Skip to main content
Full access
Integrated Care
Published Online: 16 October 2019

How a Health Center Eliminated the Waiting List for Psychiatric Services

Abstract

A quality improvement project was delivered by a federally qualified health center to improve patient access to psychiatric services. The effort was supported by training and technical assistance provided by the American Psychiatric Association Support and Alignment Network. Over a 3-year period, the collaborative care model (CoCM) and other integrated consultative strategies were implemented. As a result, the waitlist was reduced from 350 patients to 1 patient. The use of the CoCM and other integrated care strategies was successful in eliminating a psychiatric service waitlist in this primary care setting.

HIGHLIGHTS

The collaborative care model (CoCM) offers a delivery method to enhance access to care by strategically managing a patient population base through leveraging psychiatric expertise in an innovative way.
By identifying stakeholders, using plan-do-study-act (PDSA) cycles, and capitalizing on the teamwork embedded within the framework of CoCM, health care centers can transform to improve access to psychiatric care.
Access to treatment for mental health services can enhance the initiation of appropriate treatment and preventative services, decrease financial strain, and minimize preventable hospitalizations (1). Two thirds of primary care providers (PCPs) reported difficulty in accessing psychiatric care for their patients (2). Furthermore, when a referral is sent to a mental health professional, only about half of these appointments are attended (3). When access to care is delayed, patient satisfaction can be reduced, and health outcomes are poorer (4). Currently, there is a shortage of psychiatric providers able to manage those in need of psychiatric care (5). One emerging solution to this challenge is to leverage psychiatric expertise through evidence-based integration of mental health services into primary care settings, such as the psychiatric collaborative care model (CoCM) (6).
The purpose of this column was to describe the transformation of psychiatric services at a midwestern federally qualified health center (FQHC) by implementing integrated care strategies and the CoCM over a 3-year period. The main outcome measured for this quality improvement (QI) project was the number of patients on the waitlist for a psychiatric referral. This report may be valuable in informing current practices striving to achieve similar objectives.

