12 | Adachi et al., 2002,25 Japan | 197 individuals with LRE (123 with TLE) and IIP | 456 individuals with LRE (288 with TLE) and NP | Case–control | Medical file review | Neuropsychiatric assessment using ICD–10 criteria | Age at epilepsy onset. | ANCOVA: |
---|
F=8.19; p=0.004* |
---|
12 | D’Alessio et al., 2009,17 Argentina | 63 individuals with TLE-P | 60 individuals with TLE-NP | Case–control | Medical file review | Psychiatric assessment using SCID-I and -II | | t-tests: |
---|
Gender; | p=0.039* |
---|
Employment; | p=0.001* |
---|
Unilateral HS; | NS |
---|
Bilateral HS; | p=0.001* |
---|
History of SE; | p=0.017* |
---|
Duration of epilepsy >20 yrs; | p=0.02* |
---|
Aura; | p=0.054 |
---|
Age at epilepsy onset | NS |
---|
12 | Falip et al., 2009,10 Spain | 5 individuals with TLE-PIP | 50 individuals with TLE-NP | Case–control | Review of medical file | Psychiatric assessment | | t-tests: |
---|
Gender; | NS |
---|
History of febrile seizures; | NS |
---|
History of SE; | p=0.019* |
---|
Seizure frequency; | NS |
---|
Duration of epilepsy; | NS |
---|
Age at epilepsy onset; | NS |
---|
Family history of epilepsy; | NS |
---|
Dialeptic or automotor seizures evolving to secondary generalization; | p=0.025* |
---|
Lesion side; | χ2 tests: |
---|
Etiology; | NS |
---|
Nonlateral ictal EEG | NS |
---|
p=0.001* |
---|
12 | Kalinin et al., 2010,24 Russian Federation | 105 individuals with TLE | N/A | Case–control | Clinical and neuropsychological assessments and MRI | Psychiatric assessment using ICD–10 criteria | | t-tests: |
---|
Handedness; | Paranoia: p NS |
---|
| Psychoticism: NS |
Laterality focus; | Paranoia: NS |
---|
Psychoticism: NS |
---|
Alexithymia | Paranoia: p=0.002* Psychoticism: p=0.006* |
---|
12 | Kanemoto et al., 2001,28 Japan | 132 individuals with epilepsy and IIP | 2,773 individuals with epilepsy and NP | Case–control | Medical file review | Psychiatric assessment using DSM-IV criteria | | χ2 tests: |
---|
Age at epilepsy onset (<10 years); | χ2=4.87; p <0.05* |
---|
Prolonged febrile seizures | χ2=13.73; p <0.01* |
---|
11 | Briellmann et al., 2000,39 Australia | 6 individuals with TLE-PIP | 45 individuals with TLE-NP | Case–control | Collection of temporal lobe tissues | Psychiatric assessment using DSM-IV criteria | Volume loss of the anterior hippocampus; | Mann-Whitney U test: p=0.003*; |
---|
Mesial dysplasia | Chi square: p=0.006* |
---|
11 | Cunha et al., 2003,37 Portugal | 18 medically-treated individuals with TLE; | N/A | Case–control | Clinical and neuropsychological assessment | Assessment of psychotic symptoms, using SCL–90 (self-administered) | Duration and severity of epilepsy | t-tests: |
---|
19 surgically-treated individuals with TLE (examined pre- and postsurgery) | Paranoid Ideation: NS |
---|
Psychoticism: NS |
---|
11 | Kanemoto et al., 1996,27 Japan | 61 individuals with TLE and UHS (31 with PIP); | N/A | Case–control | Medical file review and MRI | Psychiatric assessment, using DSM-IV criteria | | χ2 tests: |
---|
50 individuals with TLE with normal MRI (11 with PIP) | UHS; | χ2=9.7; p <0.01* |
---|
Age at epilepsy onset (<10 years); | χ2=5.53; p <0.05* |
---|
UHS, PIP, and atrophy of temporal neocortex | χ2=6.14; p <0.05* |
---|
