Index

Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education,

247

Activity scores, and metabolizer phenotypes,

118–119

Adaptive Cognitive Evaluation (ACE) battery,

62

Affective circuits, and hyperreactivity of amygdala in depressive and anxiety disorders,

4–5. See also Neural circuits

Affective Go–No Go task,

185–186, 187

Alarm, and inflammation-induced activation of neural networks,

101

American Society of Health System Pharmacists,

121

Amitriptyline,

119, 125

Amygdala

affective circuits and hyperactivity of in depressive or anxiety disorders,

4–5

emotional regulation circuitry and bipolar disorder,

35, 37, 38

neural circuitry of fear and threat,

148, 149, 150, 151–152, 154–155

Anhedonia

hypoactivation of ventral striatum in depressive and anxiety disorders,

5

inflammation and reward circuitry in depressed patients,

100

kappa opioid receptor (KOR) antagonists and,

8

Anterior cingulate cortex (dACC), hypoactivation of in depression and social anxiety,

5

Antidepressants

. See also Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors; Tricyclic antidepressants

inflammatory markers as predictors for treatment response to,

101–104

neuroimaging biomarker studies of sensitivity and specificity,

7–8

pharmacogenetic testing and,

122

research of precision psychiatry for depression and,

xix

Antipsychotics, and pharmacogenetic testing,

122

Anxiety, and impaired facial emotion recognition,

53

Anxiety disorders

. See also Generalized anxiety disorder

diagnostic subtyping of by neural circuit dysfunction,

4–7

inflammation and,

101

information processing impairments and,

56, 60

precision psychiatry and research on,

227–229

transcranial magnetic stimulation and,

21

treatment planning and neural circuit dysfunction,

7–8

Apical dendritic tufts, and disorganized symptoms of schizophrenia,

80

Aripiprazole,

119

Arousal, and inflammation-induced activation of neural networks,

101

Artificial intelligence

. See Machine learning

Assessment, of information processing impairments,

62–64

Association for Molecular Pathology,

121

Associative learning, and Pavlovian threat conditioning,

154

Atomoxetine,

119, 122

Attention circuits, and cognitive or concentration features of depression and anxiety,

5. See also Neural circuits

Attentional control, and categories of psychiatric disorders,

53, 54–56

Attention bias modification training (ABMT), for information processing impairments,

58, 60, 61

Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD),

55

Automated relevance detection,

169

Automatic relevance determination (ARD),

173

BAC App,

62

“Beam F3” approach, to transcranial magnetic stimulation,

24

Behavior

. See also Information processing impairments

influence of inflammation on,

98–101

model-based learning and habitual,

202

Behavioral activation, and depression,

181–182

Behavioral tasks, and information processing deficits,

53

Big data, and precision medicine,

221, 222–223

Binge eating, and model-free learning,

185. See also Eating disorders

Biological Psychiatry (journal),

247

Biomarkers

. See also Episode markers; Inflammatory biomarkers; Pharmacogenetic testing; State-sensitive biomarkers; Vulnerability markers

evaluation process for,

105, 106

machine learning and risk of bipolar disorder,

39, 41–42, 43, 222

Biopsychosocial model, of mental illness,

180

Biotypes, and heterogeneity of mood and anxiety disorders,

6

Bipolar disorder

current problems in diagnosis of,

33, 34–35

future directions for research on neuroimaging and,

42–43

machine learning and biomarkers for,

39–42, 222

neural measures and prediction of,

37–39, 41

neural models of,

35–37

prediction of response to mood stabilizers,

225, 226

prevalence of,

34

Blood markers

. See Biomarkers

Brain Engagement (BrainE) platform,

62–63

Brain mapping, of person-specific features related to psychopathology,

138–139

Brain Research through Advancing Innovative Neurotechnologies initiative,

220

Broca, Paul,

242

Bupropion,

103, 104, 225

Cade, John,

243

Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB),

62

Carbamazepine,

119, 121

Carbon dioxide reactivity, and panic disorder,

227–228

Cartesian dualism,

242

Case studies

. See Clinical illustrations

Catatonia, and psychosis,

247

Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services,

105

Chlorpromazine,

243

Citalopram,

119, 126, 225, 226

Clinical illustrations

of clinical translation of neuroscience-informed precision psychiatry,

10–11

of inflammatory markers as predictors of treatment response,

101–104

of inflammatory markers for subgrouping of psychiatric patients,

105–107

of information processing impairments,

61–62, 63

of latent variable models,

173

of pharmacogenetic testing,

125–126, 127

of state-sensitive biomarkers for schizophrenia,

78–85

of transcranial magnetic stimulation for treatment-resistant psychiatric disorders,

