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Published Online: 14 July 2021
Disparities in Screening and Treatment of Cardiovascular Diseases in Patients With Mental Disorders Across the World: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of 47 Observational Studies
Marco Solmi, M.D., Ph.D. [email protected], Jess Fiedorowicz, M.D., Ph.D., Laura Poddighe, M.Psy., Marco Delogu, M.Psy., Alessandro Miola, M.D., Anne Høye, M.D., Ph.D., Ina H. Heiberg, M.Sc., Ph.D., … Show All … , Brendon Stubbs, M.Sc., Ph.D., Lee Smith, M.Sc., Ph.D., Henrik Larsson, Ph.D., Rubina Attar, M.D., René E. Nielsen, M.D., Ph.D., Samuele Cortese, M.D., Ph.D., Jae Il Shin, M.D., Ph.D., Paolo Fusar-Poli, M.D., Joseph Firth, Ph.D., Lakshmi N. Yatham, M.B.B.S., F.R.C.P.C., Andre F. Carvalho, M.D., Ph.D., David J. Castle, M.D., F.R.C.Psych., Mary V. Seeman, M.D., and Christoph U. Correll, M.D. Show FewerAuthors Info & Affiliations
Publication: American Journal of Psychiatry
Abstract
Objective:
This study used meta-analysis to assess disparities in cardiovascular disease (CVD) screening and treatment in people with mental disorders, a group that has elevated CVD incidence and mortality.
Methods:
The authors searched PubMed and PsycInfo through July 31, 2020, and conducted a random-effect meta-analysis of observational studies comparing CVD screening and treatment in people with and without mental disorders. The primary outcome was odds ratios for CVD screening and treatment. Sensitivity analyses on screening and treatment separately and on specific procedures, subgroup analyses by country, and by controlling for confounding by indication, as well as meta-regressions, were also run, and publication bias and quality were assessed.
Results:
Forty-seven studies (N=24,400,452 patients, of whom 1,283,602 had mental disorders) from North America (k=26), Europe (k=16), Asia (k=4), and Australia (k=1) were meta-analyzed. Lower rates of screening or treatment in patients with mental disorders emerged for any CVD (k=47, odds ratio=0.773, 95% CI=0.742, 0.804), coronary artery disease (k=34, odds ratio=0.734, 95% CI=0.690, 0.781), cerebrovascular disease (k=8, odds ratio=0.810, 95% CI=0.779, 0.842), and other mixed CVDs (k=11, odds ratio=0.839, 95% CI=0.761, 0.924). Significant disparities emerged for any screening, any intervention, catheterization or revascularization in coronary artery disease, intravenous thrombolysis for stroke, and treatment with any and with specific medications for CVD across all mental disorders (except for CVD medications in mood disorders). Disparities were largest for schizophrenia, and they differed across countries. Median study quality was high (Newcastle-Ottawa Scale score, 8); higher-quality studies found larger disparities, and publication bias did not affect results.
Conclusions:
People with mental disorders, and those with schizophrenia in particular, receive less screening and lower-quality treatment for CVD. It is of paramount importance to address underprescribing of CVD medications and underutilization of diagnostic and therapeutic procedures across all mental disorders.
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Information & Authors
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History
Received: 9 January 2021
Revision received: 19 March 2021
Accepted: 19 April 2021
Published online: 14 July 2021
Published in print: September 01, 2021
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Authors
Affiliations
Neurosciences Department (Solmi, Miola), Padua Neuroscience Center (Solmi), Department of General Psychology (Poddighe), and Department of Philosophy, Sociology, Education, and Applied Psychology (Delogu), University of Padua, Italy; Early Psychosis: Interventions and Clinical Detection (EPIC) Lab, Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London (Solmi, Fusar-Poli); Psychiatry Department, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (Fiedorowicz); Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT-Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø (Høye); Division of Mental Health and Substance Abuse, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø (Høye); Center for Clinical Documentation and Evaluation (SKDE), Tromsø (Høye, Heiberg); Physiotherapy Department, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, and Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London (Stubbs); Cambridge Centre for Sport and Exercise Science, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, U.K. (Smith); Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, and School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden (Larsson); Department of Cardiology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark, and Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden (Attar); Department of Psychiatry, Aalborg University Hospital, and Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark (Nielsen); Centre for Innovation in Mental Health–Developmental Lab, School of Psychology, University of Southampton, and NHS Trust, Southampton, U.K. (Cortese); Hassenfeld Children's Hospital at NYU Langone, New York University Child Study Center, New York (Cortese); Division of Psychiatry and Applied Psychology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, U.K. (Cortese); Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (Shin); National Institute for Health Research, Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre, and OASIS Service, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London (Fusar-Poli); Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy (Fusar-Poli); Division of Psychology and Mental Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, U.K. (Firth); NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Westmead, Australia (Firth); Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (Yatham); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, and Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto (Castle, Seeman); IMPACT (Innovation in Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Treatment) Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia (Carvalho); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin (Correll); Department of Psychiatry, Zucker Hillside Hospital, Northwell Health, Glen Oaks, N.Y. (Correll); and Department of Psychiatry and Molecular Medicine, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, N.Y. (Correll)
Jess Fiedorowicz, M.D., Ph.D.