11 | Radhakrishnan et al., 2007,43 India | 129 individuals with surgically-treated TLE with CoA build-up; | N/A | Cross-sectional | Psychological and psychiatric assessment; EEG and MRI; collection of temporal lobe tissues | Psychiatric assessment, using ICD–10 criteria | | t-tests: |
---|
244 individuals with surgically-treated TLE without CoA build-up | Frequency of IIP in CoA+ and CoA− groups; | p ≤0.001* |
---|
Frequency of IIP in Grades 1, 2, or 3 CoA | p=0.006* |
---|
11 | Suckling et al., 2000,41 U.K. | 6 individuals with TLE-P | 26 individuals with TLE -NP | Case–control | Medical file review and collection of temporal lobe tissues | Neuropsychiatric assessment | | Fisher’s exact test: |
---|
Presence of focal lesions; | p=0.006* |
---|
Neuron loss in CA1; | p=0.015* |
---|
Neuron loss in CA4; | NS |
---|
Neuron loss in dentate gyrus; | NS |
---|
Dispersion of dentate granule cells | NS |
---|
10 | De Araújo Filho et al., 2011,35 Brazil | 29 individuals with TLE | 6 individuals with JME | Cross-sectional | Medical file review | Psychiatric assessment, using DSM-IV criteria | | Frequencies: 68.9% (20) |
---|
16 with IIP | 4 with IIP | Left-sided MTS; | |
---|
13 with PIP | 2 with PIP | Right-sided MTS; | 20.6% (6) |
---|
Bilateral MTS | 10.3% (3) |
---|
10 | De Oliveira et al., 2010,13 Brazil | 73 individuals with TLE | N/A | Cross-sectional | Clinical questionnaires | Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI) Plus, Version 5.0.0 | Bilateral MTS | Fisher’s exact test: NS |
---|
10 | Flügel et al., 2006,26 U.K. | 20 individuals with TLE-IIP | 20 individuals with TLE-NP | Case–control | Neuropsychological assessments; MRI | Neuropsychiatric assessment, using DSM-IV criteria; PANSS | | General linear model (multivariate): |
---|
Age at onset of epilepsy; | F=10.3; p=0.003* |
---|
History of SE; | F=16.1, p=0.00* |
---|
Estimate of premorbid IQ; | F=1.4; NS |
---|
Current IQ; | F=3.16; NS |
---|
Vocabulary; | F=4.4; p=0.04* |
---|
Verbal Fluency (animals); | F=8.29; p=0.007* |
---|
Verbal Fluency (letters); | F=1.81; NS |
---|
Arithmetic; | F=5.09; p=0.03* |
---|
Digit Span; | F=3.02; NS |
---|
Spatial Span; | F=4.90; p=0.03* F=4.88; p=0.03* |
---|
Spatial Working Memory; | |
---|
Hippocampal volume | NS |
---|
10 | Gutierrez-Galve et al., 2012,20 U.K. | 22 individuals with TLE-IIP | 23 individuals with TLE-NP; | Case–control | Medical file review and MRI | Neuropsychiatric assessment and PANSS | | χ2 test: |
---|
21 healthy individuals | Gender; | χ2=0.58; NS |
---|
Handedness; | Fisher’s exact tests: |
---|
History of SE; | Fisher’s exact=0.345 |
---|
Total brain volume; | Fisher’s exact=0.004* |
---|
Age at epilepsy onset; | ANOVAs: |
---|
Duration of epilepsy; | F=7.92; p <0.001* |
---|
Estimates of Premorbid IQ; | t-tests: |
---|
Current IQ; | t = –2.62; p=0.012* |
---|
Working Memory Span; | t=1.61; NS |
---|
Working Memory Manipulation; | t = –1.06; NS |
---|
Frontal cortical thickness; | t = –2.44, p=0.019* |
---|
Cortical area; | t = –2.83; p=0.007* |
---|
Cortical volume | t=2.84; p=0.007* |
---|
ANOVAs: |
---|
F=3.79; p=0.050* |
---|
NS |
---|
NS |
---|
10 | Kandratavicius et al., 2012,21 Brazil | 14 individuals with TLE-IIP | 16 individuals with TLE and no comorbidity; | Case–control | Collection of temporal lobe tissues | Psychiatric assessment, using DSM-IV criteria | | ANOVAs: |
---|
