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New Research
Published Online: 1 August 2013
High Loading of Polygenic Risk for ADHD in Children With Comorbid Aggression
Marian L. Hamshere, Ph.D., Kate Langley, Ph.D., Joanna Martin, B.Sc.(Hons), Sharifah Shameem Agha, M.Sc., Evangelia Stergiakouli, Ph.D., Richard J.L. Anney, Ph.D., Jan Buitelaar, M.D., … Show All … , Stephen V. Faraone, Ph.D., Klaus-Peter Lesch, M.D., Benjamin M. Neale, Ph.D., Barbara Franke, Ph.D., Edmund Sonuga-Barke, Ph.D., Philip Asherson, M.R.C.Psych., Ph.D., Andrew Merwood, M.Sc., Jonna Kuntsi, Ph.D., Sarah E. Medland, Ph.D., Stephan Ripke, M.D., Hans-Christoph Steinhausen, M.D., Ph.D., Christine Freitag, M.D., M.A, Andreas Reif, M.D., Tobias J. Renner, M.D., Marcel Romanos, M.D., Jasmin Romanos, M.D., Andreas Warnke, M.D., Jobst Meyer, Ph.D., Haukur Palmason, Ph.D., Alejandro Arias Vasquez, Ph.D., Nanda Lambregts-Rommelse, Ph.D., Herbert Roeyers, M.D., Ph.D., Joseph Biederman, M.D., Alysa E. Doyle, Ph.D., Hakon Hakonarson, M.D., Ph.D., Aribert Rothenberger, M.D., Tobias Banaschewski, M.D., Ph.D., Robert D. Oades, Ph.D., James J. McGough, M.D., Lindsey Kent, M.D., Ph.D., Nigel Williams, Ph.D., Michael J. Owen, F.R.C.Psych., Ph.D., Peter Holmans, Ph.D., Michael C. O’Donovan, F.R.C.Psych., Ph.D., and Anita Thapar, F.R.C.Psych., Ph.D. Show FewerAuthors Info & Affiliations
Publication: American Journal of Psychiatry
Abstract
Objective
Although attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is highly heritable, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have not yet identified any common genetic variants that contribute to risk. There is evidence that aggression or conduct disorder in children with ADHD indexes higher genetic loading and clinical severity. The authors examine whether common genetic variants considered en masse as polygenic scores for ADHD are especially enriched in children with comorbid conduct disorder.
Method
Polygenic scores derived from an ADHD GWAS meta-analysis were calculated in an independent ADHD sample (452 case subjects, 5,081 comparison subjects). Multivariate logistic regression analyses were employed to compare polygenic scores in the ADHD and comparison groups and test for higher scores in ADHD case subjects with comorbid conduct disorder relative to comparison subjects and relative to those without comorbid conduct disorder. Association with symptom scores was tested using linear regression.
Results
Polygenic risk for ADHD, derived from the meta-analysis, was higher in the independent ADHD group than in the comparison group. Polygenic score was significantly higher in ADHD case subjects with conduct disorder relative to ADHD case subjects without conduct disorder. ADHD polygenic score showed significant association with comorbid conduct disorder symptoms. This relationship was explained by the aggression items.
Conclusions
Common genetic variation is relevant to ADHD, especially in individuals with comorbid aggression. The findings suggest that the previously published ADHD GWAS meta-analysis contains weak but true associations with common variants, support for which falls below genome-wide significance levels. The findings also highlight the fact that aggression in ADHD indexes genetic as well as clinical severity.
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Information & Authors
Information
Published In
History
Received: 29 August 2012
Revision received: 10 December 2012
Accepted: 3 January 2013
Published online: 1 August 2013
Published in print: August 2013
Authors
Affiliations
Marian L. Hamshere, Ph.D.
From the MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, U.K.; Department of Psychiatry, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland; Departments of Cognitive Neuroscience, Human Genetics, and Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Departments of Psychiatry and of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse; ADHD Clinical Research Network, Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany; Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Mass.; Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; King’s College London, MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, London; Institute for Disorder of Impulse and Attention, School of Psychology, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, U.K.; Quantitative Genetics, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia; Clinical Psychology and Epidemiology, Institute of Psychology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Aalborg Psychiatric Hospital, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Institute of Psychobiology, Department of Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of Trier, Trier, Germany; Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Dunantlaan, Ghent, Belgium; Clinical and Research Program in Pediatric Psychopharmacology and Adult ADHD, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Center for Applied Genomics and Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles; School of Medicine, St. Andrews University, St. Andrews, U.K.
Kate Langley, Ph.D.
From the MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, U.K.; Department of Psychiatry, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland; Departments of Cognitive Neuroscience, Human Genetics, and Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Departments of Psychiatry and of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse; ADHD Clinical Research Network, Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany; Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Mass.; Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; King’s College London, MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, London; Institute for Disorder of Impulse and Attention, School of Psychology, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, U.K.; Quantitative Genetics, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia; Clinical Psychology and Epidemiology, Institute of Psychology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Aalborg Psychiatric Hospital, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Institute of Psychobiology, Department of Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of Trier, Trier, Germany; Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Dunantlaan, Ghent, Belgium; Clinical and Research Program in Pediatric Psychopharmacology and Adult ADHD, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Center for Applied Genomics and Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles; School of Medicine, St. Andrews University, St. Andrews, U.K.