Neurosciences Department (Solmi, Miola), Padua Neuroscience Center (Solmi), Department of General Psychology (Poddighe), and Department of Philosophy, Sociology, Education, and Applied Psychology (Delogu), University of Padua, Italy; Early Psychosis: Interventions and Clinical Detection (EPIC) Lab, Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London (Solmi, Fusar-Poli); Psychiatry Department, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (Fiedorowicz); Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT-Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø (Høye); Division of Mental Health and Substance Abuse, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø (Høye); Center for Clinical Documentation and Evaluation (SKDE), Tromsø (Høye, Heiberg); Physiotherapy Department, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, and Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London (Stubbs); Cambridge Centre for Sport and Exercise Science, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, U.K. (Smith); Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, and School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden (Larsson); Department of Cardiology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark, and Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden (Attar); Department of Psychiatry, Aalborg University Hospital, and Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark (Nielsen); Centre for Innovation in Mental Health–Developmental Lab, School of Psychology, University of Southampton, and NHS Trust, Southampton, U.K. (Cortese); Hassenfeld Children's Hospital at NYU Langone, New York University Child Study Center, New York (Cortese); Division of Psychiatry and Applied Psychology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, U.K. (Cortese); Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (Shin); National Institute for Health Research, Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre, and OASIS Service, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London (Fusar-Poli); Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy (Fusar-Poli); Division of Psychology and Mental Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, U.K. (Firth); NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Westmead, Australia (Firth); Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (Yatham); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, and Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto (Castle, Seeman); IMPACT (Innovation in Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Treatment) Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia (Carvalho); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin (Correll); Department of Psychiatry, Zucker Hillside Hospital, Northwell Health, Glen Oaks, N.Y. (Correll); and Department of Psychiatry and Molecular Medicine, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, N.Y. (Correll)
Laura Poddighe, M.Psy.
Neurosciences Department (Solmi, Miola), Padua Neuroscience Center (Solmi), Department of General Psychology (Poddighe), and Department of Philosophy, Sociology, Education, and Applied Psychology (Delogu), University of Padua, Italy; Early Psychosis: Interventions and Clinical Detection (EPIC) Lab, Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London (Solmi, Fusar-Poli); Psychiatry Department, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (Fiedorowicz); Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT-Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø (Høye); Division of Mental Health and Substance Abuse, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø (Høye); Center for Clinical Documentation and Evaluation (SKDE), Tromsø (Høye, Heiberg); Physiotherapy Department, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, and Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London (Stubbs); Cambridge Centre for Sport and Exercise Science, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, U.K. (Smith); Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, and School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden (Larsson); Department of Cardiology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark, and Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden (Attar); Department of Psychiatry, Aalborg University Hospital, and Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark (Nielsen); Centre for Innovation in Mental Health–Developmental Lab, School of Psychology, University of Southampton, and NHS Trust, Southampton, U.K. (Cortese); Hassenfeld Children's Hospital at NYU Langone, New York University Child Study Center, New York (Cortese); Division of Psychiatry and Applied Psychology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, U.K. (Cortese); Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (Shin); National Institute for Health Research, Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre, and OASIS Service, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London (Fusar-Poli); Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy (Fusar-Poli); Division of Psychology and Mental Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, U.K. (Firth); NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Westmead, Australia (Firth); Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (Yatham); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, and Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto (Castle, Seeman); IMPACT (Innovation in Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Treatment) Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia (Carvalho); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin (Correll); Department of Psychiatry, Zucker Hillside Hospital, Northwell Health, Glen Oaks, N.Y. (Correll); and Department of Psychiatry and Molecular Medicine, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, N.Y. (Correll)
Marco Delogu, M.Psy.
Neurosciences Department (Solmi, Miola), Padua Neuroscience Center (Solmi), Department of General Psychology (Poddighe), and Department of Philosophy, Sociology, Education, and Applied Psychology (Delogu), University of Padua, Italy; Early Psychosis: Interventions and Clinical Detection (EPIC) Lab, Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London (Solmi, Fusar-Poli); Psychiatry Department, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (Fiedorowicz); Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT-Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø (Høye); Division of Mental Health and Substance Abuse, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø (Høye); Center for Clinical Documentation and Evaluation (SKDE), Tromsø (Høye, Heiberg); Physiotherapy Department, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, and Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London (Stubbs); Cambridge Centre for Sport and Exercise Science, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, U.K. (Smith); Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, and School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden (Larsson); Department of Cardiology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark, and Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden (Attar); Department of Psychiatry, Aalborg University Hospital, and Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark (Nielsen); Centre for Innovation in Mental Health–Developmental Lab, School of Psychology, University of Southampton, and NHS Trust, Southampton, U.K. (Cortese); Hassenfeld Children's Hospital at NYU Langone, New York University Child Study Center, New York (Cortese); Division of Psychiatry and Applied Psychology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, U.K. (Cortese); Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (Shin); National Institute for Health Research, Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre, and OASIS Service, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London (Fusar-Poli); Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy (Fusar-Poli); Division of Psychology and Mental Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, U.K. (Firth); NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Westmead, Australia (Firth); Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (Yatham); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, and Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto (Castle, Seeman); IMPACT (Innovation in Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Treatment) Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia (Carvalho); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin (Correll); Department of Psychiatry, Zucker Hillside Hospital, Northwell Health, Glen Oaks, N.Y. (Correll); and Department of Psychiatry and Molecular Medicine, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, N.Y. (Correll)
Alessandro Miola, M.D.