16 individuals with TLE and major depression; | Gender; | NS |
---|
10 normal autopsy samples | Presence of IPI; | NS |
---|
Age at epilepsy onset; | F=3.099; p=0.049* |
---|
Duration of epilepsy; | NS |
---|
Seizure frequency; | NS |
---|
Handedness; | NS |
---|
HS; | NS |
---|
Current IQ; | NS |
---|
Education (years); | NS |
---|
Seizure type; | Fisher’s exact tests: |
---|
Memory in Verbal Tasks; | p=0.02* |
---|
Neuronal density in entorhinal cortex; | p=0.003* |
---|
Fascia dentata inner molecular layer mossy fiber sprouting | ANOVAs: |
---|
F=3.175, p=0.047* |
---|
TLE-IIP and TLE: |
---|
F=4.931; Tukey’s post hoc: p=0.014* |
---|
10 | Rüsch et al., 2004,38 U.K. | 26 individuals with TLE-P | 24 individuals with TLE-NP; | Case–control | Medical file review and MRI | Neuropsychiatric assessment, using ICD–10 criteria | | t-tests: |
---|
20 healthy individuals | Performance IQ; | t=0.203; NS |
---|
Verbal IQ; | t=2.307; p=0.02* |
---|
Current IQ; | t=1.902; p=0.06 |
---|
Cortical gray-matter volumes; | NS |
---|
Laterality of HS | NS |
---|
10 | Sundram et al., 2010,30 Ireland | 10 individuals with TLE-P | 10 individuals with TLE-NP | Case–control | Medical file review and MRI | Neuropsychiatric assessment, which was objectively assessed using the OPCRIT | | t-tests: |
---|
Age at epilepsy onset; | NS |
---|
Duration of epilepsy; | NS |
---|
Total brain volume; | Mann-Whitney U tests: |
---|
Total gray-matter volume; | p=0.07 |
---|
Total white-matter volume; | p=0.08 |
---|
Gray-matter regional deficits; | NS |
---|
White-matter regional deficits | ANCOVAs: |
---|
Cluster significance threshold: p=0.002*; |
---|
Cluster significance threshold: p=0.006* |
---|
10 | Tebartz van Elst et al., 2002,34 U.K. | 26 individuals with TLE-P | 24 individuals with TLE-NP; | Case–control | Medical file review and MRI | Neuropsychiatric assessment, using ICD–10 criteria | | ANOVAs: |
---|
20 healthy individuals | Laterality of HS; | NS |
---|
EEG abnormalities; | NS |
---|
Total brain volumes; | F=11.750; p <0.001* |
---|
Hippocampal volumes; | NS |
---|
Right amygdala volumes; | F=8.211; p=0.001* |
---|
Left amygdala volumes. | F=9.079; p<0.001* |
---|
10 | Umbricht et al., 1995,23 U.S.A. | 8 individuals with TLE-PIP; | 29 individuals with TLE-NP | Case–control | Medical file review | Psychiatric assessment, using DSM-III-R criteria | | ANOVAs: |
---|
7 individuals with TLE-IIP | Duration of epilepsy; | NS |
---|
Bilateral focus; | Fisher’s exact test: p <0.005* |
---|
Seizure clusters; | χ2 tests: χ2=3.75; p=0.05* |
---|
Febrile convulsions; | χ2=4.36; p <0.05* |
---|
Handedness; | p>0.05 |
---|
Age at epilepsy onset; | t-tests: |
---|
Time between first seizure and onset of epilepsy; | t=2.67; p <0.05* |
---|
Full-scale IQ; | t=2.81; p <0.01* |
---|
Verbal IQ. | Mann-Whitney U tests: |
---|
z=1.98; p <0.05* |
---|
z=2.11; p <0.05* |
---|
9 | De Araújo Filho et al., 2008,33 Brazil | 170 individuals with TLE | 100 individuals with JME | Cross-sectional | Medical file review and EEG monitoring | Psychiatric assessment, using SCID-I | Left-sided MTS | χ2 test: p <0.05* |
---|
9 | Flügel et al., 2006,18 U.K. | 20 individuals with TLE-IIP | 20 individuals with TLE-NP; | Case–control | Clinical assessments; MRI | Psychiatric assessment, using DSM-IV criteria; PANSS | | Mann-Whitney U tests: |
---|
