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Published Online: 26 October 2021
Cell-Type-Specific Impact of Glucocorticoid Receptor Activation on the Developing Brain: A Cerebral Organoid Study
This article has been corrected.
VIEW CORRECTIONCristiana Cruceanu, Ph.D. [email protected], Leander Dony, M.Sc., Anthi C. Krontira, M.Sc., David S. Fischer, M.Sc., Simone Roeh, B.Sc., Rossella Di Giaimo, Ph.D., Christina Kyrousi, Ph.D., … Show All … , Lea Kaspar, M.Sc., Janine Arloth, Ph.D., Darina Czamara, Ph.D. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7381-904X, Nathalie Gerstner, M.Sc., Silvia Martinelli, Ph.D., Stefanie Wehner, Ph.D., Michael S. Breen, Ph.D., Maik Koedel, Susann Sauer, Vincenza Sportelli, B.Sc., Monika Rex-Haffner, B.Sc., Silvia Cappello, Ph.D., Fabian J. Theis, Ph.D., and Elisabeth B. Binder, M.D., Ph.D. [email protected] Show FewerAuthors Info & Affiliations
Publication: American Journal of Psychiatry
Abstract
Objective:
A fine-tuned balance of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) activation is essential for organ formation, with disturbances influencing many health outcomes. In utero, glucocorticoids have been linked to brain-related negative outcomes, with unclear underlying mechanisms, especially regarding cell-type-specific effects. An in vitro model of fetal human brain development, induced human pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)–derived cerebral organoids, was used to test whether cerebral organoids are suitable for studying the impact of prenatal glucocorticoid exposure on the developing brain.
Methods:
The GR was activated with the synthetic glucocorticoid dexamethasone, and the effects were mapped using single-cell transcriptomics across development.
Results:
The GR was expressed in all cell types, with increasing expression levels through development. Not only did its activation elicit translocation to the nucleus and the expected effects on known GR-regulated pathways, but also neurons and progenitor cells showed targeted regulation of differentiation- and maturation-related transcripts. Uniquely in neurons, differentially expressed transcripts were significantly enriched for genes associated with behavior-related phenotypes and disorders. This human neuronal glucocorticoid response profile was validated across organoids from three independent hiPSC lines reprogrammed from different source tissues from both male and female donors.
Conclusions:
These findings suggest that excessive glucocorticoid exposure could interfere with neuronal maturation in utero, leading to increased disease susceptibility through neurodevelopmental processes at the interface of genetic susceptibility and environmental exposure. Cerebral organoids are a valuable translational resource for exploring the effects of glucocorticoids on early human brain development.
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History
Received: 26 January 2021
Revision received: 21 June 2021
Accepted: 16 August 2021
Published online: 26 October 2021
Published in print: May 2022
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Department of Translational Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany (Cruceanu, Dony, Krontira, Roeh, Kaspar, Arloth, Czamara, Gerstner, Martinelli, Wehner, Koedel, Sauer, Sportelli, Rex-Haffner, Binder);International Max Planck Research School for Translational Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich (Dony, Krontira, Kaspar, Gerstner);Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany (Dony, Fischer, Arloth, Theis);TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany (Fischer);Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich (Di Giaimo, Kyrousi, Cappello);Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy (Di Giaimo);First Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, and University Mental Health, Neurosciences, and Precision Medicine Research Institute “Costas Stefanis,” Athens, Greece (Kyrousi);Department of Psychiatry, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, and Pamela Sklar Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (Breen);School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan and Department of Mathematics, Technical University of Munich, Munich (Theis);Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (Binder).
Leander Dony, M.Sc.
Department of Translational Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany (Cruceanu, Dony, Krontira, Roeh, Kaspar, Arloth, Czamara, Gerstner, Martinelli, Wehner, Koedel, Sauer, Sportelli, Rex-Haffner, Binder);International Max Planck Research School for Translational Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich (Dony, Krontira, Kaspar, Gerstner);Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany (Dony, Fischer, Arloth, Theis);TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany (Fischer);Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich (Di Giaimo, Kyrousi, Cappello);Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy (Di Giaimo);First Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, and University Mental Health, Neurosciences, and Precision Medicine Research Institute “Costas Stefanis,” Athens, Greece (Kyrousi);Department of Psychiatry, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, and Pamela Sklar Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (Breen);School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan and Department of Mathematics, Technical University of Munich, Munich (Theis);Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (Binder).