Neurosciences Department (Solmi, Miola), Padua Neuroscience Center (Solmi), Department of General Psychology (Poddighe), and Department of Philosophy, Sociology, Education, and Applied Psychology (Delogu), University of Padua, Italy; Early Psychosis: Interventions and Clinical Detection (EPIC) Lab, Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London (Solmi, Fusar-Poli); Psychiatry Department, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (Fiedorowicz); Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT-Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø (Høye); Division of Mental Health and Substance Abuse, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø (Høye); Center for Clinical Documentation and Evaluation (SKDE), Tromsø (Høye, Heiberg); Physiotherapy Department, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, and Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London (Stubbs); Cambridge Centre for Sport and Exercise Science, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, U.K. (Smith); Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, and School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden (Larsson); Department of Cardiology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark, and Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden (Attar); Department of Psychiatry, Aalborg University Hospital, and Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark (Nielsen); Centre for Innovation in Mental Health–Developmental Lab, School of Psychology, University of Southampton, and NHS Trust, Southampton, U.K. (Cortese); Hassenfeld Children's Hospital at NYU Langone, New York University Child Study Center, New York (Cortese); Division of Psychiatry and Applied Psychology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, U.K. (Cortese); Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (Shin); National Institute for Health Research, Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre, and OASIS Service, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London (Fusar-Poli); Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy (Fusar-Poli); Division of Psychology and Mental Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, U.K. (Firth); NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Westmead, Australia (Firth); Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (Yatham); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, and Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto (Castle, Seeman); IMPACT (Innovation in Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Treatment) Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia (Carvalho); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin (Correll); Department of Psychiatry, Zucker Hillside Hospital, Northwell Health, Glen Oaks, N.Y. (Correll); and Department of Psychiatry and Molecular Medicine, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, N.Y. (Correll)
Anne Høye, M.D., Ph.D.
Neurosciences Department (Solmi, Miola), Padua Neuroscience Center (Solmi), Department of General Psychology (Poddighe), and Department of Philosophy, Sociology, Education, and Applied Psychology (Delogu), University of Padua, Italy; Early Psychosis: Interventions and Clinical Detection (EPIC) Lab, Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London (Solmi, Fusar-Poli); Psychiatry Department, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (Fiedorowicz); Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT-Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø (Høye); Division of Mental Health and Substance Abuse, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø (Høye); Center for Clinical Documentation and Evaluation (SKDE), Tromsø (Høye, Heiberg); Physiotherapy Department, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, and Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London (Stubbs); Cambridge Centre for Sport and Exercise Science, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, U.K. (Smith); Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, and School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden (Larsson); Department of Cardiology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark, and Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden (Attar); Department of Psychiatry, Aalborg University Hospital, and Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark (Nielsen); Centre for Innovation in Mental Health–Developmental Lab, School of Psychology, University of Southampton, and NHS Trust, Southampton, U.K. (Cortese); Hassenfeld Children's Hospital at NYU Langone, New York University Child Study Center, New York (Cortese); Division of Psychiatry and Applied Psychology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, U.K. (Cortese); Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (Shin); National Institute for Health Research, Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre, and OASIS Service, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London (Fusar-Poli); Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy (Fusar-Poli); Division of Psychology and Mental Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, U.K. (Firth); NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Westmead, Australia (Firth); Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (Yatham); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, and Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto (Castle, Seeman); IMPACT (Innovation in Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Treatment) Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia (Carvalho); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin (Correll); Department of Psychiatry, Zucker Hillside Hospital, Northwell Health, Glen Oaks, N.Y. (Correll); and Department of Psychiatry and Molecular Medicine, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, N.Y. (Correll)
Ina H. Heiberg, M.Sc., Ph.D.
Neurosciences Department (Solmi, Miola), Padua Neuroscience Center (Solmi), Department of General Psychology (Poddighe), and Department of Philosophy, Sociology, Education, and Applied Psychology (Delogu), University of Padua, Italy; Early Psychosis: Interventions and Clinical Detection (EPIC) Lab, Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London (Solmi, Fusar-Poli); Psychiatry Department, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (Fiedorowicz); Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT-Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø (Høye); Division of Mental Health and Substance Abuse, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø (Høye); Center for Clinical Documentation and Evaluation (SKDE), Tromsø (Høye, Heiberg); Physiotherapy Department, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, and Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London (Stubbs); Cambridge Centre for Sport and Exercise Science, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, U.K. (Smith); Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, and School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden (Larsson); Department of Cardiology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark, and Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden (Attar); Department of Psychiatry, Aalborg University Hospital, and Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark (Nielsen); Centre for Innovation in Mental Health–Developmental Lab, School of Psychology, University of Southampton, and NHS Trust, Southampton, U.K. (Cortese); Hassenfeld Children's Hospital at NYU Langone, New York University Child Study Center, New York (Cortese); Division of Psychiatry and Applied Psychology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, U.K. (Cortese); Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (Shin); National Institute for Health Research, Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre, and OASIS Service, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London (Fusar-Poli); Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy (Fusar-Poli); Division of Psychology and Mental Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, U.K. (Firth); NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Westmead, Australia (Firth); Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (Yatham); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, and Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto (Castle, Seeman); IMPACT (Innovation in Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Treatment) Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia (Carvalho); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin (Correll); Department of Psychiatry, Zucker Hillside Hospital, Northwell Health, Glen Oaks, N.Y. (Correll); and Department of Psychiatry and Molecular Medicine, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, N.Y. (Correll)
Brendon Stubbs, M.Sc., Ph.D.