23 healthy individuals | Gender; | Z = –0.64; NS |
---|
Estimated Premorbid IQ; | Z = –0.92; NS |
---|
Age at epilepsy onset; | Z = –2.91; p=0.004* |
---|
Min. and max. seizure frequency; | Z = –0.56; NS |
---|
MTR in the left middle and superior temporal gyri | p ≤0.005* |
---|
9 | Flügel et al., 2006,48 U.K. | 20 individuals with TLE-IIP | 20 individuals with TLE-NP | Case–control | Neuropsychological assessments and MRI | Neuropsychiatric assessment; PANSS | | General linear model (multivariate): |
---|
FA values in frontal left; | F=5.54; p=0.024* |
---|
FA values in frontal right; | F=12.18; p=0.001* |
---|
FA values in temporal left; | F=5.89; p=0.02* |
---|
FA values in temporal right; | F=6.295; p=0.017* |
---|
MD values in frontal left; | F=5.203; p=0.029* |
---|
MD values in frontal right | F=5.88; p=0.02* |
---|
9 | Fukao et al., 2009,36 Japan | 16 individuals with TLE-P | 41 individuals with TLE-NP | Case–control | Medical file review and magnetoencephalographic measurements | Psychiatric assessment, using DSM-IV criteria | | Correlation: |
---|
Laterality of focus; | NS |
---|
IH-type spike-dipoles; | NS |
---|
Left SV-type spike-dipoles; | p=0.002* |
---|
Plural types of spike-dipoles; | p=0.001* |
---|
Bilateral magnetic spikes; | p=0.046* |
---|
MTS | NS |
---|
9 | Gattaz et al., 2011,8 Brazil | 7 individuals with TLE-IIP | 9 individuals with TLE-NP | Case–control | Collection of temporal lobe tissues | Psychiatric assessment, using DSM-IV criteria | | Mann-Whitney U tests: |
---|
iPLA2 activity; | p=0.016* |
---|
cPLA2 activity; | NS |
---|
sPLA2 activity; | NS |
---|
tPLA2 activity; | NS |
---|
Duration of epilepsy; | NS |
---|
Frequency of seizures | NS |
---|
9 | Hermann et al., 2000,29 U.S.A. | 54 individuals with TLE | 38 healthy individuals | Case–control | Neuropsychological questionnaires | Assessment of psychotic symptoms, using SCL–90-R | | Partial correlation: |
---|
Duration of epilepsy; | Paranoid Ideation r=0.46; p=0.001* |
---|
Frequency of seizures | Psychoticism: r=0.40; p=0.004* |
---|
NS |
---|
8 | Guarnieri et al., 2005,19 Brazil | 21 individuals with TLE | 23 individuals with TLE-NP | Case–control | SPECT scans | Psychiatric assessment, using DSM-IV criteria | | χ2 tests: |
---|
11 with IIP | Gender; | χ2=0.349, NS |
---|
10 with PIP | Marital status; | χ2=1.85; NS |
---|
Handedness; | χ2=0.934; NS |
---|
Presence of IPI; | χ2=0.02; NS |
---|
Resonance laterality; | χ2=0.380; NS |
---|
EEG ictal laterality; | χ2=0.509; NS |
---|
Education (years); | t-tests: |
---|
Age at epilepsy onset; | t=0.102; NS |
---|
Duration of epilepsy; | t=0.046; NS |
---|
Paid employment; | t=0.480; NS |
---|
Seizure frequency; | Fisher’s exact test: |
---|
rCBF | F=2.53; NS |
---|
| Mann-Whitney U test: |
| U=214.0; NS |
| ANOVA; NS |
6 | Maier et al., 2000,42 U.K. | 12 individuals with TLE-P | 12 individuals with TLE-NP; | Case–control | Medical file review and MRI | Psychiatric assessment | | t-tests (TLE-P and HCs): |
---|
26 individuals with schizophrenia and no epilepsy; | Left NAA; | p <0.001* |
---|
38 healthy individuals | Right NAA; | p <0.001* |
---|
Left Cho; | NS |
---|
Right Cho; | NS |
---|
Left Cr+PCr; | NS |
---|
Right Cr+PCr; | NS |
---|
Left regional H/A volume; | p=0.0001* |
---|
Right regional H/A volume | p=0.004* |
---|