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Published Online: 1 January 2014

A Case of Neurosyphilis Presenting With Dementia and Psychiatric Symptoms

Publication: The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences
To the Editor: Neurosyphilis is a clinical type of tertiary syphilis with invasion of central nervous system. It can imitate psychiatric disorders such as mood disorders, psychosis, and dementia.1 There are a few cases of neurosyphilis with dementia that were reported previously.24 Here, we report on a patient who was first diagnosed with frontotemporal dementia, but who was finally shown to have neurosyphilis.

Case Report

A 49-year-old man without a family history of psychiatric or neurologic illness was referred to our psychiatry clinic because of memory impairment, speech disturbance, aggressiveness, insomnia, suicidal behaviors, self-mutilation, apathy, hyperphagia, disorganized behaviors such as undressing and urinating in improper places within the last 2 years. Lately, he became dependent on caregivers and could not run his transporting business. A year ago, before his hospitalization, he was referred to an outpatient neurology clinic and diagnosed by cranial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with frontotemporal dementia (findings of hyperintense signal changes on both mesial temporal lobes [Figure 1]). Because there was no improvement in his clinical status after paroxetine 20 mg/day and risperidone 1 mg/day treatment, and because of increased behavioral changes and a suicidal attempt, the patient was hospitalized. He was apathetic and uncooperative during the psychiatric examination. Memory loss and disorganized behaviors were apparent. A minimally increased muscle tone, increased deep-tendon reflexes, bilateral extensor plantar responses, and a slight ataxic gait were noticed at neurological examination. Mini-Mental State Exam (MMSE) score was 9. Risperidone was continued at a dose of 2 mg/day. Laboratory results were unremarkable, except that the venereal disease research laboratory test (VDRL) and treponema pallidum hemagglutination assay (TPHA) were positive, at 1/64 and 1/10,240 titers, respectively. Cerebrospinal fluid examination showed 20 lymphocyte/mm3, protein 52.4 mg/dl, glucose 56 mg/dl; TPHA test was positive, at 1/10,240 titers. Serological tests for human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B/C, and Brucella agglutination test were negative. A repeat cranial MRI showed cerebral atrophy, triventricular hydrocephalus, and periventricular lesion (Figure 2). The patient was started on ceftriaxone (2 g/day intramuscular) for 14 days. His ataxic gait regressed after treatment, but neuropsychiatric symptoms remained unchanged. A recent psychiatric examination revealed emergence of psychotic symptoms, and so quetiapine 900 mg/day was initiated.
FIGURE 1. Hyperintense Signal Changes on Both Mesial Temporal Lobes in the Axial Section on MRI
FIGURE 2. Cerebral Atrophy, Triventricular Hydrocephalus, and Periventricular Lesion in the Axial Section on MRI
General paresis, or dementia paralytica, is seen in the late stage of neurosyphilis. Behavioral changes, psychiatric disorders, and dementia can occur in this stage, and, if untreated, death may occur within 3–5 years.1 Neurosyphilis is a treatable disease if it is diagnosed early. In our patient, dementia and behavioral problems persisted even after antisyphilis treatment because of delayed diagnosis. Our case underlines the importance of early diagnosis and treatment of neurosyphilis.

References

1.
Hutto B: Syphilis in clinical psychiatry: a review. Psychosomatics 2001; 42:453–460
2.
Keskin G, Sunter G, Midi I, et al.: Neurosyphilis as a cause of cognitive decline and psychiatric symptoms at younger age. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 2011; 23:E41–E42
3.
Mehrabian S, Raycheva M, Traykova M, et al.: Neurosyphilis with dementia and bilateral hippocampal atrophy on brain magnetic resonance imaging. BMC Neurol 2012; 12:96
4.
Brinar VV, Habek M: Dementia and white-matter demyelination in young patient with neurosyphilis. Lancet 2006; 368:2258

Information & Authors

Information

Published In

Go to The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences
Go to The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences
The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences
Pages: E39 - E40
PubMed: 24515707

History

Published online: 1 January 2014
Published in print: Winter 2014

Authors

Details

Zeynep Baran Tatar, M.D.
Dept. of PsychiatryBakirkoy Training and Research Hospital for Psychiatry, Neurology, and NeurosurgeryIstanbul, Turkey
Alparslan Cansiz, M.D.
Dept. of PsychiatryBakirkoy Training and Research Hospital for Psychiatry, Neurology, and NeurosurgeryIstanbul, Turkey
Ayhan Köksal, M.D.
Dept. of NeurologyBakirkoy Training and Research Hospital for Psychiatry, Neurology, and NeurosurgeryIstanbul, Turkey
Erhan Kurt, M.D.
Dept. of PsychiatryBakirkoy Training and Research Hospital for Psychiatry, Neurology, and NeurosurgeryIstanbul, Turkey

Notes

Correspondence: Dr. Tatar; e-mail: [email protected]

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