Anthi C. Krontira, M.Sc.
Department of Translational Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany (Cruceanu, Dony, Krontira, Roeh, Kaspar, Arloth, Czamara, Gerstner, Martinelli, Wehner, Koedel, Sauer, Sportelli, Rex-Haffner, Binder);International Max Planck Research School for Translational Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich (Dony, Krontira, Kaspar, Gerstner);Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany (Dony, Fischer, Arloth, Theis);TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany (Fischer);Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich (Di Giaimo, Kyrousi, Cappello);Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy (Di Giaimo);First Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, and University Mental Health, Neurosciences, and Precision Medicine Research Institute “Costas Stefanis,” Athens, Greece (Kyrousi);Department of Psychiatry, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, and Pamela Sklar Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (Breen);School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan and Department of Mathematics, Technical University of Munich, Munich (Theis);Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (Binder).
David S. Fischer, M.Sc.
Department of Translational Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany (Cruceanu, Dony, Krontira, Roeh, Kaspar, Arloth, Czamara, Gerstner, Martinelli, Wehner, Koedel, Sauer, Sportelli, Rex-Haffner, Binder);International Max Planck Research School for Translational Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich (Dony, Krontira, Kaspar, Gerstner);Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany (Dony, Fischer, Arloth, Theis);TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany (Fischer);Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich (Di Giaimo, Kyrousi, Cappello);Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy (Di Giaimo);First Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, and University Mental Health, Neurosciences, and Precision Medicine Research Institute “Costas Stefanis,” Athens, Greece (Kyrousi);Department of Psychiatry, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, and Pamela Sklar Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (Breen);School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan and Department of Mathematics, Technical University of Munich, Munich (Theis);Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (Binder).
Simone Roeh, B.Sc.
Department of Translational Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany (Cruceanu, Dony, Krontira, Roeh, Kaspar, Arloth, Czamara, Gerstner, Martinelli, Wehner, Koedel, Sauer, Sportelli, Rex-Haffner, Binder);International Max Planck Research School for Translational Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich (Dony, Krontira, Kaspar, Gerstner);Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany (Dony, Fischer, Arloth, Theis);TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany (Fischer);Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich (Di Giaimo, Kyrousi, Cappello);Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy (Di Giaimo);First Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, and University Mental Health, Neurosciences, and Precision Medicine Research Institute “Costas Stefanis,” Athens, Greece (Kyrousi);Department of Psychiatry, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, and Pamela Sklar Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (Breen);School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan and Department of Mathematics, Technical University of Munich, Munich (Theis);Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (Binder).
Rossella Di Giaimo, Ph.D.
Department of Translational Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany (Cruceanu, Dony, Krontira, Roeh, Kaspar, Arloth, Czamara, Gerstner, Martinelli, Wehner, Koedel, Sauer, Sportelli, Rex-Haffner, Binder);International Max Planck Research School for Translational Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich (Dony, Krontira, Kaspar, Gerstner);Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany (Dony, Fischer, Arloth, Theis);TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany (Fischer);Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich (Di Giaimo, Kyrousi, Cappello);Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy (Di Giaimo);First Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, and University Mental Health, Neurosciences, and Precision Medicine Research Institute “Costas Stefanis,” Athens, Greece (Kyrousi);Department of Psychiatry, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, and Pamela Sklar Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (Breen);School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan and Department of Mathematics, Technical University of Munich, Munich (Theis);Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (Binder).
Christina Kyrousi, Ph.D.
Department of Translational Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany (Cruceanu, Dony, Krontira, Roeh, Kaspar, Arloth, Czamara, Gerstner, Martinelli, Wehner, Koedel, Sauer, Sportelli, Rex-Haffner, Binder);International Max Planck Research School for Translational Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich (Dony, Krontira, Kaspar, Gerstner);Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany (Dony, Fischer, Arloth, Theis);TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany (Fischer);Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich (Di Giaimo, Kyrousi, Cappello);Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy (Di Giaimo);First Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, and University Mental Health, Neurosciences, and Precision Medicine Research Institute “Costas Stefanis,” Athens, Greece (Kyrousi);Department of Psychiatry, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, and Pamela Sklar Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (Breen);School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan and Department of Mathematics, Technical University of Munich, Munich (Theis);Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (Binder).
