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Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a worldwide public health problem with a broad range of mental health consequences. In the moments following TBI, neuropsychiatric disturbances are nearly universal. They typically include alterations of consciousness, attention, processing speed, declarative memory, and/or executive function, and frequently are accompanied by emotional and behavioral disturbances as well as sensory and motor problems. In the days to weeks after TBI, neurotrauma-induced neuropsychiatric disturbances are common among persons whose injuries require hospitalization and inpatient rehabilitation; these disturbances often become chronic problems. Recovery following mild TBI usually proceeds rapidly and typically is complete. However, early postinjury neuropsychiatric disturbances at all levels of injury severity often are unrecognized, misunderstood, and inadequately addressed. In such circumstances, these may become chronic disturbances and entail a broad range of secondary psychological health and psychosocial consequences. Preinjury health and psychosocial factors may exacerbate or mitigate the short- and long-term neuropsychiatric consequences of TBI, and a variety of postinjury factors may facilitate or complicate recovery from TBI and its neuropsychiatric sequelae.
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