Setting, Process, Interventions, and Resources

The project was based in a midwestern FQHC comprising a large main campus medical home and seven satellite clinics. Health center staff included 19 M.D.s, 32 midlevel practitioners, and 12 behavioral health therapists. The therapists performed integrated care interventions consisting of single-visit warm handoffs directly after PCP appointments to address behavioral health concerns. Common encounters included assistance in diagnostic assessment, crisis management, psychoeducation, and brief interventions such as teaching relaxation in 20- to 30-minute sessions. The FQHC saw 41,868 patients in 2017. The patient population included 91% of individuals who lived more than 200% below the poverty line; 75% who were members of racial-ethnic minority groups, primarily Latinos; and 49% uninsured individuals (7).
The FQHC had previously received funding for various mental health initiatives; before initiation of this work, an 8-hour-a-week psychiatric position was vacant for 9 months. Outside organizations providing psychiatric medication management were difficult to access because of extensive waiting lists, noncentralized referral sources, and staffing shortages. PCPs at the clinic had become the sole psychiatric medication providers for the majority of their patients, including those with severe and persistent mental illness. Referrals were made to psychiatric care for a full range of mental health diagnoses.
In August 2014, the waitlist to see a psychiatric provider at the FQHC consisted of 350 patients. At this time, the clinic began focusing on QI for access to psychiatric services and contracted with a local academic facility to provide 8 hours of psychiatric care per week. A team consisting of the chair of psychiatry; the chief medical officer of the FQHC; the behavioral health director of the FQHC; the contracted faculty psychiatrist working at the site; and, later, the residency program director met two to four times a year.
The transformation of this FQHC comprised three PDSA (plan-do-study-act) cycles, each 11–13 months in length. The academic facility identified this as an opportunity to develop a training site for psychiatric resident physicians to treat underserved individuals and gain experience in the primary care setting. The FQHC recognized this as an opportunity to establish a relationship with an academic facility and alleviate the problem of access to psychiatric services. The main outcome measure tracked for this QI project was the number of patients on the waitlist for a psychiatric referral. New referrals were accepted in an ongoing manner.
The first cycle lasted from August 2014 to June 2015, with the identified goals of reducing the waitlist and increasing patient satisfaction. The intervention was hiring a new psychiatrist for 8 hours a week to perform colocated care (shared space and medical records). The waitlist decreased from 350 to 252. The team concluded that the waitlists remained too long and would never be eliminated with the current practice. Through the iterative process, the team discussed altering the role of the clinician to be more consultative in nature, and the academic center secured funding to train residents at this site.
The second PDSA cycle lasted from July 2015 to September 2016. The identified goals were to provide a meaningful educational experience for the trainees, equip PCPs with skills to treat mental illness, and leverage psychiatric expertise to address the population in need. Interventions included placing one to two senior psychiatry residents in clinics for 8 hours a week, transitioning from traditional patient care to a one-time consultation clinic, utilization of e-consults, and providing PCP quarterly education (see online supplement). The waitlist decreased from 252 to 154. During evaluations, senior residents expressed that the rotation did not teach them anything new, given that it was so close to traditional care. An attempt was made to increase collaboration by setting up a phone call with the provider and a resident before the consultation. This was burdensome in the scheduling of PCP time and did not improve the resident experience. This intervention was abandoned. The chair of psychiatry suggested the use of the collaborative care model (CoCM) for the next cycle. The team set up a plan for the psychiatrist to train in this model, and the site explored the feasibility and resources needed for implementation.
The third and final PDSA cycle lasted from October 2016 to October 2017. The three goals were to maintain a commitment to previous goals, provide outcome-based treatment, and improve the resident experience by teaching unique collaborative care skills. The first intervention was the implementation of CoCM at two of the eight community clinical sites. Other integrated consultative strategies beyond the CoCM were simultaneously utilized to meet individual patient needs and decrease wait time. These interventions included hiring a mental health patient navigator, making the psychiatric consultant available by cell phone, and reviewing the waitlist (see online supplement). The outcome of these interventions was that the number of patients on the waitlist decreased from 154 to 1. After year 3, the traditional psychiatric referral waitlist consisted of one patient, and there was a 1- to 2-week wait time for patients to enroll in the CoCM program. Figure 1 illustrates a steady decrease in the number of patients on the waitlist. The CoCM outcome measures tracked for patients in the program included the Patient Health Questionnaire–9 (every 2 weeks), the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale–7 (every 2 weeks), the World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule (monthly), and DSM-5 cross-cutting measures (monthly). Direct psychiatric consultations were still available to providers for a full range of diagnoses. After the interventions, psychiatric consultations were utilized primarily by sites that did not have CoCM and for individuals with severe and persistent mental illness. The interventions were considered successful, and all were continued. Because of the success in clinical improvement and access to care, a plan to expand CoCM to all the clinical sites began.
FIGURE 1. Number of patients on the waitlist for a psychiatric referral over time, by plan-do-study-act cyclea
aCycle 1 (Aug. 2014–June 2015)—start of new psychiatrist; cycle 2 (July 2015–Sept. 2016)—start of residents in clinics, consult clinic, e-consults, and primary care provider (PCP) quarterly education; and cycle 3 (Oct. 2016–Oct 2017)—collaborative care model (CoCM) at two sites, mental health patient navigator, psychiatrist available by phone, and regular review of the waitlist.
Several resources were utilized to make this project possible. Organizational leadership involvement promoted cultural change. The chief medical officer was a QI team member and the physician champion. The academic affiliation helped in creating new ideas in the planning stage. Training and technical assistance for CoCM were accessed through the resources available from the American Psychiatric Association Support and Alignment Network (APA SAN), as part of the Transforming Clinical Practices Initiative (see online supplement). The psychiatric consultant completed core training in May 2016 at the APA annual meeting and participated in the APA SAN Collaborative Care Learning Collaborative in the spring of 2017. Resident physicians completed APA SAN training through online modules. The leadership accessed information on implementation, and information technology support used a registry template from the University of Washington AIMS Center Web site. The behavioral health care manager (BHCM) was a licensed independent mental health practitioner. The BHCM was trained in CoCM available through online modules on the University of Washington AIMS Center Web site, augmented with teaching from the psychiatric provider (see online supplement).
The FQHC received funding for mental health services through a Health Resources & Services Administration grant, which was not time limited. The behavioral health referral navigator and resident physician salaries were funded by a grant from the state. Billing of services provided shifted from the psychiatric consultant to the PCP and therapist. The behavior health care manager involved in CoCM billed for therapy time, and PCPs billed for their clinical visits. To promote sustainability, the site applied for and was granted payment for clinical visits by PCPs for medication management for the uninsured patients from the state’s regional behavioral health authorities. Before this, funding for medication management had gone only to psychiatric providers.
This study was approved by the Creighton University Institutional Research Board and determined to be exempt based on exemption category 4. The data did not have any patient identifiers, and informed consent was not needed.