23–24

Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments of 1988,

105

Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC),

122

Clinical trials, of inflammatory biomarkers,

107–108

Clomipramine,

119

Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)

bipolar disorder and,

38

cortical hyperactivity and treatment of social anxiety disorder,

229

description of,

203

empirical evidence for effectiveness of,

200

exposure-based methods of,

205–208, 211–212

information processing impairments and,

57–58

internal schemas and,

211

learning and goals of,

199

neuroimaging studies of response to in panic disorder,

228–229

personalization of,

180

reinforcement learning and,

204–205, 209

research on precision psychiatry for depression and,

xix

Cognitive control circuit, and dorsal components of lateral prefrontal cortex,

5

Cognitive impairments

. See Information processing impairments

Cognitive restructuring, and cognitivebehavioral therapy,

203

Cognitive training

for information processing impairments,

59–60, 63

rACC activity in major depressive disorder and,

136

Combinatorial pharmacogenetic tests,

221–222

Combining Medications to Enhance Depression Outcomes (CO-MED) studies,

225

Computational psychiatry

. See also Latent variable models; Machine learning

data-analytic approaches and,

182–183

definition of,

167–168

depression and,

181–182

future directions in,

191–192

task-based measurements and,

183–191

Computerized targeted cognitive training (TCT),

59

Concave face stimuli, and schizophrenia,

82

Conditional stimulus (CS) and conditioned response (CR), and Pavlovian conditioning,

147, 148, 149, 150, 201

Connectome, use of term,

3

Contextual modulation process, in schizophrenia,

78–80

Continuum formulations, of psychiatric diagnoses,

170

Cortical connectivity, modulation of by transcranial magnetic stimulation,

22

Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), and threat memories,

152

Cost

. See also Public health computational methods and,183

as global problem for mental health care,

220

of pharmacogenetic testing,

123, 127

of transcranial magnetic stimulation treatments,

26, 27

C-reactive protein (CRP), and inflammatory biomarkers,

101, 102, 105–107, 110

Cross-validation, and computational psychiatry,

182–183

Cytochrome P450 (CYP) metabolizing enzymes, and pharmacogenetic testing,

118, 120

Cytokines, inflammatory,

99–100

Data-analytic approaches, and computational psychiatry,

182–183. See also Big data; Machine learning

Decision curve analysis (DCA), and transcranial magnetic stimulation,

26–27, 28

Deep brain stimulation (DBS),

xix, 65

Deep phenotyping, and person-specific treatment prediction,

139

Default mode circuit, and distinct subtypes of depression,

4

Default mode network (DMN), and transcranial magnetic stimulation,

22

Delay discounting, and reliability of task-based measurements,

190

Delusions

schizophrenia and,

58, 82

seizures and treatment of,

247

Dementia praecox,

242, 247

Depression

. See also Major depressive disorder; Mood disorders

computational components of,

181–182

diagnostic subtyping of by neural circuit dysfunction,

4–7

inflammatory biomarkers and,

97–98, 100, 101–104, 106, 108–110

information processing deficits and,

53, 54, 56, 60

latent variable models and,

171

progress of research on precision psychiatry for,

xviii–xix

transcranial magnetic stimulation and,

21, 22, 25

treatment planning and neural circuit dysfunction,

7–8

Depth inversion illusions (DIIs),

82, 83, 84

Desipramine,

119

Diabetes, as analogy for assessment of information processing impairments,

63, 64

Diagnosis, of psychiatric disorders

. See also Assessment; DSM system

bipolar disorder and,

33, 34–35

latent variable models and,

170

Diplotype, and metabolizer phenotypes,

118

Discovery Clinic for Neuroscienceinformed Precision Psychiatry,

9–12

Discrete theory, of psychiatric diagnoses,

170

Disorganized symptoms, of schizophrenia,

78–80

Dopamine

inflammation and,

99, 100, 104, 108, 110

prediction errors and,

203, 210

Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC)

hypoactivation of in depression and social anxiety,

5

transcranical magnetic stimulation and,

20, 21–22, 25

Dorsomedial cortex, and transcranial magnetic stimulation,

25

Doxepin,

119

DSM system, development and revisions of,

244

Eating disorders, role of precision psychiatry in treatment of,

xxvi. See also Binge eating

Ebbingham illusion task,

80, 81

Economics

. See Cost

Education

. See Medical education; Psychoeducation; Training

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), and inflammatory biomarkers,

