No-Show Rates When Phone Appointment Reminders Are Not Directly Delivered
Abstract
Promoting patient engagement in treatment and reducing frequency of missed appointments result in higher value through both improved outcomes and improved efficiency. For this reason, continuous quality improvement (CQI) efforts to increase engagement are important in service operations. This column illustrates the results of a CQI study to determine the impact of method of delivery of phone appointment reminders on attendance rates for a cohort of 250 primary care patients with depression. Results indicated that the type of reminder had a significant impact on attendance. Live reminders had the lowest no-show rate (3%), then message or voice mail reminders (24%) and no answer (39%). These findings illustrate the value of CQI efforts for even such basic interventions as appointment reminders. Appointment attendance rates were considerably higher when there was a live contact. CQI efforts related to reminders therefore may benefit from rapid change cycles that incorporate monitoring of the type of reminder delivery and that continuously seek better strategies for engagement.
Missed visits, often referred to in health care settings as no-shows, negatively affect health care systems by contributing to inefficiency and increased health care costs and portend worse clinical outcomes for the patients themselves (1). Moreover, missed visits continue to be common. In the Veterans Health Administration (VHA) alone, nine million visits each year are classified as no-shows (2).
To improve patient engagement and attendance, most health systems have implemented appointment reminders, which have a well-documented evidence basis (3–6). In addition, a substantial body of research has identified individual-level and health system characteristics associated with missed visits, which has helped to target populations for intervention. However, the impact of reminders on appointment attendance and its association with the type of message delivery to patients is less clear. Elucidating this impact is vital because research suggests that reminders—be they delivered by phone call or text message—often do not reach their targeted audiences (7–9). Thus, in this study, we aimed to determine to what extent receipt of phone appointment reminders (direct conversation versus voice mail) affects appointment attendance rates.
The Study
Participants consisted of primary care patients with depression at a Veterans Health Administration (VHA) health care system in the Pacific Northwest who had completed a phone screener and indicated interest in participating in a research study on the involvement of family and friends in depression treatment. Participants were eligible for this study if they had one or more in-person primary care visits in the past year, probable major depression (eight-item Patient Health Questionnaire [PHQ-8] score ≥9), and at least one significant recent interpersonal relationship. Participants were excluded if they had severe hearing impairment, lacked regular access to a phone, or had a diagnosis of a bipolar disorder, psychosis, or a neurocognitive disorder (specifically, dementia) in their medical record in the prior two years.
After completing the phone screener, we immediately scheduled interested participants for research study appointments. We used the data management program REDCap to log and track phone reminders, with two reminder calls by one research staff member (HEM) scheduled for each participant, with one placed the Friday before the appointment and a second on the day of the appointment. If a participant rescheduled the appointment, she or he would receive additional reminders. The reminders followed a standardized script, which identified the caller and reviewed the date, time, purpose, and location of the appointment. Reminder outcome was classified in one of three ways: directly speaking with the participant or a designee in the same household (live reminder), leaving a voice mail message (message reminder), or no answer with no ability to leave a message (no answer). We used VHA administrative records and survey responses to ascertain patient characteristics. The institutional review board of the Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System approved this study.
For bivariate comparisons between reminder call and appointment attendance, we used chi-square analysis. We constructed a multivariate generalized linear model, adjusting for participant age, distance to facility, and depression severity, to examine relationships between reminder call outcome and appointment attendance. We examined the effects of the first reminder call and of the second (or final) reminder call. Because results were similar in both analyses and the final reminder call was most proximal to our outcome, we present the latter results. All analyses were conducted in Stata, version 14.0.
Findings and Implications
We completed phone reminders for 250 consecutive patients from December 2015, to February 2017, of whom 221 (88%) attended their appointments. Patients were 55.8±14.4 (M±SD) years old and, on average, had a PHQ-8 score of 15.4 out of 24, and lived 14.3 miles from the hospital. Ninety-seven percent (N=243) of the patients were male. Race-ethnicity and education information was available for 220 of the 250 patients: 80% (N=175) were white, 4% (N=8) were African American, 4% (N=8) were Native American, and 13% (N=29) were multiracial or other categories; 16% (N=34) of the patients had a high school diploma or less, 63% (N=139) had vocational training or some college, and 21% (N=47) had a college degree or higher.
Live reminders were associated with the lowest no-show rate (3%), whereas no-show rates were significantly higher for message reminders (24%) and no answer (39%). Compared with live reminders, message reminders (relative risk [RR]=7.4, p<.001) and no answer (RR=13.9, p<.001) were each correlated with significantly lower attendance after adjustment for potential confounders (Table 1). Furthermore, compared with patients who received a message reminder, those who were not contacted at all had significantly higher no-show rates (p=.035).
| Measure | Live reminder (N=158) | Message reminder (N=79) | No answer (N=13) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | % | N | % | N | % | |
| N who missed appointments | 5 | 3 | 19 | 24 | 5 | 39 |
| RR | 95% CI | RR | 95% CI | RR | 95% CI | |
| Unadjusted | 1.00 | — | 7.6 | 3–20 | 12.2 | 4–37 |
| Adjusted | 1.00 | — | 7.4 | 3–19 | 13.9 | 5–37 |
a
Comparisons between groups were significantly different (p<.001). Live reminders were the reference group, and analyses adjusted for age, depression, and distance to facility. RR, risk ratio.
In this clinical sample of primary care patients, we found that the risk of missed appointments substantially increased when a phone appointment reminder resulted in no answer or in leaving a message or voice mail. The estimated difference in attendance rate between patients receiving direct contact versus no answer was very large in both absolute (35%) and relative (over tenfold) terms. In addition, results emphasize that a message is not enough because patients in the message-receiving group also had a markedly elevated rate of missing their appointment.
