Mega-Analysis of Gray Matter Volume in Substance Dependence: General and Substance-Specific Regional Effects
Abstract
Objective:
Method:
Results:
Conclusions:
Method
Behavioral Phenotyping
Group or Dependence Subgroup | Total N | Female | Age (years) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | % | Mean | SD | ||
All Groups | |||||
Control | 1,100 | 449* | 40.8 | 28.5* | 9.9 |
Case | 2,140 | 731 | 34.2 | 33.3 | 10.6 |
Alcohol | |||||
Control | 292 | 99 | 33.9 | 31.3* | 10.2 |
Case | 898 | 291 | 32.4 | 34.7 | 10.7 |
Nicotine | |||||
Control | 290 | 155* | 53.4 | 26.1* | 8.0 |
Case | 602 | 250 | 41.5 | 30.8 | 9.8 |
Cocaine | |||||
Control | 99 | 39* | 39.4 | 36.0* | 10.3 |
Case | 227 | 54 | 23.8 | 40.2 | 7.7 |
Methamphetamine | |||||
Control | 173 | 71 | 41.0 | 31.7 | 9.3 |
Case | 228 | 78 | 34.2 | 32.9 | 10.0 |
Cannabis | |||||
Control | 246 | 85 | 34.6 | 22.7* | 7.5 |
Case | 185 | 58 | 31.4 | 26.5 | 10.0 |
Preparation of Structural MRI Data
Linear Mixed-Effects Models With Cross-Validation
General Versus Substance-Specific Dependence Effects
Past-30-Day Use
Left | Right | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
p | Cohen’s d | p | Cohen’s d | |||
Region and Comparison | 1st Half of Data | 2nd Half of Data | Both Halves of Data | 1st Half of Data | 2nd Half of Data | Both Halves of Data |
Subcortical volume | ||||||
Substance-dependent versus nondependent controls | ||||||
Amygdala | 0.0002 | 0.0039 | –0.055 | 0.0011 | 0.0037 | –0.041 |
Hippocampus | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | –0.087 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | –0.081 |
Nucleus accumbens | 0.0068 | 0.0214 | –0.025 | |||
Cortical thickness | ||||||
Substance-dependent versus nondependent controls | ||||||
Caudal middle frontal gyrus | <0.0001 | 0.0370 | –0.038 | |||
Fusiform gyrus | <0.0001 | 0.0231 | –0.036 | |||
Inferior parietal cortex | <0.0001 | 0.0298 | –0.026 | |||
Insula | <0.0001 | 0.0002 | –0.056 | 0.0007 | 0.0003 | –0.042 |
Isthmus of cingulate gyrus | <0.0001 | 0.0447 | -0.035 | |||
Medial orbitofrontal cortex | 0.0095 | 0.0491 | –0.029 | |||
Middle temporal gyrus | 0.0910 | 0.0065 | –0.030 | 0.0040 | 0.0474 | –0.026 |
Paracentral lobule | 0.0019 | 0.0015 | –0.031 | 0.0421 | 0.0056 | –0.024 |
Precentral gyrus | <0.0001 | 0.0025 | –0.039 | <0.0001 | 0.0042 | –0.042 |
Precuneus | <0.0016 | 0.0425 | –0.023 | |||
Superior parietal cortex | 0.0082 | 0.0472 | –0.022 | |||
Supramarginal gyrus | 0.0049 | 0.0131 | –0.027 | 0.0046 | 0.0319 | –0.026 |
Left | Right | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
p | Cohen’s d | p | Cohen’s d | |||
Region and Comparison | 1st Half of Data | 2nd Half of Data | Both Halves of Data | 1st Half of Data | 2nd Half of Data | Both Halves of Data |
Subcortical volume | ||||||
Alcohol-dependent versus nondependent controls | ||||||
Amygdala | <0.0001 | 0.0021 | –0.107 | <0.0001 | 0.0003 | –0.111 |
Globus pallidus | 0.0274 | 0.0005 | –0.075 | |||
Hippocampus | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | –0.196 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | –0.180 |
Nucleus accumbens | 0.0159 | 0.0013 | –0.048 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | –0.088 |
Putamen | 0.0006 | <0.0001 | –0.098 | 0.0001 | 0.0014 | –0.080 |
Thalamus | 0.0149 | 0.0002 | –0.098 | |||
Cortical thickness | ||||||
Alcohol-dependent versus nondependent controls | ||||||
Caudal middle frontal gyrus | 0.0006 | 0.0219 | –0.062 | 0.0264 | 0.0298 | –0.054 |
Fusiform gyrus | 0.0017 | 0.0002 | –0.072 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | –0.094 |
Inferior temporal gyrus | 0.0021 | 0.0146 | –0.056 | 0.0148 | 0.0214 | –0.047 |
Insula | 0.0023 | <0.0001 | –0.087 | |||
Isthmus of cingulate gyrus | 0.0009 | 0.0005 | –0.078 | |||
Lateral occipital cortex | 0.0013 | 0.0211 | –0.042 | |||
Lateral orbitofrontal cortex | 0.0322 | 0.0021 | –0.061 | |||
Medial orbitofrontal cortex | 0.0432 | 0.0197 | –0.060 | |||
Parahippocampal gyrus | 0.0281 | 0.0265 | –0.076 | |||
Paracentral lobule | 0.0002 | 0.0001 | –0.074 | 0.0053 | 0.0003 | –0.062 |
Posterior cingulate gyrus | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | –0.091 | 0.0004 | <0.0001 | –0.085 |
Precentral gyrus | 0.0091 | 0.0007 | –0.063 | 0.0008 | 0.0003 | –0.079 |
Precuneus | 0.0008 | 0.0003 | –0.062 | 0.0039 | 0.0002 | –0.061 |
Rostral anterior cingulate cortex | 0.0381 | 0.0090 | –0.082 | |||
Superior frontal gyrus | <0.0001 | 0.0030 | –0.071 | 0.0003 | 0.0060 | –0.071 |
Superior parietal cortex | 0.0198 | 0.0272 | –0.040 | |||
Superior temporal gyrus | 0.0239 | 0.0353 | –0.062 | |||
Supramarginal gyrus | 0.0493 | 0.0168 | –0.044 | |||
Temporal pole | 0.0518 | 0.0464 | –0.063 | |||
Cocaine-dependent versus nondependent controls | ||||||
Supramarginal gyrus | 0.0177 | 0.0491 | –0.047 | |||
Nicotine-, cocaine-, methamphetamine-, and cannabis-dependent versus nondependent controls | ||||||
Inferior parietal cortex | 0.0011 | 0.4630 | –0.029 | |||
Insula | 0.0057 | 0.0300 | –0.041 | 0.0303 | 0.0274 | –0.033 |
Support Vector Machine Classification
Results
Model 1: Dependent Versus Nondependent Subjects
Model 2: Substance Dependence Groups Compared Separately to Nondependent Control Subjects
Substance-Specific Versus Shared Substance-General Effects
Pattern 1 (substance specific).
Pattern 2 (substance general).
Pattern 3 (substance general).
Past-30-Day Use
Support Vector Machine
Discussion
Acknowledgments
Supplementary Material
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