Joanna Martin, B.Sc.(Hons)
From the MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, U.K.; Department of Psychiatry, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland; Departments of Cognitive Neuroscience, Human Genetics, and Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Departments of Psychiatry and of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse; ADHD Clinical Research Network, Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany; Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Mass.; Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; King’s College London, MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, London; Institute for Disorder of Impulse and Attention, School of Psychology, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, U.K.; Quantitative Genetics, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia; Clinical Psychology and Epidemiology, Institute of Psychology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Aalborg Psychiatric Hospital, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Institute of Psychobiology, Department of Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of Trier, Trier, Germany; Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Dunantlaan, Ghent, Belgium; Clinical and Research Program in Pediatric Psychopharmacology and Adult ADHD, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Center for Applied Genomics and Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles; School of Medicine, St. Andrews University, St. Andrews, U.K.
Sharifah Shameem Agha, M.Sc.
From the MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, U.K.; Department of Psychiatry, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland; Departments of Cognitive Neuroscience, Human Genetics, and Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Departments of Psychiatry and of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse; ADHD Clinical Research Network, Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany; Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Mass.; Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; King’s College London, MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, London; Institute for Disorder of Impulse and Attention, School of Psychology, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, U.K.; Quantitative Genetics, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia; Clinical Psychology and Epidemiology, Institute of Psychology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Aalborg Psychiatric Hospital, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Institute of Psychobiology, Department of Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of Trier, Trier, Germany; Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Dunantlaan, Ghent, Belgium; Clinical and Research Program in Pediatric Psychopharmacology and Adult ADHD, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Center for Applied Genomics and Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles; School of Medicine, St. Andrews University, St. Andrews, U.K.
Evangelia Stergiakouli, Ph.D.
From the MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, U.K.; Department of Psychiatry, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland; Departments of Cognitive Neuroscience, Human Genetics, and Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Departments of Psychiatry and of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse; ADHD Clinical Research Network, Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany; Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Mass.; Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; King’s College London, MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, London; Institute for Disorder of Impulse and Attention, School of Psychology, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, U.K.; Quantitative Genetics, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia; Clinical Psychology and Epidemiology, Institute of Psychology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Aalborg Psychiatric Hospital, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Institute of Psychobiology, Department of Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of Trier, Trier, Germany; Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Dunantlaan, Ghent, Belgium; Clinical and Research Program in Pediatric Psychopharmacology and Adult ADHD, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Center for Applied Genomics and Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles; School of Medicine, St. Andrews University, St. Andrews, U.K.
Richard J.L. Anney, Ph.D.
From the MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, U.K.; Department of Psychiatry, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland; Departments of Cognitive Neuroscience, Human Genetics, and Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Departments of Psychiatry and of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse; ADHD Clinical Research Network, Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany; Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Mass.; Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; King’s College London, MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, London; Institute for Disorder of Impulse and Attention, School of Psychology, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, U.K.; Quantitative Genetics, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia; Clinical Psychology and Epidemiology, Institute of Psychology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Aalborg Psychiatric Hospital, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Institute of Psychobiology, Department of Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of Trier, Trier, Germany; Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Dunantlaan, Ghent, Belgium; Clinical and Research Program in Pediatric Psychopharmacology and Adult ADHD, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Center for Applied Genomics and Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles; School of Medicine, St. Andrews University, St. Andrews, U.K.
Jan Buitelaar, M.D.
From the MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, U.K.; Department of Psychiatry, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland; Departments of Cognitive Neuroscience, Human Genetics, and Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Departments of Psychiatry and of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse; ADHD Clinical Research Network, Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany; Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Mass.; Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; King’s College London, MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, London; Institute for Disorder of Impulse and Attention, School of Psychology, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, U.K.; Quantitative Genetics, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia; Clinical Psychology and Epidemiology, Institute of Psychology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Aalborg Psychiatric Hospital, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Institute of Psychobiology, Department of Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of Trier, Trier, Germany; Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Dunantlaan, Ghent, Belgium; Clinical and Research Program in Pediatric Psychopharmacology and Adult ADHD, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Center for Applied Genomics and Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles; School of Medicine, St. Andrews University, St. Andrews, U.K.
Stephen V. Faraone, Ph.D.
From the MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, U.K.; Department of Psychiatry, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland; Departments of Cognitive Neuroscience, Human Genetics, and Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Departments of Psychiatry and of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse; ADHD Clinical Research Network, Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany; Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Mass.; Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; King’s College London, MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, London; Institute for Disorder of Impulse and Attention, School of Psychology, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, U.K.; Quantitative Genetics, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia; Clinical Psychology and Epidemiology, Institute of Psychology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Aalborg Psychiatric Hospital, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Institute of Psychobiology, Department of Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of Trier, Trier, Germany; Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Dunantlaan, Ghent, Belgium; Clinical and Research Program in Pediatric Psychopharmacology and Adult ADHD, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Center for Applied Genomics and Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles; School of Medicine, St. Andrews University, St. Andrews, U.K.
Klaus-Peter Lesch, M.D.