102, 103, 110

Electroencephalogram (EEG), and transcranial magnetic stimulation,

22

Electronic medical records (EMRs),

222–223

Electroretinography (ERG), and negative symptoms of schizophrenia,

83, 85, 86

Emotional regulation circuitry, and bipolar disorder,

35, 36, 37, 38–39, 40. See also Neural circuits

Endotoxin, and reward networks,

100

English Longitudinal Study of Ageing,

106

Environmental demands, and information processing impairments,

57

Epidemiology

. See Prevalence

Epigenome, and posttraumatic stress disorder,

153–154

Episode markers, for schizophrenia,

78

Escitalopram,

104, 119, 126, 225, 226

Establishing Moderators and Biosignatures of Antidepressant Response for Clinical Care (EMBARC),

135, 136

Expectancy violation, and exposure therapy,

206

Exposure and response prevention (EXRP), and obsessivecompulsive disorder,

207–208

Extinction memory, and posttraumatic stress disorder,

148, 151–152

Factor mixture modeling,

170

False alarms, and cognitive restructuring,

203

Family history, of bipolar disorder,

34. See also Genetics

Fear

. See also Threat

individual differences in processing of,

155

translational insights into neural circuitry of,

148, 150–151

use of term,

146

“5 cm rule,” for transcranial magnetic stimulation,

21, 24

FK506 binding protein 51 (FKBP5), and posttraumatic stress disorder,

153–154

Fluvoxamine,

119

Functional connectivity, transcranial magnetic stimulation and patterns of in depression,

23

Functional magnetic resistance imaging (fMRI)

. See also Neuroimaging

biotype approach to subtyping of depressive and anxiety disorders,

4

Discovery Clinic for Neuroscienceinformed Precision Psychiatry and,

9–12

neural circuitry of fear and threat,

149

transcranial magnetic stimulation and,

25

GABA, transcranial magnetic stimulation and elevations of in prefrontal cortex,

23

Gabapentin,

125

Gage, Phineas,

242

Gall, Franz Joseph,

242

Gatekeeper model, and pharmacogenetic testing by commercial laboratories,

122

Gender

inflammatory response and,

101

posttraumatic stress disorder and,

153

Generalized anxiety disorder

. See also Anxiety disorders

neural circuit dysfunction and,

4

pharmacogenetic testing and,

125–126, 127

Genetics

. See Family history; Genotypes; Pharmacogenetic testing

guidelines for drug selection and dosing,

121

posttraumatic stress disorder and,

152–154

Genome-Based Therapeutic Drugs for Depression study,

225–226

Genome-wide association studies (GWASs), of posttraumatic stress disorder,

152–153, 156

Genomics Used to Improve DEpression Decisions (GUIDED) study,

221

Genotypes, and metabolizer phenotypes,

118

Geschwind, Norman,

243

Glutamate

inflammation and,

99, 101, 108

transcranial magnetic stimulation and levels of in DLPFC,

23

Gordon, Joshua,

248

Group factor analysis (GFA),

173

Guidelines

future clinical trials of inflammatory markers,

107–108

genetic for drug selection and dosing,

121

Hallucinations, and schizophrenia,

82

Haloperidol,

119

Health, definition of by World Health Organization,

229

Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP) model,

171

Hippocampus

neural circuitry of fear and threat,

148, 150

transcranial magnetic stimulation and,

23

HLA system, and pharmacogenetic testing,

119, 121

Hypercapnia,

227

Hyperconnectivity and hypoconnectivity, of default mode circuit,

4

Hyperventilation, and panic disorder,

228

Illusion effects, and schizophrenia,

82–83

Imaginal exposures, and exposure therapy,

205, 208

Imipramine,

119

Incremental predictive validity, of rACC activity in major depressive disorder,

135

Individual-level risk, for development of bipolar disorder,

33

Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO),

100

Inflammatory biomarkers

clinical illustration of prediction of treatment response to antidepressants,

101–104

clinical illustration of subgrouping of psychiatric patients,

105–107

development of research on,

97–98

guidelines for future clinical trials of,

107–108

implications for clinical practice,

108–110

influence of on behavior,

98–101

Infliximab,

103, 106–107

Information-guided adaptive optimization, and task-based measurement,

190

Information processing impairments assessment of,

62–64

clinical case illustration of,

61–62, 63

psychiatric disorders and types of,

52–57

recognition of role in psychiatric disorders,

51–52

treatment of,

57–62

Information processing profile,

57

Information theoretic metrics, and disorganized symptoms of schizophrenia,

80

Inhibitory control, and information processing abnormalities in psychiatric disorders,

55–56

Institute of Medicine (IOM),

105

Instrumental conditioning, and reinforcement learning,

201–202

Internal distractions, and information processing abnormalities in psychiatric disorders,