Lea Kaspar, M.Sc.
Department of Translational Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany (Cruceanu, Dony, Krontira, Roeh, Kaspar, Arloth, Czamara, Gerstner, Martinelli, Wehner, Koedel, Sauer, Sportelli, Rex-Haffner, Binder);International Max Planck Research School for Translational Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich (Dony, Krontira, Kaspar, Gerstner);Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany (Dony, Fischer, Arloth, Theis);TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany (Fischer);Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich (Di Giaimo, Kyrousi, Cappello);Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy (Di Giaimo);First Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, and University Mental Health, Neurosciences, and Precision Medicine Research Institute “Costas Stefanis,” Athens, Greece (Kyrousi);Department of Psychiatry, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, and Pamela Sklar Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (Breen);School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan and Department of Mathematics, Technical University of Munich, Munich (Theis);Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (Binder).
Janine Arloth, Ph.D.
Department of Translational Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany (Cruceanu, Dony, Krontira, Roeh, Kaspar, Arloth, Czamara, Gerstner, Martinelli, Wehner, Koedel, Sauer, Sportelli, Rex-Haffner, Binder);International Max Planck Research School for Translational Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich (Dony, Krontira, Kaspar, Gerstner);Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany (Dony, Fischer, Arloth, Theis);TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany (Fischer);Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich (Di Giaimo, Kyrousi, Cappello);Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy (Di Giaimo);First Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, and University Mental Health, Neurosciences, and Precision Medicine Research Institute “Costas Stefanis,” Athens, Greece (Kyrousi);Department of Psychiatry, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, and Pamela Sklar Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (Breen);School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan and Department of Mathematics, Technical University of Munich, Munich (Theis);Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (Binder).
Department of Translational Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany (Cruceanu, Dony, Krontira, Roeh, Kaspar, Arloth, Czamara, Gerstner, Martinelli, Wehner, Koedel, Sauer, Sportelli, Rex-Haffner, Binder);International Max Planck Research School for Translational Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich (Dony, Krontira, Kaspar, Gerstner);Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany (Dony, Fischer, Arloth, Theis);TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany (Fischer);Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich (Di Giaimo, Kyrousi, Cappello);Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy (Di Giaimo);First Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, and University Mental Health, Neurosciences, and Precision Medicine Research Institute “Costas Stefanis,” Athens, Greece (Kyrousi);Department of Psychiatry, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, and Pamela Sklar Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (Breen);School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan and Department of Mathematics, Technical University of Munich, Munich (Theis);Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (Binder).
Nathalie Gerstner, M.Sc.
Department of Translational Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany (Cruceanu, Dony, Krontira, Roeh, Kaspar, Arloth, Czamara, Gerstner, Martinelli, Wehner, Koedel, Sauer, Sportelli, Rex-Haffner, Binder);International Max Planck Research School for Translational Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich (Dony, Krontira, Kaspar, Gerstner);Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany (Dony, Fischer, Arloth, Theis);TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany (Fischer);Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich (Di Giaimo, Kyrousi, Cappello);Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy (Di Giaimo);First Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, and University Mental Health, Neurosciences, and Precision Medicine Research Institute “Costas Stefanis,” Athens, Greece (Kyrousi);Department of Psychiatry, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, and Pamela Sklar Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (Breen);School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan and Department of Mathematics, Technical University of Munich, Munich (Theis);Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (Binder).
Silvia Martinelli, Ph.D.