From the MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, U.K.; Department of Psychiatry, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland; Departments of Cognitive Neuroscience, Human Genetics, and Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Departments of Psychiatry and of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse; ADHD Clinical Research Network, Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany; Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Mass.; Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; King’s College London, MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, London; Institute for Disorder of Impulse and Attention, School of Psychology, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, U.K.; Quantitative Genetics, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia; Clinical Psychology and Epidemiology, Institute of Psychology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Aalborg Psychiatric Hospital, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Institute of Psychobiology, Department of Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of Trier, Trier, Germany; Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Dunantlaan, Ghent, Belgium; Clinical and Research Program in Pediatric Psychopharmacology and Adult ADHD, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Center for Applied Genomics and Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles; School of Medicine, St. Andrews University, St. Andrews, U.K.
Benjamin M. Neale, Ph.D.
From the MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, U.K.; Department of Psychiatry, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland; Departments of Cognitive Neuroscience, Human Genetics, and Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Departments of Psychiatry and of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse; ADHD Clinical Research Network, Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany; Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Mass.; Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; King’s College London, MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, London; Institute for Disorder of Impulse and Attention, School of Psychology, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, U.K.; Quantitative Genetics, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia; Clinical Psychology and Epidemiology, Institute of Psychology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Aalborg Psychiatric Hospital, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Institute of Psychobiology, Department of Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of Trier, Trier, Germany; Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Dunantlaan, Ghent, Belgium; Clinical and Research Program in Pediatric Psychopharmacology and Adult ADHD, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Center for Applied Genomics and Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles; School of Medicine, St. Andrews University, St. Andrews, U.K.
Barbara Franke, Ph.D.
From the MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, U.K.; Department of Psychiatry, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland; Departments of Cognitive Neuroscience, Human Genetics, and Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Departments of Psychiatry and of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse; ADHD Clinical Research Network, Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany; Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Mass.; Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; King’s College London, MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, London; Institute for Disorder of Impulse and Attention, School of Psychology, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, U.K.; Quantitative Genetics, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia; Clinical Psychology and Epidemiology, Institute of Psychology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Aalborg Psychiatric Hospital, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Institute of Psychobiology, Department of Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of Trier, Trier, Germany; Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Dunantlaan, Ghent, Belgium; Clinical and Research Program in Pediatric Psychopharmacology and Adult ADHD, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Center for Applied Genomics and Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles; School of Medicine, St. Andrews University, St. Andrews, U.K.
Edmund Sonuga-Barke, Ph.D.
From the MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, U.K.; Department of Psychiatry, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland; Departments of Cognitive Neuroscience, Human Genetics, and Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Departments of Psychiatry and of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse; ADHD Clinical Research Network, Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany; Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Mass.; Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; King’s College London, MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, London; Institute for Disorder of Impulse and Attention, School of Psychology, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, U.K.; Quantitative Genetics, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia; Clinical Psychology and Epidemiology, Institute of Psychology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Aalborg Psychiatric Hospital, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Institute of Psychobiology, Department of Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of Trier, Trier, Germany; Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Dunantlaan, Ghent, Belgium; Clinical and Research Program in Pediatric Psychopharmacology and Adult ADHD, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Center for Applied Genomics and Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles; School of Medicine, St. Andrews University, St. Andrews, U.K.
Philip Asherson, M.R.C.Psych., Ph.D.
From the MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, U.K.; Department of Psychiatry, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland; Departments of Cognitive Neuroscience, Human Genetics, and Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Departments of Psychiatry and of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse; ADHD Clinical Research Network, Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany; Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Mass.; Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; King’s College London, MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, London; Institute for Disorder of Impulse and Attention, School of Psychology, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, U.K.; Quantitative Genetics, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia; Clinical Psychology and Epidemiology, Institute of Psychology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Aalborg Psychiatric Hospital, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Institute of Psychobiology, Department of Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of Trier, Trier, Germany; Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Dunantlaan, Ghent, Belgium; Clinical and Research Program in Pediatric Psychopharmacology and Adult ADHD, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Center for Applied Genomics and Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles; School of Medicine, St. Andrews University, St. Andrews, U.K.
Andrew Merwood, M.Sc.
From the MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, U.K.; Department of Psychiatry, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland; Departments of Cognitive Neuroscience, Human Genetics, and Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Departments of Psychiatry and of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse; ADHD Clinical Research Network, Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany; Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Mass.; Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; King’s College London, MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, London; Institute for Disorder of Impulse and Attention, School of Psychology, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, U.K.; Quantitative Genetics, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia; Clinical Psychology and Epidemiology, Institute of Psychology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Aalborg Psychiatric Hospital, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Institute of Psychobiology, Department of Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of Trier, Trier, Germany; Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Dunantlaan, Ghent, Belgium; Clinical and Research Program in Pediatric Psychopharmacology and Adult ADHD, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Center for Applied Genomics and Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles; School of Medicine, St. Andrews University, St. Andrews, U.K.
Jonna Kuntsi, Ph.D.
