Collaborative Care for Depression and Anxiety: Racial-Ethnic Differences in Treatment Engagement and Outcomes

This study aimed to examine racial-ethnic differences in engagement with and clinical outcomes of a collaborative care model (CoCM) implemented in primary care outpatient clinics in an urban academic medical center.

Adult patients (N=4,911) who screened positive for symptoms of depression, anxiety, or both on the Patient Health Questionnaire–9 or the Generalized Anxiety Disorder–7 scale and who identified as non-Hispanic Black, Hispanic, or non-Hispanic White were offered participation in a CoCM implementation. The primary outcome was treatment engagement, defined as receipt of any follow-up visit, minimally adequate 4-week follow-up (at least one visit), and minimally adequate 16-week follow-up (at least three visits) after initial assessment. Secondary outcomes were response and remission of depression or anxiety.

After adjustment of analyses for sociodemographic covariates, Black and Hispanic participants were significantly less likely than White participants to have received any or minimally adequate follow-up. Black and Hispanic participants who received any or minimally adequate 16-week follow-up were more likely than White participants to demonstrate depression symptom response and remission of anxiety symptoms.

This CoCM implementation appears to have been effective in treating depression and anxiety among Black and Hispanic patients. However, significant disparities in receipt of follow-up care were observed. Efforts must be made to improve the retention of patients from racial-ethnic minority groups in collaborative care.