Child & Adolescent Psychiatry: What Every Clinician Needs to Know About Juvenile Firesetters

It is believed that individual and environmental predictors need to be examined simultaneously in order to provide an adequate explanation for juvenile firesetting (2).

Further consideration needs to be given of the environmental characteristics and interindividual dynamics related to firesetting among juveniles. Environmental characteristics are defined as supports, controls, models, and expectations of others that are thought to be meaningful phenomena to the juvenile (11). Fire play and firesetting behaviors usually can be predicted by characteristics of the firesetter's environment (12).

Moderate firesetting among youths has been associated with limited family sociability, whereas recidivism—defined as multiple instances of firesetting—has been associated with lax discipline, family conflict, limited parental acceptance, and poor family affiliation (13). Kolko and Kazdin (5) have identified correlates between parents' maladaptive behaviors and their children's maladaptive behaviors. However, few professionals have examined such environmental factors when working with firesetters (14). Poor supervision and lax child care were found to be better predictors of recidivism among children than were individual characteristics (6). Moreover, it was found that the adults who were responsible for juvenile firesetters spent a limited amount of time keeping track of incendiaries in the home, which increased the number of opportunities for firesetting (15).

Other environmental factors have been identified as being associated with juvenile firesetting. Exposure to fire at an early age may increase the likelihood that children will engage in maladaptive firesetting behavior (5). Kolko and Kazdin (13) found that access to incendiaries, lack of adolescent remorse, and lack of parental consequences for negative behavior were associated with recidivism. Saunders and Awad (16) asserted that adolescent firesetters are likely to have experienced parental separation, violence in the home, parental alcohol and drug abuse, or some form of physical or sexual abuse. Firesetters are also likely to have experienced significantly more emotional neglect and physical abuse than other children of similar socioeconomic and geographic backgrounds (9).

As is apparent from the literature, children's involvement with fire is a multidimensional behavior motivated by a variety of circumstances. Mental health treatment needs to be sensitive to these various motivations if it is to be maximally effective.

The literature describes many "types" of firesetters. Any attempt to categorize the firesetter should serve the pragmatic purpose of helping assess the individual's risk of future dangerous fire-related behavior (3). Dangerous behavior includes behavior that destroys property or results in physical or emotional harm. Dangerousness also involves the probability that the juvenile will set more fires. Thus the specification of type of firesetter should alert the clinician to the characteristics of the firesetting sequence that are most salient (17).

Because firesetting is related to such a broad array of child and family problems, it has been recommended that a comprehensive, structured initial interview be conducted with the juvenile firesetter (14). Moreover, it is imperative that those who work with juvenile firesetters maintain a relationship with the fire and police departments, both of which are important sources of information about the child, the family, and the fire incident. The fire service also can provide well-targeted fire safety education.

Juvenile firesetters can be offered a range of proximal and distal supports, from short-term counseling, day-treatment programs, and inpatient hospitalization to residential treatment programs. A partnership of many different types of agencies that incorporates fire department funds as well as creative funding for all components of a firesetter program, especially the mental health component, provides direct and indirect benefits to all members of our communities. Further information about initiatives under way throughout the United States can be obtained from SOS Fires (http://www.sosfires.com) or through the Vandenburgh County Juvenile Firesetter Task Force in Evansville, Indiana.

Dr. Slavkin is affiliated with the department of teacher education at the University of Southern Indiana, 8600 University Boulevard, FA 159, Evansville, Indiana 47712 (e-mail, [email protected]). Charles Huffine, M.D., is editor of this column.