From the MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, U.K.; Department of Psychiatry, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland; Departments of Cognitive Neuroscience, Human Genetics, and Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Departments of Psychiatry and of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse; ADHD Clinical Research Network, Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany; Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Mass.; Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; King’s College London, MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, London; Institute for Disorder of Impulse and Attention, School of Psychology, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, U.K.; Quantitative Genetics, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia; Clinical Psychology and Epidemiology, Institute of Psychology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Aalborg Psychiatric Hospital, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Institute of Psychobiology, Department of Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of Trier, Trier, Germany; Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Dunantlaan, Ghent, Belgium; Clinical and Research Program in Pediatric Psychopharmacology and Adult ADHD, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Center for Applied Genomics and Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles; School of Medicine, St. Andrews University, St. Andrews, U.K.
Sarah E. Medland, Ph.D.
From the MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, U.K.; Department of Psychiatry, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland; Departments of Cognitive Neuroscience, Human Genetics, and Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Departments of Psychiatry and of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse; ADHD Clinical Research Network, Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany; Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Mass.; Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; King’s College London, MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, London; Institute for Disorder of Impulse and Attention, School of Psychology, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, U.K.; Quantitative Genetics, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia; Clinical Psychology and Epidemiology, Institute of Psychology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Aalborg Psychiatric Hospital, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Institute of Psychobiology, Department of Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of Trier, Trier, Germany; Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Dunantlaan, Ghent, Belgium; Clinical and Research Program in Pediatric Psychopharmacology and Adult ADHD, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Center for Applied Genomics and Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles; School of Medicine, St. Andrews University, St. Andrews, U.K.
Stephan Ripke, M.D.
From the MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, U.K.; Department of Psychiatry, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland; Departments of Cognitive Neuroscience, Human Genetics, and Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Departments of Psychiatry and of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse; ADHD Clinical Research Network, Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany; Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Mass.; Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; King’s College London, MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, London; Institute for Disorder of Impulse and Attention, School of Psychology, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, U.K.; Quantitative Genetics, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia; Clinical Psychology and Epidemiology, Institute of Psychology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Aalborg Psychiatric Hospital, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Institute of Psychobiology, Department of Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of Trier, Trier, Germany; Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Dunantlaan, Ghent, Belgium; Clinical and Research Program in Pediatric Psychopharmacology and Adult ADHD, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Center for Applied Genomics and Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles; School of Medicine, St. Andrews University, St. Andrews, U.K.
Hans-Christoph Steinhausen, M.D., Ph.D.
From the MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, U.K.; Department of Psychiatry, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland; Departments of Cognitive Neuroscience, Human Genetics, and Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Departments of Psychiatry and of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse; ADHD Clinical Research Network, Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany; Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Mass.; Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; King’s College London, MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, London; Institute for Disorder of Impulse and Attention, School of Psychology, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, U.K.; Quantitative Genetics, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia; Clinical Psychology and Epidemiology, Institute of Psychology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Aalborg Psychiatric Hospital, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Institute of Psychobiology, Department of Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of Trier, Trier, Germany; Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Dunantlaan, Ghent, Belgium; Clinical and Research Program in Pediatric Psychopharmacology and Adult ADHD, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Center for Applied Genomics and Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles; School of Medicine, St. Andrews University, St. Andrews, U.K.
Christine Freitag, M.D., M.A
From the MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, U.K.; Department of Psychiatry, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland; Departments of Cognitive Neuroscience, Human Genetics, and Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Departments of Psychiatry and of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse; ADHD Clinical Research Network, Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany; Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Mass.; Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; King’s College London, MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, London; Institute for Disorder of Impulse and Attention, School of Psychology, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, U.K.; Quantitative Genetics, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia; Clinical Psychology and Epidemiology, Institute of Psychology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Aalborg Psychiatric Hospital, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Institute of Psychobiology, Department of Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of Trier, Trier, Germany; Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Dunantlaan, Ghent, Belgium; Clinical and Research Program in Pediatric Psychopharmacology and Adult ADHD, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Center for Applied Genomics and Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles; School of Medicine, St. Andrews University, St. Andrews, U.K.
Andreas Reif, M.D.
From the MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, U.K.; Department of Psychiatry, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland; Departments of Cognitive Neuroscience, Human Genetics, and Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Departments of Psychiatry and of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse; ADHD Clinical Research Network, Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany; Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Mass.; Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; King’s College London, MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, London; Institute for Disorder of Impulse and Attention, School of Psychology, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, U.K.; Quantitative Genetics, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia; Clinical Psychology and Epidemiology, Institute of Psychology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Aalborg Psychiatric Hospital, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Institute of Psychobiology, Department of Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of Trier, Trier, Germany; Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Dunantlaan, Ghent, Belgium; Clinical and Research Program in Pediatric Psychopharmacology and Adult ADHD, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Center for Applied Genomics and Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles; School of Medicine, St. Andrews University, St. Andrews, U.K.
Tobias J. Renner, M.D.
From the MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, U.K.; Department of Psychiatry, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland; Departments of Cognitive Neuroscience, Human Genetics, and Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Departments of Psychiatry and of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse; ADHD Clinical Research Network, Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany; Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Mass.; Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; King’s College London, MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, London; Institute for Disorder of Impulse and Attention, School of Psychology, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, U.K.; Quantitative Genetics, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia; Clinical Psychology and Epidemiology, Institute of Psychology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Aalborg Psychiatric Hospital, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Institute of Psychobiology, Department of Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of Trier, Trier, Germany; Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Dunantlaan, Ghent, Belgium; Clinical and Research Program in Pediatric Psychopharmacology and Adult ADHD, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Center for Applied Genomics and Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles; School of Medicine, St. Andrews University, St. Andrews, U.K.