Summary, Discussion, and Implications

The waitlist decreased during each QI cycle until there was only a 1- to 2-week wait time for access to services. Qualitative feedback included the following: the BHCM enjoyed the collaborative role, residents felt the CoCM model staffing time was their favorite part of the rotation, and PCPs felt supported in treating a variety of mental disorders.
Key strategies used in this effort included the CoCM, a transition from traditional care to a one-time consultation clinic, e-consults, quarterly PCP education in psychiatry, availability of a mental health patient navigator, a psychiatric consultant available by cell phone, and regular review of the waitlist (see the online supplement). We believe that these interventions were needed for improved access because, in traditional psychiatric care, a waitlist will stagnate because of the need for follow-up care limiting the opportunity for new evaluations. The CoCM used 2–3 hours of weekly psychiatric time to care for about 60–80 patients who would have otherwise been referred to traditional psychiatric care. The availability of psychiatric consultation through the CoCM, e-consult, and curbside consultation by telephone allowed many patients to be managed solely by indirect care. Reviewing waitlists identified patients who could be managed through indirect care. Last, with targeted PCP education, the PCP becomes less reliant on psychiatric consultation.

Conclusions

This QI project represents a successful collaboration involving an FQHC, leadership from an academic medical center, and educational materials developed by APA SAN. A limitation of this study was that many factors could affect a waitlist beyond those that were measured. Additionally, several integrated strategies were started in close proximity to each other, which made it difficult to directly attribute success to any one strategy. Findings are generalizable to health care centers that have limited psychiatric resources. Coverage for behavioral health integration services is rapidly expanding throughout the country, which will increase the sustainability of these models.
In conclusion, with a QI framework and training and technical assistance available from APA SAN, this practice was able to improve access by eliminating a 350-person waitlist over a 3-year period. These strategies are available and could support a similar transformation in other primary care practices.

Footnote

These findings were included in the following presentations: “Integrating Training in Collaborative Care Model in Your Program: Discussion Panel,” by Anna Ratzliff, Shannon Kinnan, Cecilia Livesey, and Mira Zein, American Psychiatric Association (APA) Collaborative Care Model (CoCM) Residency Education Conference, May 4, 2019, Washington DC; “Transforming Access to Mental Health Through Collaborative Care,” 12th Annual Addressing Health Disparities Seminar: Focus on Mental Health, April 27, 2019, Omaha; and “Collaborative Care, OneWorld Community Health Center,” Collaborative Care Conference, October 14, 2017, Omaha. These data were reported to the APA Transforming Clinical Practice Initiative Support and Alignment Network (SAN), which reports progress to the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services and has highlighted this site in promotional material for the CoCM.

Supplementary Material

File (appi.ps.201900222.ds001.pdf)

References

1.
Measures Management System [Measure Management & You]. Baltimore, Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, 2018. https://www.cms.gov/Medicare/Quality-Initiatives-Patient-Assessment-Instruments/MMS/Downloads/Access-Measures.pdf. Accessed May 5, 2018
2.
Cunningham PJ: Beyond parity: primary care physicians’ perspectives on access to mental health care. Health Aff (Millwood) 2009; 28:w490–w501
3.
Mental Illness. Bethesda, MD, National Institute for Mental Health, 2017. https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/mental-illness.shtml. Accessed May 25, 2017
4.
Transforming Health Care Scheduling and Access: Getting to Now. Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2015. http://www.nationalacademies.org/hmd/∼/media/Files/Report%20Files/2015/Wait-Times/Wait%20Times%20RB.pdf. Accessed May 26, 2018
5.
Butryn T, Bryant L, Marchionni C, et al: The shortage of psychiatrists and other mental health providers: causes, current state, and potential solutions. Int J Acad Med 2017; 3:5–9
6.
Archer J, Bower P, Gilbody S, et al: Collaborative care for depression and anxiety problems. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2012; 10:CD006525. doi:
7.
OneWorld 2017 Annual Report: OneWorld Rising. Omaha, Oneworld Community Mental Health Center, 2017. https://indd.adobe.com/view/b6db8b55-2466-4ab9-afbd-2ac77ecd2409. Accessed Jan 18, 2019

