Differences Between Parents of Young Versus Adult Children Seeking to Participate in Family-to-Family Psychoeducation

This study included baseline information for parents who participated in a randomized controlled trial investigating the effectiveness of FTF (6). Data were collected from 2006 to 2009. The study was conducted in five diverse regions of Maryland served by NAMI affiliates: Baltimore metropolitan region (Baltimore City and Baltimore County) and Howard, Montgomery, Frederick, and Prince George’s counties. All parents of consumers are welcome to participate in FTF and do not need release of information or consent from their children. After providing informed consent, participants (N=265) completed baseline assessments via telephone before attending FTF.

Several self-report measures were used (6–13). Psychological symptoms were measured by the Brief Symptom Inventory. Negative and positive experiences of caregiving were measured by the Experience of Caregiving Inventory, different aspects of coping by the COPE Scale, family functioning by the Family Assessment Device, empowerment by the Family Empowerment Scale, and communication style by the Family Problem-Solving Communication Scale. Knowledge about mental illness was assessed by a knowledge measure. Subjective and objective burden was measured by the Family Experiences Interview Schedule. The methods have been described in detail elsewhere (6). All procedures were approved by the University of Maryland Institutional Review Board.

Data were analyzed across the three parent group: 56 parents of youths, 137 parents of young adults, and 72 parents of adults. Multivariate analyses of variance (ANOVAs) were used to detect omnibus differences on all measured variables. Univariate ANOVAs with Bonferroni adjustments were used for pairwise comparisons between parent subgroups. To control for multiple testing, a false discovery rate adjustment was employed. Effect sizes (η²) were reported for ANOVAs of the dependent measures. Missing data accounted for less than 1% of all data and were deleted pairwise.

Results are presented in Table 1. Compared with parents of both young and older adults, parents of youths reported more problems with managing difficult behaviors, preventing injury to their child and others, and managing attention-seeking behaviors. With respect to their own emotional well-being, parents of youths reported more symptoms of depression than the other two groups.

Parents of youths reported greater empowerment with service providers compared with the other parent groups. In addition, parents of youths reported significantly more empowerment within their families compared with parents of older adults. No significant group differences were observed in family coping, communication, functioning, subjective burden, and positive caregiving experiences.

This study found higher burden in certain areas among parents of ill children compared with parents of young adults, who in turn showed higher burdens in certain areas compared with parents of older adults. Specifically, the higher burdens included some that would be expected given the developmental needs of youths, independent of mental illness (for example, dependency), as well as some that might reflect the nature of emerging mental illness among adolescents (for example, suicidal behavior and threat of injury). Responsibilities, which may entail frequent crisis management, reflect the daily burden and stress encountered by parents of youths with mental illness. The findings also reflect to a lesser degree the burden and stress experienced by parents of young adults with mental illness, compared with parents of older adults.

Several plausible explanations can be offered for the group differences. We did not find significant differences in diagnoses or in the variable used as a proxy for severity of illness (recent hospitalization), suggesting that neither diagnosis nor severity were the primary drivers of our findings. It is likely, however, that younger consumers and their parents may be coping with more recent illness onset and diagnosis than older consumers and their parents. Research on families’ experiences indicates that the period surrounding the diagnosis of a family member’s illness is often characterized by crises, confusion, trauma, anger, and feelings of loss (14). Burdens and distress may arise that are specific to the newness of the mental health concerns. Given these potential burdens, it is not surprising that parents of younger consumers tended to score significantly higher on measures of depression, compared with the other two groups. Anxiety scores were also higher for parents of youths compared with parents of older adults. These findings emphasize the importance of reminding parents of youths that they are not alone and incorporating developmentally informed psychoeducation into mental health services.

Despite this pattern of greater burden and depression among parents of younger consumers, parents of youths reported significantly more feelings of empowerment within the mental health service system compared with parents of adults. This finding may reflect the family-centered approach of many pediatric mental health services. Parents of minors are typically required to consent for treatment and may be more routinely consulted regarding their preferences than parents of consumers who are 18 and older. Because of these responsibilities, parents of younger consumers may feel more confident navigating systems of care and advocating for their child. It is also possible that baseline empowerment is related to help seeking and that more empowerment is required of parents of younger children in order to seek help from FTF. Alternatively, differences in empowerment scores could reflect a lowering of expectations among parents of older consumers, who have been dealing with mental health services longer.

Findings suggest potential areas of emphasis for programs oriented toward caregivers of young consumers. For instance, issues related to objective burden seemed very salient for parents of youths compared with parents in the other two groups. Curriculums that emphasize emotional and instrumental support for parents struggling with threat of injury, attention-seeking and embarrassing behavior, and perhaps suicide might be particularly helpful for parents of youths. This parent subgroup may also benefit from psychoeducation and behavior management training interventions. Elevated depression scores among the parents of youths may be another relevant concern for some parents. Adult-focused referral information for family members experiencing clinically significant depression may be particularly useful. Finally, parents of youths were more likely than parents of adults to have a larger number of household members. Responsiveness to this group’s needs might include having child care or separate youth-friendly activities available during FTF sessions.

In 2008, some NAMI affiliates began to offer a peer-to-peer course designed to meet the needs of families of young consumers. NAMI Basics (www.nami.org/basics) emphasizes issues specific to the challenges faced by families of youths with mental health problems, such as managing difficult behaviors and securing educational services (15). Given the additional stressors reported by parents of youths in our sample, programs such as NAMI Basics may provide benefits that are tailored to the needs of this parent subgroup.

The study documented differences between parents of youths with mental illness and parents of older individuals with mental illness. These differences likely stem from many factors and could inform recommendations for programs such as FTF that serve family members of consumers of various ages.

This work was supported in part by grant 1R01-MH72667-01A1 from the National Institute of Mental Health; the Maryland Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, Mental Hygiene Administration, through the 1915(c) Home- and Community-Based Waiver Program Management, Workforce Development and Evaluation (OPASS 13-10954G/M00B3400369); Baltimore Mental Health Systems; a Research Seed Funding Initiative grant from the University of Maryland, Baltimore County; the Passano Foundation; and the Johns Hopkins Center for Mental Health in Pediatric Primary Care.

The authors report no competing interests.