Neurosciences Department (Solmi, Miola), Padua Neuroscience Center (Solmi), Department of General Psychology (Poddighe), and Department of Philosophy, Sociology, Education, and Applied Psychology (Delogu), University of Padua, Italy; Early Psychosis: Interventions and Clinical Detection (EPIC) Lab, Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London (Solmi, Fusar-Poli); Psychiatry Department, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (Fiedorowicz); Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT-Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø (Høye); Division of Mental Health and Substance Abuse, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø (Høye); Center for Clinical Documentation and Evaluation (SKDE), Tromsø (Høye, Heiberg); Physiotherapy Department, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, and Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London (Stubbs); Cambridge Centre for Sport and Exercise Science, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, U.K. (Smith); Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, and School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden (Larsson); Department of Cardiology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark, and Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden (Attar); Department of Psychiatry, Aalborg University Hospital, and Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark (Nielsen); Centre for Innovation in Mental Health–Developmental Lab, School of Psychology, University of Southampton, and NHS Trust, Southampton, U.K. (Cortese); Hassenfeld Children's Hospital at NYU Langone, New York University Child Study Center, New York (Cortese); Division of Psychiatry and Applied Psychology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, U.K. (Cortese); Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (Shin); National Institute for Health Research, Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre, and OASIS Service, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London (Fusar-Poli); Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy (Fusar-Poli); Division of Psychology and Mental Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, U.K. (Firth); NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Westmead, Australia (Firth); Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (Yatham); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, and Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto (Castle, Seeman); IMPACT (Innovation in Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Treatment) Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia (Carvalho); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin (Correll); Department of Psychiatry, Zucker Hillside Hospital, Northwell Health, Glen Oaks, N.Y. (Correll); and Department of Psychiatry and Molecular Medicine, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, N.Y. (Correll)
Lee Smith, M.Sc., Ph.D.
Neurosciences Department (Solmi, Miola), Padua Neuroscience Center (Solmi), Department of General Psychology (Poddighe), and Department of Philosophy, Sociology, Education, and Applied Psychology (Delogu), University of Padua, Italy; Early Psychosis: Interventions and Clinical Detection (EPIC) Lab, Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London (Solmi, Fusar-Poli); Psychiatry Department, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (Fiedorowicz); Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT-Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø (Høye); Division of Mental Health and Substance Abuse, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø (Høye); Center for Clinical Documentation and Evaluation (SKDE), Tromsø (Høye, Heiberg); Physiotherapy Department, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, and Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London (Stubbs); Cambridge Centre for Sport and Exercise Science, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, U.K. (Smith); Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, and School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden (Larsson); Department of Cardiology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark, and Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden (Attar); Department of Psychiatry, Aalborg University Hospital, and Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark (Nielsen); Centre for Innovation in Mental Health–Developmental Lab, School of Psychology, University of Southampton, and NHS Trust, Southampton, U.K. (Cortese); Hassenfeld Children's Hospital at NYU Langone, New York University Child Study Center, New York (Cortese); Division of Psychiatry and Applied Psychology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, U.K. (Cortese); Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (Shin); National Institute for Health Research, Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre, and OASIS Service, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London (Fusar-Poli); Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy (Fusar-Poli); Division of Psychology and Mental Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, U.K. (Firth); NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Westmead, Australia (Firth); Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (Yatham); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, and Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto (Castle, Seeman); IMPACT (Innovation in Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Treatment) Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia (Carvalho); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin (Correll); Department of Psychiatry, Zucker Hillside Hospital, Northwell Health, Glen Oaks, N.Y. (Correll); and Department of Psychiatry and Molecular Medicine, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, N.Y. (Correll)
Henrik Larsson, Ph.D.
Neurosciences Department (Solmi, Miola), Padua Neuroscience Center (Solmi), Department of General Psychology (Poddighe), and Department of Philosophy, Sociology, Education, and Applied Psychology (Delogu), University of Padua, Italy; Early Psychosis: Interventions and Clinical Detection (EPIC) Lab, Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London (Solmi, Fusar-Poli); Psychiatry Department, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (Fiedorowicz); Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT-Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø (Høye); Division of Mental Health and Substance Abuse, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø (Høye); Center for Clinical Documentation and Evaluation (SKDE), Tromsø (Høye, Heiberg); Physiotherapy Department, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, and Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London (Stubbs); Cambridge Centre for Sport and Exercise Science, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, U.K. (Smith); Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, and School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden (Larsson); Department of Cardiology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark, and Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden (Attar); Department of Psychiatry, Aalborg University Hospital, and Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark (Nielsen); Centre for Innovation in Mental Health–Developmental Lab, School of Psychology, University of Southampton, and NHS Trust, Southampton, U.K. (Cortese); Hassenfeld Children's Hospital at NYU Langone, New York University Child Study Center, New York (Cortese); Division of Psychiatry and Applied Psychology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, U.K. (Cortese); Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (Shin); National Institute for Health Research, Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre, and OASIS Service, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London (Fusar-Poli); Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy (Fusar-Poli); Division of Psychology and Mental Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, U.K. (Firth); NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Westmead, Australia (Firth); Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (Yatham); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, and Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto (Castle, Seeman); IMPACT (Innovation in Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Treatment) Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia (Carvalho); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin (Correll); Department of Psychiatry, Zucker Hillside Hospital, Northwell Health, Glen Oaks, N.Y. (Correll); and Department of Psychiatry and Molecular Medicine, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, N.Y. (Correll)
Rubina Attar, M.D.