Marcel Romanos, M.D.
From the MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, U.K.; Department of Psychiatry, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland; Departments of Cognitive Neuroscience, Human Genetics, and Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Departments of Psychiatry and of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse; ADHD Clinical Research Network, Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany; Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Mass.; Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; King’s College London, MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, London; Institute for Disorder of Impulse and Attention, School of Psychology, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, U.K.; Quantitative Genetics, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia; Clinical Psychology and Epidemiology, Institute of Psychology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Aalborg Psychiatric Hospital, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Institute of Psychobiology, Department of Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of Trier, Trier, Germany; Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Dunantlaan, Ghent, Belgium; Clinical and Research Program in Pediatric Psychopharmacology and Adult ADHD, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Center for Applied Genomics and Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles; School of Medicine, St. Andrews University, St. Andrews, U.K.
Jasmin Romanos, M.D.
From the MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, U.K.; Department of Psychiatry, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland; Departments of Cognitive Neuroscience, Human Genetics, and Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Departments of Psychiatry and of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse; ADHD Clinical Research Network, Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany; Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Mass.; Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; King’s College London, MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, London; Institute for Disorder of Impulse and Attention, School of Psychology, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, U.K.; Quantitative Genetics, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia; Clinical Psychology and Epidemiology, Institute of Psychology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Aalborg Psychiatric Hospital, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Institute of Psychobiology, Department of Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of Trier, Trier, Germany; Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Dunantlaan, Ghent, Belgium; Clinical and Research Program in Pediatric Psychopharmacology and Adult ADHD, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Center for Applied Genomics and Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles; School of Medicine, St. Andrews University, St. Andrews, U.K.
Andreas Warnke, M.D.
From the MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, U.K.; Department of Psychiatry, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland; Departments of Cognitive Neuroscience, Human Genetics, and Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Departments of Psychiatry and of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse; ADHD Clinical Research Network, Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany; Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Mass.; Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; King’s College London, MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, London; Institute for Disorder of Impulse and Attention, School of Psychology, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, U.K.; Quantitative Genetics, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia; Clinical Psychology and Epidemiology, Institute of Psychology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Aalborg Psychiatric Hospital, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Institute of Psychobiology, Department of Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of Trier, Trier, Germany; Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Dunantlaan, Ghent, Belgium; Clinical and Research Program in Pediatric Psychopharmacology and Adult ADHD, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Center for Applied Genomics and Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles; School of Medicine, St. Andrews University, St. Andrews, U.K.
Jobst Meyer, Ph.D.
From the MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, U.K.; Department of Psychiatry, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland; Departments of Cognitive Neuroscience, Human Genetics, and Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Departments of Psychiatry and of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse; ADHD Clinical Research Network, Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany; Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Mass.; Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; King’s College London, MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, London; Institute for Disorder of Impulse and Attention, School of Psychology, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, U.K.; Quantitative Genetics, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia; Clinical Psychology and Epidemiology, Institute of Psychology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Aalborg Psychiatric Hospital, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Institute of Psychobiology, Department of Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of Trier, Trier, Germany; Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Dunantlaan, Ghent, Belgium; Clinical and Research Program in Pediatric Psychopharmacology and Adult ADHD, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Center for Applied Genomics and Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles; School of Medicine, St. Andrews University, St. Andrews, U.K.
Haukur Palmason, Ph.D.
From the MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, U.K.; Department of Psychiatry, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland; Departments of Cognitive Neuroscience, Human Genetics, and Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Departments of Psychiatry and of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse; ADHD Clinical Research Network, Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany; Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Mass.; Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; King’s College London, MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, London; Institute for Disorder of Impulse and Attention, School of Psychology, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, U.K.; Quantitative Genetics, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia; Clinical Psychology and Epidemiology, Institute of Psychology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Aalborg Psychiatric Hospital, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Institute of Psychobiology, Department of Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of Trier, Trier, Germany; Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Dunantlaan, Ghent, Belgium; Clinical and Research Program in Pediatric Psychopharmacology and Adult ADHD, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Center for Applied Genomics and Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles; School of Medicine, St. Andrews University, St. Andrews, U.K.
Alejandro Arias Vasquez, Ph.D.
From the MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, U.K.; Department of Psychiatry, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland; Departments of Cognitive Neuroscience, Human Genetics, and Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Departments of Psychiatry and of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse; ADHD Clinical Research Network, Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany; Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Mass.; Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; King’s College London, MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, London; Institute for Disorder of Impulse and Attention, School of Psychology, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, U.K.; Quantitative Genetics, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia; Clinical Psychology and Epidemiology, Institute of Psychology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Aalborg Psychiatric Hospital, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Institute of Psychobiology, Department of Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of Trier, Trier, Germany; Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Dunantlaan, Ghent, Belgium; Clinical and Research Program in Pediatric Psychopharmacology and Adult ADHD, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Center for Applied Genomics and Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles; School of Medicine, St. Andrews University, St. Andrews, U.K.
Nanda Lambregts-Rommelse, Ph.D.