Department of Translational Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany (Cruceanu, Dony, Krontira, Roeh, Kaspar, Arloth, Czamara, Gerstner, Martinelli, Wehner, Koedel, Sauer, Sportelli, Rex-Haffner, Binder);International Max Planck Research School for Translational Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich (Dony, Krontira, Kaspar, Gerstner);Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany (Dony, Fischer, Arloth, Theis);TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany (Fischer);Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich (Di Giaimo, Kyrousi, Cappello);Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy (Di Giaimo);First Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, and University Mental Health, Neurosciences, and Precision Medicine Research Institute “Costas Stefanis,” Athens, Greece (Kyrousi);Department of Psychiatry, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, and Pamela Sklar Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (Breen);School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan and Department of Mathematics, Technical University of Munich, Munich (Theis);Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (Binder).
Stefanie Wehner, Ph.D.
Department of Translational Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany (Cruceanu, Dony, Krontira, Roeh, Kaspar, Arloth, Czamara, Gerstner, Martinelli, Wehner, Koedel, Sauer, Sportelli, Rex-Haffner, Binder);International Max Planck Research School for Translational Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich (Dony, Krontira, Kaspar, Gerstner);Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany (Dony, Fischer, Arloth, Theis);TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany (Fischer);Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich (Di Giaimo, Kyrousi, Cappello);Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy (Di Giaimo);First Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, and University Mental Health, Neurosciences, and Precision Medicine Research Institute “Costas Stefanis,” Athens, Greece (Kyrousi);Department of Psychiatry, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, and Pamela Sklar Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (Breen);School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan and Department of Mathematics, Technical University of Munich, Munich (Theis);Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (Binder).
Michael S. Breen, Ph.D.
Department of Translational Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany (Cruceanu, Dony, Krontira, Roeh, Kaspar, Arloth, Czamara, Gerstner, Martinelli, Wehner, Koedel, Sauer, Sportelli, Rex-Haffner, Binder);International Max Planck Research School for Translational Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich (Dony, Krontira, Kaspar, Gerstner);Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany (Dony, Fischer, Arloth, Theis);TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany (Fischer);Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich (Di Giaimo, Kyrousi, Cappello);Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy (Di Giaimo);First Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, and University Mental Health, Neurosciences, and Precision Medicine Research Institute “Costas Stefanis,” Athens, Greece (Kyrousi);Department of Psychiatry, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, and Pamela Sklar Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (Breen);School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan and Department of Mathematics, Technical University of Munich, Munich (Theis);Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (Binder).
Maik Koedel
Department of Translational Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany (Cruceanu, Dony, Krontira, Roeh, Kaspar, Arloth, Czamara, Gerstner, Martinelli, Wehner, Koedel, Sauer, Sportelli, Rex-Haffner, Binder);International Max Planck Research School for Translational Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich (Dony, Krontira, Kaspar, Gerstner);Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany (Dony, Fischer, Arloth, Theis);TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany (Fischer);Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich (Di Giaimo, Kyrousi, Cappello);Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy (Di Giaimo);First Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, and University Mental Health, Neurosciences, and Precision Medicine Research Institute “Costas Stefanis,” Athens, Greece (Kyrousi);Department of Psychiatry, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, and Pamela Sklar Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (Breen);School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan and Department of Mathematics, Technical University of Munich, Munich (Theis);Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (Binder).
Susann Sauer
Department of Translational Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany (Cruceanu, Dony, Krontira, Roeh, Kaspar, Arloth, Czamara, Gerstner, Martinelli, Wehner, Koedel, Sauer, Sportelli, Rex-Haffner, Binder);International Max Planck Research School for Translational Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich (Dony, Krontira, Kaspar, Gerstner);Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany (Dony, Fischer, Arloth, Theis);TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany (Fischer);Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich (Di Giaimo, Kyrousi, Cappello);Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy (Di Giaimo);First Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, and University Mental Health, Neurosciences, and Precision Medicine Research Institute “Costas Stefanis,” Athens, Greece (Kyrousi);Department of Psychiatry, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, and Pamela Sklar Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (Breen);School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan and Department of Mathematics, Technical University of Munich, Munich (Theis);Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (Binder).
Vincenza Sportelli, B.Sc.