Neurosciences Department (Solmi, Miola), Padua Neuroscience Center (Solmi), Department of General Psychology (Poddighe), and Department of Philosophy, Sociology, Education, and Applied Psychology (Delogu), University of Padua, Italy; Early Psychosis: Interventions and Clinical Detection (EPIC) Lab, Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London (Solmi, Fusar-Poli); Psychiatry Department, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (Fiedorowicz); Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT-Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø (Høye); Division of Mental Health and Substance Abuse, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø (Høye); Center for Clinical Documentation and Evaluation (SKDE), Tromsø (Høye, Heiberg); Physiotherapy Department, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, and Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London (Stubbs); Cambridge Centre for Sport and Exercise Science, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, U.K. (Smith); Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, and School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden (Larsson); Department of Cardiology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark, and Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden (Attar); Department of Psychiatry, Aalborg University Hospital, and Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark (Nielsen); Centre for Innovation in Mental Health–Developmental Lab, School of Psychology, University of Southampton, and NHS Trust, Southampton, U.K. (Cortese); Hassenfeld Children's Hospital at NYU Langone, New York University Child Study Center, New York (Cortese); Division of Psychiatry and Applied Psychology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, U.K. (Cortese); Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (Shin); National Institute for Health Research, Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre, and OASIS Service, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London (Fusar-Poli); Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy (Fusar-Poli); Division of Psychology and Mental Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, U.K. (Firth); NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Westmead, Australia (Firth); Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (Yatham); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, and Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto (Castle, Seeman); IMPACT (Innovation in Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Treatment) Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia (Carvalho); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin (Correll); Department of Psychiatry, Zucker Hillside Hospital, Northwell Health, Glen Oaks, N.Y. (Correll); and Department of Psychiatry and Molecular Medicine, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, N.Y. (Correll)
René E. Nielsen, M.D., Ph.D.
Neurosciences Department (Solmi, Miola), Padua Neuroscience Center (Solmi), Department of General Psychology (Poddighe), and Department of Philosophy, Sociology, Education, and Applied Psychology (Delogu), University of Padua, Italy; Early Psychosis: Interventions and Clinical Detection (EPIC) Lab, Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London (Solmi, Fusar-Poli); Psychiatry Department, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (Fiedorowicz); Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT-Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø (Høye); Division of Mental Health and Substance Abuse, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø (Høye); Center for Clinical Documentation and Evaluation (SKDE), Tromsø (Høye, Heiberg); Physiotherapy Department, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, and Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London (Stubbs); Cambridge Centre for Sport and Exercise Science, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, U.K. (Smith); Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, and School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden (Larsson); Department of Cardiology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark, and Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden (Attar); Department of Psychiatry, Aalborg University Hospital, and Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark (Nielsen); Centre for Innovation in Mental Health–Developmental Lab, School of Psychology, University of Southampton, and NHS Trust, Southampton, U.K. (Cortese); Hassenfeld Children's Hospital at NYU Langone, New York University Child Study Center, New York (Cortese); Division of Psychiatry and Applied Psychology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, U.K. (Cortese); Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (Shin); National Institute for Health Research, Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre, and OASIS Service, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London (Fusar-Poli); Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy (Fusar-Poli); Division of Psychology and Mental Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, U.K. (Firth); NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Westmead, Australia (Firth); Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (Yatham); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, and Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto (Castle, Seeman); IMPACT (Innovation in Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Treatment) Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia (Carvalho); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin (Correll); Department of Psychiatry, Zucker Hillside Hospital, Northwell Health, Glen Oaks, N.Y. (Correll); and Department of Psychiatry and Molecular Medicine, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, N.Y. (Correll)
Samuele Cortese, M.D., Ph.D.
Neurosciences Department (Solmi, Miola), Padua Neuroscience Center (Solmi), Department of General Psychology (Poddighe), and Department of Philosophy, Sociology, Education, and Applied Psychology (Delogu), University of Padua, Italy; Early Psychosis: Interventions and Clinical Detection (EPIC) Lab, Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London (Solmi, Fusar-Poli); Psychiatry Department, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (Fiedorowicz); Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT-Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø (Høye); Division of Mental Health and Substance Abuse, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø (Høye); Center for Clinical Documentation and Evaluation (SKDE), Tromsø (Høye, Heiberg); Physiotherapy Department, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, and Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London (Stubbs); Cambridge Centre for Sport and Exercise Science, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, U.K. (Smith); Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, and School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden (Larsson); Department of Cardiology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark, and Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden (Attar); Department of Psychiatry, Aalborg University Hospital, and Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark (Nielsen); Centre for Innovation in Mental Health–Developmental Lab, School of Psychology, University of Southampton, and NHS Trust, Southampton, U.K. (Cortese); Hassenfeld Children's Hospital at NYU Langone, New York University Child Study Center, New York (Cortese); Division of Psychiatry and Applied Psychology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, U.K. (Cortese); Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (Shin); National Institute for Health Research, Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre, and OASIS Service, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London (Fusar-Poli); Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy (Fusar-Poli); Division of Psychology and Mental Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, U.K. (Firth); NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Westmead, Australia (Firth); Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (Yatham); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, and Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto (Castle, Seeman); IMPACT (Innovation in Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Treatment) Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia (Carvalho); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin (Correll); Department of Psychiatry, Zucker Hillside Hospital, Northwell Health, Glen Oaks, N.Y. (Correll); and Department of Psychiatry and Molecular Medicine, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, N.Y. (Correll)
Jae Il Shin, M.D., Ph.D.
Neurosciences Department (Solmi, Miola), Padua Neuroscience Center (Solmi), Department of General Psychology (Poddighe), and Department of Philosophy, Sociology, Education, and Applied Psychology (Delogu), University of Padua, Italy; Early Psychosis: Interventions and Clinical Detection (EPIC) Lab, Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London (Solmi, Fusar-Poli); Psychiatry Department, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (Fiedorowicz); Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT-Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø (Høye); Division of Mental Health and Substance Abuse, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø (Høye); Center for Clinical Documentation and Evaluation (SKDE), Tromsø (Høye, Heiberg); Physiotherapy Department, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, and Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London (Stubbs); Cambridge Centre for Sport and Exercise Science, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, U.K. (Smith); Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, and School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden (Larsson); Department of Cardiology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark, and Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden (Attar); Department of Psychiatry, Aalborg University Hospital, and Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark (Nielsen); Centre for Innovation in Mental Health–Developmental Lab, School of Psychology, University of Southampton, and NHS Trust, Southampton, U.K. (Cortese); Hassenfeld Children's Hospital at NYU Langone, New York University Child Study Center, New York (Cortese); Division of Psychiatry and Applied Psychology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, U.K. (Cortese); Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (Shin); National Institute for Health Research, Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre, and OASIS Service, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London (Fusar-Poli); Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy (Fusar-Poli); Division of Psychology and Mental Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, U.K. (Firth); NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Westmead, Australia (Firth); Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (Yatham); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, and Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto (Castle, Seeman); IMPACT (Innovation in Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Treatment) Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia (Carvalho); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin (Correll); Department of Psychiatry, Zucker Hillside Hospital, Northwell Health, Glen Oaks, N.Y. (Correll); and Department of Psychiatry and Molecular Medicine, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, N.Y. (Correll)
Paolo Fusar-Poli, M.D.