From the MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, U.K.; Department of Psychiatry, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland; Departments of Cognitive Neuroscience, Human Genetics, and Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Departments of Psychiatry and of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse; ADHD Clinical Research Network, Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany; Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Mass.; Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; King’s College London, MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, London; Institute for Disorder of Impulse and Attention, School of Psychology, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, U.K.; Quantitative Genetics, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia; Clinical Psychology and Epidemiology, Institute of Psychology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Aalborg Psychiatric Hospital, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Institute of Psychobiology, Department of Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of Trier, Trier, Germany; Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Dunantlaan, Ghent, Belgium; Clinical and Research Program in Pediatric Psychopharmacology and Adult ADHD, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Center for Applied Genomics and Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles; School of Medicine, St. Andrews University, St. Andrews, U.K.
Herbert Roeyers, M.D., Ph.D.
From the MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, U.K.; Department of Psychiatry, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland; Departments of Cognitive Neuroscience, Human Genetics, and Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Departments of Psychiatry and of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse; ADHD Clinical Research Network, Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany; Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Mass.; Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; King’s College London, MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, London; Institute for Disorder of Impulse and Attention, School of Psychology, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, U.K.; Quantitative Genetics, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia; Clinical Psychology and Epidemiology, Institute of Psychology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Aalborg Psychiatric Hospital, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Institute of Psychobiology, Department of Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of Trier, Trier, Germany; Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Dunantlaan, Ghent, Belgium; Clinical and Research Program in Pediatric Psychopharmacology and Adult ADHD, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Center for Applied Genomics and Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles; School of Medicine, St. Andrews University, St. Andrews, U.K.
Joseph Biederman, M.D.
From the MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, U.K.; Department of Psychiatry, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland; Departments of Cognitive Neuroscience, Human Genetics, and Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Departments of Psychiatry and of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse; ADHD Clinical Research Network, Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany; Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Mass.; Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; King’s College London, MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, London; Institute for Disorder of Impulse and Attention, School of Psychology, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, U.K.; Quantitative Genetics, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia; Clinical Psychology and Epidemiology, Institute of Psychology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Aalborg Psychiatric Hospital, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Institute of Psychobiology, Department of Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of Trier, Trier, Germany; Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Dunantlaan, Ghent, Belgium; Clinical and Research Program in Pediatric Psychopharmacology and Adult ADHD, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Center for Applied Genomics and Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles; School of Medicine, St. Andrews University, St. Andrews, U.K.
Alysa E. Doyle, Ph.D.
From the MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, U.K.; Department of Psychiatry, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland; Departments of Cognitive Neuroscience, Human Genetics, and Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Departments of Psychiatry and of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse; ADHD Clinical Research Network, Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany; Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Mass.; Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; King’s College London, MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, London; Institute for Disorder of Impulse and Attention, School of Psychology, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, U.K.; Quantitative Genetics, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia; Clinical Psychology and Epidemiology, Institute of Psychology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Aalborg Psychiatric Hospital, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Institute of Psychobiology, Department of Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of Trier, Trier, Germany; Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Dunantlaan, Ghent, Belgium; Clinical and Research Program in Pediatric Psychopharmacology and Adult ADHD, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Center for Applied Genomics and Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles; School of Medicine, St. Andrews University, St. Andrews, U.K.
Hakon Hakonarson, M.D., Ph.D.
From the MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, U.K.; Department of Psychiatry, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland; Departments of Cognitive Neuroscience, Human Genetics, and Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Departments of Psychiatry and of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse; ADHD Clinical Research Network, Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany; Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Mass.; Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; King’s College London, MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, London; Institute for Disorder of Impulse and Attention, School of Psychology, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, U.K.; Quantitative Genetics, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia; Clinical Psychology and Epidemiology, Institute of Psychology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Aalborg Psychiatric Hospital, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Institute of Psychobiology, Department of Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of Trier, Trier, Germany; Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Dunantlaan, Ghent, Belgium; Clinical and Research Program in Pediatric Psychopharmacology and Adult ADHD, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Center for Applied Genomics and Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles; School of Medicine, St. Andrews University, St. Andrews, U.K.
Aribert Rothenberger, M.D.
From the MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, U.K.; Department of Psychiatry, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland; Departments of Cognitive Neuroscience, Human Genetics, and Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Departments of Psychiatry and of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse; ADHD Clinical Research Network, Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany; Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Mass.; Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; King’s College London, MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, London; Institute for Disorder of Impulse and Attention, School of Psychology, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, U.K.; Quantitative Genetics, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia; Clinical Psychology and Epidemiology, Institute of Psychology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Aalborg Psychiatric Hospital, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Institute of Psychobiology, Department of Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of Trier, Trier, Germany; Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Dunantlaan, Ghent, Belgium; Clinical and Research Program in Pediatric Psychopharmacology and Adult ADHD, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Center for Applied Genomics and Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles; School of Medicine, St. Andrews University, St. Andrews, U.K.
Tobias Banaschewski, M.D., Ph.D.