Department of Translational Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany (Cruceanu, Dony, Krontira, Roeh, Kaspar, Arloth, Czamara, Gerstner, Martinelli, Wehner, Koedel, Sauer, Sportelli, Rex-Haffner, Binder);International Max Planck Research School for Translational Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich (Dony, Krontira, Kaspar, Gerstner);Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany (Dony, Fischer, Arloth, Theis);TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany (Fischer);Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich (Di Giaimo, Kyrousi, Cappello);Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy (Di Giaimo);First Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, and University Mental Health, Neurosciences, and Precision Medicine Research Institute “Costas Stefanis,” Athens, Greece (Kyrousi);Department of Psychiatry, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, and Pamela Sklar Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (Breen);School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan and Department of Mathematics, Technical University of Munich, Munich (Theis);Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (Binder).
Monika Rex-Haffner, B.Sc.
Department of Translational Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany (Cruceanu, Dony, Krontira, Roeh, Kaspar, Arloth, Czamara, Gerstner, Martinelli, Wehner, Koedel, Sauer, Sportelli, Rex-Haffner, Binder);International Max Planck Research School for Translational Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich (Dony, Krontira, Kaspar, Gerstner);Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany (Dony, Fischer, Arloth, Theis);TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany (Fischer);Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich (Di Giaimo, Kyrousi, Cappello);Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy (Di Giaimo);First Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, and University Mental Health, Neurosciences, and Precision Medicine Research Institute “Costas Stefanis,” Athens, Greece (Kyrousi);Department of Psychiatry, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, and Pamela Sklar Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (Breen);School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan and Department of Mathematics, Technical University of Munich, Munich (Theis);Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (Binder).
Silvia Cappello, Ph.D.
Department of Translational Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany (Cruceanu, Dony, Krontira, Roeh, Kaspar, Arloth, Czamara, Gerstner, Martinelli, Wehner, Koedel, Sauer, Sportelli, Rex-Haffner, Binder);International Max Planck Research School for Translational Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich (Dony, Krontira, Kaspar, Gerstner);Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany (Dony, Fischer, Arloth, Theis);TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany (Fischer);Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich (Di Giaimo, Kyrousi, Cappello);Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy (Di Giaimo);First Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, and University Mental Health, Neurosciences, and Precision Medicine Research Institute “Costas Stefanis,” Athens, Greece (Kyrousi);Department of Psychiatry, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, and Pamela Sklar Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (Breen);School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan and Department of Mathematics, Technical University of Munich, Munich (Theis);Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (Binder).
Fabian J. Theis, Ph.D.
Department of Translational Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany (Cruceanu, Dony, Krontira, Roeh, Kaspar, Arloth, Czamara, Gerstner, Martinelli, Wehner, Koedel, Sauer, Sportelli, Rex-Haffner, Binder);International Max Planck Research School for Translational Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich (Dony, Krontira, Kaspar, Gerstner);Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany (Dony, Fischer, Arloth, Theis);TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany (Fischer);Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich (Di Giaimo, Kyrousi, Cappello);Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy (Di Giaimo);First Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, and University Mental Health, Neurosciences, and Precision Medicine Research Institute “Costas Stefanis,” Athens, Greece (Kyrousi);Department of Psychiatry, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, and Pamela Sklar Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (Breen);School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan and Department of Mathematics, Technical University of Munich, Munich (Theis);Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (Binder).
Department of Translational Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany (Cruceanu, Dony, Krontira, Roeh, Kaspar, Arloth, Czamara, Gerstner, Martinelli, Wehner, Koedel, Sauer, Sportelli, Rex-Haffner, Binder);International Max Planck Research School for Translational Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich (Dony, Krontira, Kaspar, Gerstner);Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany (Dony, Fischer, Arloth, Theis);TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany (Fischer);Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich (Di Giaimo, Kyrousi, Cappello);Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy (Di Giaimo);First Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, and University Mental Health, Neurosciences, and Precision Medicine Research Institute “Costas Stefanis,” Athens, Greece (Kyrousi);Department of Psychiatry, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, and Pamela Sklar Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (Breen);School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan and Department of Mathematics, Technical University of Munich, Munich (Theis);Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (Binder).
Notes
Send correspondence to Dr. Binder ([email protected]) and Dr. Cruceanu ([email protected]).
Competing Interests
Dr. Theis has served as a consultant for Immunai and has ownership interest in Dermagnostix and Cellarity. The other authors report no financial relationships with commercial interests.
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