In an era in which people seem progressively less likely to answer the phone, a declining ability to directly deliver reminders to patients has real-world implications for appointment reminder implementation. If health care systems were to track information on delivery of appointment reminders, we believe this information could be used in two potentially beneficial ways. First, knowing who does not directly receive a reminder could identify patients at high risk of missing appointments. Second, and perhaps more important, this information could identify a target group of patients who would benefit from additional or alternative reminder strategies.
As many health systems move toward reminders delivered by text message, this study also suggests strategies that can be used to optimize text message reminder systems. In particular, we suspect that two-way reminders (those that ask for a reply from the patient confirming or declining the appointment) may be more effective than one-way reminders. This has already been demonstrated in a meta-analysis of interventions evaluating text message reminders for medication adherence (10). Given the likelihood that patients who do not reply to text message reminders are at elevated risk of missed visits, health care systems could then design, implement, and evaluate interventions targeting these patients with additional reminders (such as a live telephone call).
This study’s focus on one of the practical aspects of implementation of appointment reminder calls is relevant to consideration of quality improvement practices. The quality improvement literature highlights several critical tools that are useful in improving a care process. These tools include longitudinal data recording, team learning, and tests of changes via plan-do-study-act (PDSA) cycles (11). This study supports the utility of PDSA cycles related to appointment reminder processes. For example, one iteration of a PDSA cycle could focus on an intervention that sends text messages to patients who tend not to answer their phones.
One does not need to be a researcher with a “capital R” to identify these types of quality improvement issues. Our methods were not complex, and data analysis was fairly straightforward. Rather, what seems most critical (and ideally what should be in the “little r” researcher in us all) is having the curiosity to consider what might contribute to variations in outcomes and build evaluation of these outcomes into normal practice. As we saw in the case of appointment reminders and attendance, doing so can identify major opportunities for improvement.
References
1.
Hwang AS, Atlas SJ, Cronin P, et al: Appointment “no-shows” are an independent predictor of subsequent quality of care and resource utilization outcomes. Journal of General Internal Medicine 30:1426–1433, 2015
2.
Audit of Veterans Health Administration’s Efforts to Reduce Unused Outpatient Appointments. Washington, DC, VA Office of Inspector General, 2008
3.
McLean SM, Booth A, Gee M, et al: Appointment reminder systems are effective but not optimal: results of a systematic review and evidence synthesis employing realist principles. Patient Preference and Adherence 10:479–499, 2016
4.
Guy R, Hocking J, Wand H, et al: How effective are short message service reminders at increasing clinic attendance? A meta-analysis and systematic review. Health Services Research 47:614–632, 2012
5.
Lefforge NL, Donohue B, Strada MJ: Improving session attendance in mental health and substance abuse settings: a review of controlled studies. Behavior Therapy 38:1–22, 2007
6.
Macharia WM, Leon G, Rowe BH, et al: An overview of interventions to improve compliance with appointment keeping for medical services. JAMA 267:1813–1817, 1992
7.
Shah SJ, Cronin P, Hong CS, et al: Targeted reminder phone calls to patients at high risk of no-show for primary care appointment: a randomized trial. Journal of General Internal Medicine 31:1460–1466, 2016
8.
Hallsworth M, Berry D, Sanders M, et al: Stating appointment costs in SMS reminders reduces missed hospital appointments: findings from two randomised controlled trials. PLoS One 1:1–14, 2015
9.
Percac-Lima S, Singer DE, Cronin PR, et al: Can text messages improve attendance to primary care appointments in underserved populations? Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved 27:1709–1725, 2016
10.
Wald DS, Butt S, Bestwick JP: One-way versus two-way text messaging on improving medication adherence: meta-analysis of randomized trials. American Journal of Medicine 128:1139.e1–1139.e5, 2015
11.
Batalden PB, Davidoff F: What is “quality improvement” and how can it transform healthcare? Quality and Safety in Health Care 16:2–3, 2007
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Cover: Still Life of Fruit, anonymous, circa 1865. Gift of Edgar William and Bernice Chrysler Garbisch, National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.
History
Accepted: 25 May 2017
Published online: 2 October 2017
Published in print: November 01, 2017
Keywords
Authors
Competing Interests
The U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs had no role in the design and conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of the data; preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript; or decision to submit the manuscript for publication. The findings and conclusions in this column are those of the authors, who are responsible for its contents; the findings and conclusions do not necessarily represent the views of the VA or the U.S. government.
Funding Information
Veterans Health Administration, Office of Research and Development, Health Services Research and Development Center to Improve Veteran Involvement in Care:
Veterans Health Administration, Office of Research and Development, Health Services Research and Development Career Development Award: CDA 14-428
This project was supported by Veterans Health Administration HSR&D Career Development Award 14-428 to Dr. Teo and by HSR&D grant I50 HX001244-01 to the Center to Improve Veteran Involvement in Care.The authors report no financial relationships with commercial interests.Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Export Citations
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.
For more information or tips please see 'Downloading to a citation manager' in the Help menu.
View Options
View options
PDF/EPUB
View PDF/EPUBLogin options
Already a subscriber? Access your subscription through your login credentials or your institution for full access to this article.
Personal login Institutional Login Open Athens loginNot a subscriber?
PsychiatryOnline subscription options offer access to the DSM-5-TR® library, books, journals, CME, and patient resources. This all-in-one virtual library provides psychiatrists and mental health professionals with key resources for diagnosis, treatment, research, and professional development.
Need more help? PsychiatryOnline Customer Service may be reached by emailing [email protected] or by calling 800-368-5777 (in the U.S.) or 703-907-7322 (outside the U.S.).