From the MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, U.K.; Department of Psychiatry, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland; Departments of Cognitive Neuroscience, Human Genetics, and Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Departments of Psychiatry and of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse; ADHD Clinical Research Network, Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany; Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Mass.; Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; King’s College London, MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, London; Institute for Disorder of Impulse and Attention, School of Psychology, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, U.K.; Quantitative Genetics, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia; Clinical Psychology and Epidemiology, Institute of Psychology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Aalborg Psychiatric Hospital, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Institute of Psychobiology, Department of Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of Trier, Trier, Germany; Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Dunantlaan, Ghent, Belgium; Clinical and Research Program in Pediatric Psychopharmacology and Adult ADHD, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Center for Applied Genomics and Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles; School of Medicine, St. Andrews University, St. Andrews, U.K.
Robert D. Oades, Ph.D.
From the MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, U.K.; Department of Psychiatry, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland; Departments of Cognitive Neuroscience, Human Genetics, and Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Departments of Psychiatry and of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse; ADHD Clinical Research Network, Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany; Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Mass.; Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; King’s College London, MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, London; Institute for Disorder of Impulse and Attention, School of Psychology, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, U.K.; Quantitative Genetics, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia; Clinical Psychology and Epidemiology, Institute of Psychology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Aalborg Psychiatric Hospital, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Institute of Psychobiology, Department of Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of Trier, Trier, Germany; Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Dunantlaan, Ghent, Belgium; Clinical and Research Program in Pediatric Psychopharmacology and Adult ADHD, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Center for Applied Genomics and Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles; School of Medicine, St. Andrews University, St. Andrews, U.K.
James J. McGough, M.D.
From the MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, U.K.; Department of Psychiatry, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland; Departments of Cognitive Neuroscience, Human Genetics, and Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Departments of Psychiatry and of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse; ADHD Clinical Research Network, Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany; Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Mass.; Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; King’s College London, MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, London; Institute for Disorder of Impulse and Attention, School of Psychology, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, U.K.; Quantitative Genetics, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia; Clinical Psychology and Epidemiology, Institute of Psychology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Aalborg Psychiatric Hospital, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Institute of Psychobiology, Department of Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of Trier, Trier, Germany; Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Dunantlaan, Ghent, Belgium; Clinical and Research Program in Pediatric Psychopharmacology and Adult ADHD, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Center for Applied Genomics and Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles; School of Medicine, St. Andrews University, St. Andrews, U.K.
Lindsey Kent, M.D., Ph.D.
From the MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, U.K.; Department of Psychiatry, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland; Departments of Cognitive Neuroscience, Human Genetics, and Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Departments of Psychiatry and of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse; ADHD Clinical Research Network, Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany; Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Mass.; Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; King’s College London, MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, London; Institute for Disorder of Impulse and Attention, School of Psychology, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, U.K.; Quantitative Genetics, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia; Clinical Psychology and Epidemiology, Institute of Psychology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Aalborg Psychiatric Hospital, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Institute of Psychobiology, Department of Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of Trier, Trier, Germany; Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Dunantlaan, Ghent, Belgium; Clinical and Research Program in Pediatric Psychopharmacology and Adult ADHD, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Center for Applied Genomics and Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles; School of Medicine, St. Andrews University, St. Andrews, U.K.
Nigel Williams, Ph.D.
From the MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, U.K.; Department of Psychiatry, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland; Departments of Cognitive Neuroscience, Human Genetics, and Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Departments of Psychiatry and of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse; ADHD Clinical Research Network, Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany; Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Mass.; Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; King’s College London, MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, London; Institute for Disorder of Impulse and Attention, School of Psychology, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, U.K.; Quantitative Genetics, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia; Clinical Psychology and Epidemiology, Institute of Psychology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Aalborg Psychiatric Hospital, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Institute of Psychobiology, Department of Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of Trier, Trier, Germany; Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Dunantlaan, Ghent, Belgium; Clinical and Research Program in Pediatric Psychopharmacology and Adult ADHD, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Center for Applied Genomics and Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles; School of Medicine, St. Andrews University, St. Andrews, U.K.
Michael J. Owen, F.R.C.Psych., Ph.D.
From the MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, U.K.; Department of Psychiatry, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland; Departments of Cognitive Neuroscience, Human Genetics, and Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Departments of Psychiatry and of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse; ADHD Clinical Research Network, Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany; Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Mass.; Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; King’s College London, MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, London; Institute for Disorder of Impulse and Attention, School of Psychology, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, U.K.; Quantitative Genetics, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia; Clinical Psychology and Epidemiology, Institute of Psychology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Aalborg Psychiatric Hospital, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Institute of Psychobiology, Department of Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of Trier, Trier, Germany; Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Dunantlaan, Ghent, Belgium; Clinical and Research Program in Pediatric Psychopharmacology and Adult ADHD, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Center for Applied Genomics and Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles; School of Medicine, St. Andrews University, St. Andrews, U.K.
Peter Holmans, Ph.D.
From the MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, U.K.; Department of Psychiatry, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland; Departments of Cognitive Neuroscience, Human Genetics, and Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Departments of Psychiatry and of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse; ADHD Clinical Research Network, Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany; Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Mass.; Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; King’s College London, MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, London; Institute for Disorder of Impulse and Attention, School of Psychology, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, U.K.; Quantitative Genetics, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia; Clinical Psychology and Epidemiology, Institute of Psychology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Aalborg Psychiatric Hospital, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Institute of Psychobiology, Department of Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of Trier, Trier, Germany; Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Dunantlaan, Ghent, Belgium; Clinical and Research Program in Pediatric Psychopharmacology and Adult ADHD, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Center for Applied Genomics and Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles; School of Medicine, St. Andrews University, St. Andrews, U.K.
