Topiramate Improves Glucose Metabolism in Choreatic and Depressive Patient: PET Findings
Publication: The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences
SIR: We measured regional cerebral glucose metabolism using 2-[18F]-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose and positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) in a depressed patient with vascular hemichorea before and after treatment with a regimen of topiramate (25 mg/day, increasing to 100 mg/day over a 2-week period for 9 weeks). In order to reveal a defined information underlying the improvement of the depressive symptoms, we also combined the PET with Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD). Although the striatal hypometabolic area was unchanged after 9 weeks of topiramate treatment, the right temporal area showed significantly increased glucose metabolism after treatment (1.58 vs 2.52). Interestingly, this increase was positively correlated with HAMD scores after 9 weeks of treatment (34 vs. 9). Beyond suggesting the efficacy of topiramate in vascular hemichorea, these findings suggest that the integrity of pathways linking the cortex and the basal ganglia together may be integral to the normal regulation of mood. The antidepressant efficacy which correlates to the increase in metabolism in neocortical regions further supports this finding.
Hemichorea-hemiballismus is a rare movement disorder which features involuntary movements of the limbs due to basal ganglia stroke being confined to the one side of the body. 1 Studies examining glucose metabolic rates or blood flow changes in regional brain areas have found that basal ganglia disorders are associated with decreased activity in the cortical regions. 2
Topiramate is a broad-spectrum anticonvulsant. In addition to its therapeutic effect by vascular hemichorea-hemiballismus, topiramate was recently shown to be effective in reducing depressive symptoms in acute bipolar depression. 3
Case Report
The patient, a 61-year-old man, experienced abrupt, involuntary movements of his left arm and left leg after he developed a right-sided stroke due to a basal ganglia infarction 6 months prior. In addition to these symptoms, he had developed in recent months a depressive mood; he felt sad, guilty, and lost practically all interest in doing things. The patient retreated from daily work activities and had difficulties with concentration and memory. He also described severe physical fatigue and moderate insomnia.
On psychiatric examination he was cooperative, alert, and fully oriented. He displayed a depressed mood state. His movements were slowed with signs of hypoactivity. During the examination, the patient cried and described morbid thoughts of death. The speech comprised simple vocabulary, then slowed and was spoken in a moderate depressive voice. It was sometimes interrupted by word-finding difficulties. The patient scored 34 on baseline HAMD.
A magnetic resonance imaging scan of the brain performed on the admission day showed a chronic lacunar infarct on the right lentiform nucleus on T2-weighted images correlating with the previous stroke 6 months prior. FDG-PET on admission day showed moderate to severe reduced glucose uptake right temporal cortex. Other cortical regions were found to be normal.
We started the patient on a regimen of topamirate 25 mg daily, increasing to 50 mg twice daily over a 2-week period. The optimum hemichorea control occurred when he was taking 50 mg of TPM twice daily after 2 weeks. A significant improvement of the depressive symptoms occurred, according to HAMD score, after 9 weeks of treatment. Interestingly, a PET follow-up after 9 weeks of topamirate treatment revealed more than a 70% (significant) increase in the right temporal area. In our study, the improvement of depressive symptoms seemed to be correlated with the normalized temporal metabolism after 9 weeks of treatment.
This was suggested by previous studies 4, 5 which claimed that recovery from depression after antidepressive treatment was associated with a decrease of glucose metabolism in the limbic system and an increase in neocortical areas. Interestingly, this is the reverse pattern of normal mood regulation by which with depressive mood state, increases in limbic-paralimbic blood flow, and decreases in neocortical regions were identified. 6
In addition to suggesting a functional interaction between the cortex and limbic system, our findings support that the integrity of pathways linking the cortex and the basal ganglia may be integral to the normal regulation of mood.
References
1.
Dewey RB, Jankovich J: Hemiballism-hemichorea: clinical and pharmacological findings in 21 patients. Arch Neurol 1989; 46:862–867
2.
Robinson RG, Chemerinski E, Jorge R: Pathophysiology of secondary depressions in the elderly. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 1999; 12:128–136
3.
Suppes T: Review of the use of topiramate for treatment of bipolar disorders. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2002; 22:599–609
4.
Mayberg HS, Steven K, Brannan JL, et al: Regional metabolic effects of fluoxetine in major depression: serial changes and relationship to clinical response. Biol Psychiatry 2000; 48:830–843
5.
Mayberg HS: Limbic-cortical dysregulation: a proposed model of depression. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 1997; 9:471–481
6.
Mayberg HS, Liotti M, Brannan SK, et al: Reciprocal limbic-cortical function and negative mood: converging PET findings in depression and normal sadness. Am J Psychiatry 1999; 156:675–682
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Published online: 1 July 2007
Published in print: Summer, 2007
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