Retrospective Posttraumatic Amnesia in Traumatic Brain Injury

We evaluated post-TBI (mostly motor vehicle) patients who presented for residual cognitive impairment. They underwent a Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and tests of attention (digit span), verbal fluency (animals/minute), verbal memory (10-item verbal learning task), and the Frontal Assessment Battery (FAB) for executive functions. 5 No individual participants were identified, and the information was coded anonymously.

All participants were men (U.S. veterans) with medical records on their prior TBI. Inclusion criteria included absence of prior cognitive rehabilitation, litigation, substance abuse, psychoactive medications, and other neurological or psychiatric disorder that might affect cognition. Participants were divided into a recent TBI group (23 patients 2–5 years post-TBI) and a remote TBI group (23 patients 6–15 years post-TBI). Group members were pairwise matched on medical record documentation of loss of consciousness (mild <60 minutes, moderate 1–24 hours, severe >24 hours), age (within 3 years), and education (within 3 years). The Rivermead Posttraumatic Amnesia Protocol, which consists of five questions, established the duration of posttraumatic amnesia to the nearest hour. 4

The recent and remote groups were comparable in current age (37.06±7.02 years versus 38.11±13.01), of age at the time of TBI (34.17±7.10 years versus 27.66±13.78), and years of education (13.72±2.27 years versus 12.85±3.01). The posttraumatic amnesia duration (hours) did not differ between the recent and remote groups (21.89±29.83 hours versus 20.76±28.29). Within the recent TBI group, the retrospective posttraumatic amnesia negatively correlated with four out of the five variables (MMSE: r=−0.79, F=19.60, df=1, 22, p<0.01; attention: r=−0.53, F=5.02, df=1, 22, p=0.03; verbal fluency: r=−0.61, F=8.45, df=1, 22, p=0.01; verbal memory: r=−0.66, F=8.55, df=1, 22, p=0.01). Within the remote TBI group, there were no significant posttraumatic amnesia-cognitive correlations.

Clinicians often assess whether patients have cognitive deficits from an old traumatic brain injury. Without direct access to medical records about an old head injury, the retrospective posttraumatic amnesia is a potential indicator of residual cognitive deficits from TBI. Our preliminary study found that the retrospective posttraumatic amnesia duration correlated with cognitive impairments up to 5 years post-TBI. After 5 years, however, the retrospective posttraumatic amnesia did not correlate with cognitive deficits.

Investigators previously tested the Rivermead Posttraumatic Amnesia Protocol for retrospective posttraumatic amnesia duration among patients who were within 2 years of injury, but not in those with more remote head injuries. 4 This study suggests that retrospectively obtained posttraumatic amnesia is useful up to 5 years post-TBI, but becomes unreliable after that. Despite limitations, such as the small number of male participants, the findings recommend further investigation exploring retrospective posttraumatic amnesia in larger populations and in comparisons with prospective measures of TBI.