Michael C. O’Donovan, F.R.C.Psych., Ph.D.
From the MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, U.K.; Department of Psychiatry, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland; Departments of Cognitive Neuroscience, Human Genetics, and Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Departments of Psychiatry and of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse; ADHD Clinical Research Network, Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany; Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Mass.; Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; King’s College London, MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, London; Institute for Disorder of Impulse and Attention, School of Psychology, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, U.K.; Quantitative Genetics, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia; Clinical Psychology and Epidemiology, Institute of Psychology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Aalborg Psychiatric Hospital, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Institute of Psychobiology, Department of Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of Trier, Trier, Germany; Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Dunantlaan, Ghent, Belgium; Clinical and Research Program in Pediatric Psychopharmacology and Adult ADHD, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Center for Applied Genomics and Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles; School of Medicine, St. Andrews University, St. Andrews, U.K.
Anita Thapar, F.R.C.Psych., Ph.D.
From the MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, U.K.; Department of Psychiatry, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland; Departments of Cognitive Neuroscience, Human Genetics, and Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Departments of Psychiatry and of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse; ADHD Clinical Research Network, Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany; Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Mass.; Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; King’s College London, MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, London; Institute for Disorder of Impulse and Attention, School of Psychology, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, U.K.; Quantitative Genetics, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia; Clinical Psychology and Epidemiology, Institute of Psychology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Aalborg Psychiatric Hospital, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Institute of Psychobiology, Department of Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of Trier, Trier, Germany; Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Dunantlaan, Ghent, Belgium; Clinical and Research Program in Pediatric Psychopharmacology and Adult ADHD, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Center for Applied Genomics and Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles; School of Medicine, St. Andrews University, St. Andrews, U.K.
Notes
Address correspondence to Dr. Thapar ([email protected]) or Dr. O’Donovan ([email protected]).
Author Contributions
Drs. Hamshere and Langley contributed equally to this study.
Funding Information
Dr. Buitelaar has served as a consultant, adviser, or speaker for Janssen Cilag BV, Eli Lilly, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Schering Plough, UCB, Shire, Novartis, and Servier. Dr. Faraone has received consulting fees and support from Alcobra and Shire and support from NIH; he has received consulting or advisory board fees or participated in continuing medical education programs sponsored by Eli Lilly, Janssen, McNeil, Novartis, Pfizer, and Shire and has received royalties from Guilford Press and Oxford University Press. Dr. Sonuga-Barke has been involved in the development, implementation, and trialing of the New Forest Parenting Programme for preschool children with ADHD and has received royalties from sales of a New Forest Parent Training self-help manual; he has served as a speaker, adviser, or consultant for AstraZeneca, Flynn Pharma, Shire, and UCB Pharma, has received conference support from Shire, and has received research support from Janssen-Cilag, Shire, and Qbtech. Dr. Asherson has received payments on behalf of King’s College London from Shire, Eli Lilly, Janssen-Cilag, and Vifor Pharma for advisory work, speaking, and educational and/or research grants. Dr. Steinhausen has served as an adviser and speaker for Janssen-Cilag, Eli Lilly, Novartis, Medice, Shire, and UCB; he has received unrestricted grants for postgraduate training courses or conferences and research from Janssen-Cilag, Eli Lilly, Novartis, Medice, and Swedish Orphan International. Dr. Freitag has been on speakers bureaus for Eli Lilly, Novartis, and Shire. Dr. Biederman has received research support from Elminda, Janssen, McNeil, and Shire; speaking fees from Fundación Areces (Spain), Fundación Dr. Manuel Camelo A.C., Medice Pharmaceuticals, and the Spanish Child Psychiatry Association; consulting fees from Shionogi Pharma and Cipher Pharmaceuticals (honoraria were paid to the Department of Psychiatry at Massachusetts General Hospital [MGH]); honoraria from the MGH Psychiatry Academy for a tuition-funded CME course; an honorarium from Cambridge University Press for a chapter publication; and departmental royalties for a rating scale used for ADHD diagnosis (paid by Eli Lilly, Shire, and AstraZeneca to the Department of Psychiatry at MGH). Dr. Rothenberger has served as an adviser, consultant, or speaker for Lilly, Shire, Medice, Novartis, and UCB/Shire; he has received research support from Shire, German Research Society, and Schwaabe and travel support and an educational grant from Shire. Dr. Banaschewski has served as an adviser or consultant for Bristol Myers-Squibb, Develco Pharma, Lilly, Medice, Novartis, Shire, and Viforpharma; he has received conference attendance support and conference support or speaking fees from Lilly, Janssen McNeil, Medice, Novartis, and Shire, and he has been involved in clinical trials conducted by Lilly and Shire. Dr. Oades has received research funding and conference attendance support from UCB, Janssen-Cilag, and Shire. Dr. McGough has served as a consultant for NextWave, Noven, Targacept, Theravance, and Shionogi Pharmaceuticals and has received research support from NeuroSigma, Shionogi, Supernus, and Shire Pharmaceuticals.
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