Neurosciences Department (Solmi, Miola), Padua Neuroscience Center (Solmi), Department of General Psychology (Poddighe), and Department of Philosophy, Sociology, Education, and Applied Psychology (Delogu), University of Padua, Italy; Early Psychosis: Interventions and Clinical Detection (EPIC) Lab, Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London (Solmi, Fusar-Poli); Psychiatry Department, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (Fiedorowicz); Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT-Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø (Høye); Division of Mental Health and Substance Abuse, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø (Høye); Center for Clinical Documentation and Evaluation (SKDE), Tromsø (Høye, Heiberg); Physiotherapy Department, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, and Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London (Stubbs); Cambridge Centre for Sport and Exercise Science, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, U.K. (Smith); Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, and School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden (Larsson); Department of Cardiology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark, and Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden (Attar); Department of Psychiatry, Aalborg University Hospital, and Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark (Nielsen); Centre for Innovation in Mental Health–Developmental Lab, School of Psychology, University of Southampton, and NHS Trust, Southampton, U.K. (Cortese); Hassenfeld Children's Hospital at NYU Langone, New York University Child Study Center, New York (Cortese); Division of Psychiatry and Applied Psychology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, U.K. (Cortese); Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (Shin); National Institute for Health Research, Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre, and OASIS Service, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London (Fusar-Poli); Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy (Fusar-Poli); Division of Psychology and Mental Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, U.K. (Firth); NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Westmead, Australia (Firth); Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (Yatham); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, and Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto (Castle, Seeman); IMPACT (Innovation in Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Treatment) Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia (Carvalho); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin (Correll); Department of Psychiatry, Zucker Hillside Hospital, Northwell Health, Glen Oaks, N.Y. (Correll); and Department of Psychiatry and Molecular Medicine, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, N.Y. (Correll)
Joseph Firth, Ph.D.
Neurosciences Department (Solmi, Miola), Padua Neuroscience Center (Solmi), Department of General Psychology (Poddighe), and Department of Philosophy, Sociology, Education, and Applied Psychology (Delogu), University of Padua, Italy; Early Psychosis: Interventions and Clinical Detection (EPIC) Lab, Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London (Solmi, Fusar-Poli); Psychiatry Department, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (Fiedorowicz); Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT-Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø (Høye); Division of Mental Health and Substance Abuse, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø (Høye); Center for Clinical Documentation and Evaluation (SKDE), Tromsø (Høye, Heiberg); Physiotherapy Department, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, and Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London (Stubbs); Cambridge Centre for Sport and Exercise Science, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, U.K. (Smith); Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, and School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden (Larsson); Department of Cardiology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark, and Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden (Attar); Department of Psychiatry, Aalborg University Hospital, and Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark (Nielsen); Centre for Innovation in Mental Health–Developmental Lab, School of Psychology, University of Southampton, and NHS Trust, Southampton, U.K. (Cortese); Hassenfeld Children's Hospital at NYU Langone, New York University Child Study Center, New York (Cortese); Division of Psychiatry and Applied Psychology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, U.K. (Cortese); Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (Shin); National Institute for Health Research, Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre, and OASIS Service, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London (Fusar-Poli); Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy (Fusar-Poli); Division of Psychology and Mental Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, U.K. (Firth); NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Westmead, Australia (Firth); Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (Yatham); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, and Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto (Castle, Seeman); IMPACT (Innovation in Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Treatment) Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia (Carvalho); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin (Correll); Department of Psychiatry, Zucker Hillside Hospital, Northwell Health, Glen Oaks, N.Y. (Correll); and Department of Psychiatry and Molecular Medicine, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, N.Y. (Correll)
Lakshmi N. Yatham, M.B.B.S., F.R.C.P.C.
Neurosciences Department (Solmi, Miola), Padua Neuroscience Center (Solmi), Department of General Psychology (Poddighe), and Department of Philosophy, Sociology, Education, and Applied Psychology (Delogu), University of Padua, Italy; Early Psychosis: Interventions and Clinical Detection (EPIC) Lab, Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London (Solmi, Fusar-Poli); Psychiatry Department, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (Fiedorowicz); Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT-Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø (Høye); Division of Mental Health and Substance Abuse, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø (Høye); Center for Clinical Documentation and Evaluation (SKDE), Tromsø (Høye, Heiberg); Physiotherapy Department, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, and Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London (Stubbs); Cambridge Centre for Sport and Exercise Science, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, U.K. (Smith); Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, and School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden (Larsson); Department of Cardiology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark, and Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden (Attar); Department of Psychiatry, Aalborg University Hospital, and Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark (Nielsen); Centre for Innovation in Mental Health–Developmental Lab, School of Psychology, University of Southampton, and NHS Trust, Southampton, U.K. (Cortese); Hassenfeld Children's Hospital at NYU Langone, New York University Child Study Center, New York (Cortese); Division of Psychiatry and Applied Psychology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, U.K. (Cortese); Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (Shin); National Institute for Health Research, Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre, and OASIS Service, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London (Fusar-Poli); Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy (Fusar-Poli); Division of Psychology and Mental Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, U.K. (Firth); NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Westmead, Australia (Firth); Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (Yatham); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, and Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto (Castle, Seeman); IMPACT (Innovation in Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Treatment) Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia (Carvalho); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin (Correll); Department of Psychiatry, Zucker Hillside Hospital, Northwell Health, Glen Oaks, N.Y. (Correll); and Department of Psychiatry and Molecular Medicine, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, N.Y. (Correll)
Andre F. Carvalho, M.D., Ph.D.