Information & Authors

Information

Published In

Go to Psychiatric Services
Go to Psychiatric Services
Psychiatric Services
Pages: 1176 - 1179
PubMed: 31615366

History

Received: 1 May 2019
Revision received: 2 August 2019
Accepted: 15 August 2019
Published online: 16 October 2019
Published in print: December 01, 2019

Keywords

  1. Primary care
  2. Quality improvement

Authors

Details

Shannon Kinnan, M.D. [email protected]
Department of Psychiatry, Creighton University School of Medicine, and OneWorld Community Health Center, Omaha (Kinnan); College of Nursing, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (Emerson); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle (Kern, Ratzliff). Benjamin G. Druss, M.D., M.P.H., and Gail Daumit, M.D., M.H.S., are editors of this column.
Margaret R. Emerson, D.N.P., A.P.R.N.
Department of Psychiatry, Creighton University School of Medicine, and OneWorld Community Health Center, Omaha (Kinnan); College of Nursing, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (Emerson); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle (Kern, Ratzliff). Benjamin G. Druss, M.D., M.P.H., and Gail Daumit, M.D., M.H.S., are editors of this column.
John Kern, M.D.
Department of Psychiatry, Creighton University School of Medicine, and OneWorld Community Health Center, Omaha (Kinnan); College of Nursing, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (Emerson); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle (Kern, Ratzliff). Benjamin G. Druss, M.D., M.P.H., and Gail Daumit, M.D., M.H.S., are editors of this column.
Anna Ratzliff, M.D., Ph.D.
Department of Psychiatry, Creighton University School of Medicine, and OneWorld Community Health Center, Omaha (Kinnan); College of Nursing, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (Emerson); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle (Kern, Ratzliff). Benjamin G. Druss, M.D., M.P.H., and Gail Daumit, M.D., M.H.S., are editors of this column.

Notes

Send correspondence to Dr. Kinnan ([email protected]).

Funding Information

U.S. Department of Health and Human Serviceshttp://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100000016: CMS-1L1-15-002
Dr. Kern and Dr. Ratzliff were supported by Funding Opportunity Number CMS-1L1-15-002 from the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS). The authors thank the following individuals in the leadership of Creighton University and OneWorld Community Health Center at the start of collaborative care: Thomas Svolos, Kayla Pope, Kristina McVea, Gloria Gonzalez-Kruger, Patrick Sampson, and Andrea Skolkin. They also recognize the Behavioral Health Education Center of Nebraska for supporting integrated behavioral health training. The contents provided are solely the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official views of DHHS or any of its agencies.Dr. Kinnan is an investigator for industry studies by Lundbeck and Roche. Dr. Ratzliff receives royalties from Wiley. The other authors report no financial relationships with commercial interests.

Metrics & Citations

Metrics

Citations

Export Citations

If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.

For more information or tips please see 'Downloading to a citation manager' in the Help menu.

Format
Citation style
Style
Copy to clipboard

View Options

View options

PDF/EPUB

View PDF/EPUB

Login options

Already a subscriber? Access your subscription through your login credentials or your institution for full access to this article.

Personal login Institutional Login Open Athens login
Purchase Options

Purchase this article to access the full text.

PPV Articles - Psychiatric Services

PPV Articles - Psychiatric Services

Not a subscriber?

Subscribe Now / Learn More

PsychiatryOnline subscription options offer access to the DSM-5-TR® library, books, journals, CME, and patient resources. This all-in-one virtual library provides psychiatrists and mental health professionals with key resources for diagnosis, treatment, research, and professional development.

Need more help? PsychiatryOnline Customer Service may be reached by emailing [email protected] or by calling 800-368-5777 (in the U.S.) or 703-907-7322 (outside the U.S.).

Media

Figures

Other

Tables

Share

Share

Share article link

Share