phobia
SMI.
See Serious mental health
Social anxiety disorderCBT for treatment of,142
description of,142
Social interactionimprovement with animals,178
of mammals,260
for management of ASD,111–112
Social isolation, in older adults,206,
216Social phobia.
See Social anxiety disorder
Social support theory,4
Society for Companion Animal Studies,45
Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America,27
guidelines for infection protection in hospitals,244
Specific phobiabehavioral therapy for treatment of,142
description of,142
Speech-language pathologist (SLP),78
Staff, perceptions of interactions with animals,181
Staphylococcus,244
Stimulantscontraindications,87–88
for management of ADHD,86–87
Streptococcus,244
Stress.
See also Human-animal interaction
animal implications for clinical practice,150–153,
151–
152clinical presentation and longitudinal time course,140–142
physiological underpinnings of,142
psychological stress,140
during COVID-19,140
higher-than-average stress-related mood symptoms,230
mammals’ response to,263
overview,139–140
possible explanations for stress responses,147
potential for companion animals to reduce,143–144
prevalence of,140
prevention programs,226
quality and strength of evidence base and limitations,149–150
reduction,151risk factors for,140
scientific evidence base,144–147
animals as adjuncts in treatment,144–145
pet ownership,145
proximity effects,146–147
direct and moderating stress effects of being in the presence of an animal,146–147
direct and moderating stress effects of viewing animals,146
settings and populations,145–146
of service animals,170
therapeutic interactions with animals,147–149
nature of interaction with an animal,147–148
settings and populations,148–149
of therapy dogs,22–24
Students.
See Animal-assisted interventions, for improving the mental health and academic performance of university students
“Talk” therapy,128
TF-CBT.
See Trauma-focused cognitive-behavioral therapy
Therapeutic alliance,25–26, 30.
See also Clinicians, therapy dogs and
Therapy animalscertification programs for,96
development of programs for,194–196,
195,
197relational role of,262–264
training,116
visitation programs in residential juvenile justice settings,74
Therapy dogs.
See also Clinicians, therapy dogs and
attachment to handlers,24
human-animal interaction,252
with older adults,216on-call,248organizations for,276
for patient in hospice care,199–200
pretest-posttest design,259
role of diversity, equity, and inclusion with,11, 13–14
team visits with,148
in waiting rooms,246
Toxocara canis,27
Traumaversus crisis,54–55
definition of,159
development of,159
Trauma-focused cognitive-behavioral therapy (TF-CBT), for at-risk and adjudicated youth,73
Ultimate Plus Hospice Pet Therapy and Rehoming Programs,201Umwelt,20
Unconditional love,xvi
U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC),245
U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development,48U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) Service Animal Final Ruling: Traveling by Air With Service Animals,48VA/DoD (Veterans Health Administration/Department of Defense),164
VCU (Virginia Commonwealth University Health),250–251
Venlafaxine, for treatment of depression,125
VeteransAAT in treatment of PTSD,128
delayed-onset PTSD,162
Veterans Health Administration/Department of Defense (VA/ DoD),164
Viloxazine ERcontraindications,87–88
for management of ADHD,86–87
Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU) Health,250–251
Visitation programs.
See also Animal visitation programs
characteristics of university-based AVPs,222–223
therapy animal visitation programs in residential juvenile justice settings,74
Welfareof animals,19–20,
21, 30, 62–63, 77–78, 154, 169, 196–197,
197, 249–250, 251–252
Well-beingof humans,26, 277
PTSD and,164–165
welfare of animals with individuals who have mental illness,38–39,
40,
41Wilson, Edward O.,xv
Womendepression in cis women,224
pregnancy and PTSD,162
World Trade Center disaster,163.
See also PTSD
Youth.
See Adolescents; At-risk and adjudicated youth, companion animals in
Zoonosis,27, 30, 240–241, 244