Neurosciences Department (Solmi, Miola), Padua Neuroscience Center (Solmi), Department of General Psychology (Poddighe), and Department of Philosophy, Sociology, Education, and Applied Psychology (Delogu), University of Padua, Italy; Early Psychosis: Interventions and Clinical Detection (EPIC) Lab, Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London (Solmi, Fusar-Poli); Psychiatry Department, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (Fiedorowicz); Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT-Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø (Høye); Division of Mental Health and Substance Abuse, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø (Høye); Center for Clinical Documentation and Evaluation (SKDE), Tromsø (Høye, Heiberg); Physiotherapy Department, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, and Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London (Stubbs); Cambridge Centre for Sport and Exercise Science, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, U.K. (Smith); Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, and School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden (Larsson); Department of Cardiology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark, and Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden (Attar); Department of Psychiatry, Aalborg University Hospital, and Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark (Nielsen); Centre for Innovation in Mental Health–Developmental Lab, School of Psychology, University of Southampton, and NHS Trust, Southampton, U.K. (Cortese); Hassenfeld Children's Hospital at NYU Langone, New York University Child Study Center, New York (Cortese); Division of Psychiatry and Applied Psychology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, U.K. (Cortese); Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (Shin); National Institute for Health Research, Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre, and OASIS Service, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London (Fusar-Poli); Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy (Fusar-Poli); Division of Psychology and Mental Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, U.K. (Firth); NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Westmead, Australia (Firth); Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (Yatham); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, and Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto (Castle, Seeman); IMPACT (Innovation in Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Treatment) Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia (Carvalho); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin (Correll); Department of Psychiatry, Zucker Hillside Hospital, Northwell Health, Glen Oaks, N.Y. (Correll); and Department of Psychiatry and Molecular Medicine, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, N.Y. (Correll)
David J. Castle, M.D., F.R.C.Psych.
Neurosciences Department (Solmi, Miola), Padua Neuroscience Center (Solmi), Department of General Psychology (Poddighe), and Department of Philosophy, Sociology, Education, and Applied Psychology (Delogu), University of Padua, Italy; Early Psychosis: Interventions and Clinical Detection (EPIC) Lab, Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London (Solmi, Fusar-Poli); Psychiatry Department, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (Fiedorowicz); Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT-Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø (Høye); Division of Mental Health and Substance Abuse, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø (Høye); Center for Clinical Documentation and Evaluation (SKDE), Tromsø (Høye, Heiberg); Physiotherapy Department, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, and Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London (Stubbs); Cambridge Centre for Sport and Exercise Science, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, U.K. (Smith); Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, and School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden (Larsson); Department of Cardiology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark, and Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden (Attar); Department of Psychiatry, Aalborg University Hospital, and Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark (Nielsen); Centre for Innovation in Mental Health–Developmental Lab, School of Psychology, University of Southampton, and NHS Trust, Southampton, U.K. (Cortese); Hassenfeld Children's Hospital at NYU Langone, New York University Child Study Center, New York (Cortese); Division of Psychiatry and Applied Psychology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, U.K. (Cortese); Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (Shin); National Institute for Health Research, Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre, and OASIS Service, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London (Fusar-Poli); Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy (Fusar-Poli); Division of Psychology and Mental Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, U.K. (Firth); NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Westmead, Australia (Firth); Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (Yatham); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, and Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto (Castle, Seeman); IMPACT (Innovation in Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Treatment) Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia (Carvalho); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin (Correll); Department of Psychiatry, Zucker Hillside Hospital, Northwell Health, Glen Oaks, N.Y. (Correll); and Department of Psychiatry and Molecular Medicine, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, N.Y. (Correll)
Mary V. Seeman, M.D.
Neurosciences Department (Solmi, Miola), Padua Neuroscience Center (Solmi), Department of General Psychology (Poddighe), and Department of Philosophy, Sociology, Education, and Applied Psychology (Delogu), University of Padua, Italy; Early Psychosis: Interventions and Clinical Detection (EPIC) Lab, Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London (Solmi, Fusar-Poli); Psychiatry Department, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (Fiedorowicz); Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT-Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø (Høye); Division of Mental Health and Substance Abuse, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø (Høye); Center for Clinical Documentation and Evaluation (SKDE), Tromsø (Høye, Heiberg); Physiotherapy Department, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, and Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London (Stubbs); Cambridge Centre for Sport and Exercise Science, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, U.K. (Smith); Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, and School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden (Larsson); Department of Cardiology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark, and Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden (Attar); Department of Psychiatry, Aalborg University Hospital, and Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark (Nielsen); Centre for Innovation in Mental Health–Developmental Lab, School of Psychology, University of Southampton, and NHS Trust, Southampton, U.K. (Cortese); Hassenfeld Children's Hospital at NYU Langone, New York University Child Study Center, New York (Cortese); Division of Psychiatry and Applied Psychology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, U.K. (Cortese); Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (Shin); National Institute for Health Research, Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre, and OASIS Service, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London (Fusar-Poli); Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy (Fusar-Poli); Division of Psychology and Mental Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, U.K. (Firth); NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Westmead, Australia (Firth); Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (Yatham); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, and Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto (Castle, Seeman); IMPACT (Innovation in Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Treatment) Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia (Carvalho); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin (Correll); Department of Psychiatry, Zucker Hillside Hospital, Northwell Health, Glen Oaks, N.Y. (Correll); and Department of Psychiatry and Molecular Medicine, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, N.Y. (Correll)
Christoph U. Correll, M.D.
Neurosciences Department (Solmi, Miola), Padua Neuroscience Center (Solmi), Department of General Psychology (Poddighe), and Department of Philosophy, Sociology, Education, and Applied Psychology (Delogu), University of Padua, Italy; Early Psychosis: Interventions and Clinical Detection (EPIC) Lab, Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London (Solmi, Fusar-Poli); Psychiatry Department, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (Fiedorowicz); Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT-Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø (Høye); Division of Mental Health and Substance Abuse, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø (Høye); Center for Clinical Documentation and Evaluation (SKDE), Tromsø (Høye, Heiberg); Physiotherapy Department, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, and Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London (Stubbs); Cambridge Centre for Sport and Exercise Science, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, U.K. (Smith); Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, and School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden (Larsson); Department of Cardiology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark, and Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden (Attar); Department of Psychiatry, Aalborg University Hospital, and Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark (Nielsen); Centre for Innovation in Mental Health–Developmental Lab, School of Psychology, University of Southampton, and NHS Trust, Southampton, U.K. (Cortese); Hassenfeld Children's Hospital at NYU Langone, New York University Child Study Center, New York (Cortese); Division of Psychiatry and Applied Psychology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, U.K. (Cortese); Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (Shin); National Institute for Health Research, Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre, and OASIS Service, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London (Fusar-Poli); Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy (Fusar-Poli); Division of Psychology and Mental Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, U.K. (Firth); NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Westmead, Australia (Firth); Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (Yatham); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, and Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto (Castle, Seeman); IMPACT (Innovation in Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Treatment) Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia (Carvalho); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin (Correll); Department of Psychiatry, Zucker Hillside Hospital, Northwell Health, Glen Oaks, N.Y. (Correll); and Department of Psychiatry and Molecular Medicine, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, N.Y. (Correll)
Notes
Send correspondence to Dr. Solmi ([email protected]).
Competing Interests
Dr. Solmi has received honoraria from Angelini and Lundbeck. Dr. Stubbs has published a book on exercise and mental illness and is on the Editorial board of Ageing Research Reviews, Mental Health and Physical Activity, the Journal of Evidence Based Medicine, and the Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry; he has received honoraria for advisory work from ASICS Europe BV and ParachuteBH. Dr. Larsson has served as a speaker for Evolan Pharma and Shire/Takeda and has received research grants from Shire/Takeda. Dr. Nielsen has received research grants from Lundbeck and Otsuka for clinical trials and speaking fees from AstraZeneca, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly, Janssen-Cilag, Lundbeck, Otsuka, Servier, and Teva A/S; he has acted as an adviser for AstraZeneca, Eli Lilly, Lundbeck, Medivir, Otsuka, and Takeda and as investigator for Boehringer, Compass, Janssen-Cilag, Lundbeck, and Sage. Dr. Cortese has received honoraria and reimbursement for travel and accommodation expenses for lectures from the Association for Child and Adolescent Central Health, the Canadian ADHD Alliance Resource, the British Association of Pharmacology, and the Healthcare Convention. Dr. Fusar-Poli has received research or personal fees from Angelini, Boehringer Ingelheim, Lundbeck, and Menarini. Dr. Firth has received honoraria or consultancy fees from Atheneum, Nirakara, and ParachuteBH. Dr. Yatham has served on speakers or advisory boards for or has received research grants from AbbVie, Alkermes, Allergan, the Canadian Institutes of Health Research, the Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments, DSP, Gedeon Richter, Intra-Cellular Therapies, Merck, Sanofi, and Sunovion. Dr. Castle has received grant support for research from Allergen, AstraZeneca, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly, Hospira, Janssen-Cilag, Lundbeck, Pfizer, and Roche; he has received travel support and speaking and consulting honoraria from AstraZeneca, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly, Hospira, Janssen-Cilag, Lundbeck, Organon, Pfizer, Sanofi-Aventis, Seqirus, Servier, and Wyeth; he has served as an advisory board member for LivaNova, Lundbeck, Pfizer, Seqirus, Servier, and Shire and on the scientific advisory board of the Mental Health Foundation of Australia; and he is founder of the Optimal Health Program, currently operating as Optimal Health Australia, and is part owner of Clarity Healthcare. Dr. Correll has served as a consultant or adviser to or has received honoraria from Acadia, Alkermes, Allergan, Angelini, Axsome, Gedeon Richter, Intra-Cellular Therapies, Janssen/Johnson & Johnson, Karuna, LB Pharma, Lundbeck, MedAvante-ProPhase, MedInCell, Medscape, Merck, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma, Mylan, Neurocrine, Noven, Otsuka, Pfizer, Recordati, Rovi, Servier, Sumitomo Dainippon, Sunovion, Supernus, Takeda, and Teva; he has provided expert testimony for Janssen and Otsuka; he has served on data safety monitoring boards for Lundbeck, Rovi, Supernus, and Teva; he has received grant support from Janssen and Takeda; and he is a stock option holder of LB Pharma. The other authors report no financial relationships with commercial interests.
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