55–56

International Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor (SSRI) Pharmacogenomics Consortium trials,

227

International Society of Psychiatric Genetics,

121

International Study to Predict Optimized Treatment for Depression (iSPOT-D),

7, 8

Interventional psychiatry, and use of complex data to guide decision making,

65

Jackson, John Hughling,

242

Jittered Orientation Visual Integration (JOVI),

79

JNJ-67953964,

8

Kappa opioid receptor (KOR) antagonists,

8

Ketamine,

102, 103, 110

Kraepelin, Emil,

242, 247

Kynurenic acid, and inflammatory cytokines,

100

Large-scale neural circuit, use of term,

3

Latent variable models

. See also Computational psychiatry

clinical illustrations of,

173

current applications of,

170–172

future directions in research on,

173–174

machine learning and,

172, 174

recent developments in explanatory models and,

169–170

Late positive potential (LPP), and attentional bias in depression,

53, 54

Learning

. See also Machine learning; Medical education; Model-free learning; Prediction learning; Reinforcement learning

as basis for mental health treatment,

199–200

understanding rates of,

209–210

Life span, and bipolar disorder,

34

Lifestyle measures, and reduction of inflammatory response,

109

Lithium,

38, 225, 226, 243

Machine learning

. See also Computational psychiatry

biomarkers for risk of bipolar disorder,

39, 41–42, 43

latent variable models and,

172, 174

optimal treatment selection for major depressive disorder and,

137, 138

potential uses of in precision psychiatry,

224–225

predictive model for suicidal behavior and,

222

Major depressive disorder (MDD)

. See also Depression

big data and study of outcomes in patients with,

222

clinical translation of neuroscienceinformed precision psychiatry,

10–11

computational psychiatry and,

181

future directions in research on treatment prediction biomarkers,

138–139

neural circuit dysfunction and,

4

pharmacogenetic testing and,

126, 221

precision psychiatry and therapeutic outcome of,

225–226

prevalence of,

133–134

rACC and prediction of treatment response,

134–137

transcranial magnetic stimulation and,

22

MATRICS (Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia),

61

Mayo Clinic Pharmacogenomics Research Network Antidepressant Medication Pharmacogenetic Study,

227

Medical education

future of precision psychiatry and,

245–248

integration of Discovery Clinic with resident training programs,

11–12

Memory, and threat response in posttraumatic stress disorder,

147–148. See also Extinction memory; Working memory

Metabolic dysregulation, as source of inflammation,

108

Metabolizer phenotypes, and pharmacogenetic testing,

118–119

Methamphetamine dependence, and model-free learning,

185

Mindfulness-based strategies, for information processing impairments,

58

Mindstrong,

62

Minocycline,

103

Model-free learning

prediction errors and,

185

reinforcement learning theory and,

202, 204, 205, 210

Monoamine oxidase inhibitors,

243

Mood disorders, and clinical illustration of applications of precision psychiatry,

225–27. See also Depression

Mooney Faces task,

79

Motor threshold (MT), for transcranial magnetic stimulation,

20

Multiple indicator multiple cause, as latent variable model,

170

National Institute of Mental Health,

248

National Institutes of Health,

105

National Neuroscience Curriculum Initiative (NNCI),

245–247

Negative affect circuit, and dysfunction of in anxiety and depressive disorders,

4–5, 7

Negative symptoms, of schizophrenia,

83, 85

Network, use of term in neuroimaging,

3

Neural circuits

. See also Emotional regulation circuitry; Reward processing circuitry

dysfunction of in anxiety and depressive disorders,

4–5, 7

inflammation and targeting of specific,

100–101

information processing impairments and,

52

Neurocognition

. See Information processing impairments

Neurodevelopmental disorders, role of precision psychiatry in treatment of,

xxvi

Neuroimaging, of neural circuits

. See also Deep brain stimulation; Functional magnetic resonance imaging; Transcranial magnetic stimulation

diagnostic subtyping of depression and anxiety disorders,

4–7

future directions in research on,

12–13

neural models of bipolar disorder and,

35–37, 42–43

Pavlovian conditioning in posttraumatic stress disorder

150–151

prediction of bipolar disorder and,

37–39, 41

treatment planning for depressive and anxiety disorders,

7–8

treatment response to cognitivebehavioral therapy for panic disorder,

228–229

Neuroligin-1, and posttraumatic stress disorder,

152

Neuronavigation, and transcranial magnetic stimulation,

24–25

Neurophysiology

. See Amygdala; Biomarkers; Hippocampus; Neural circuits; Prefrontal cortex; Rostral anterior cingulate cortex

Neuroscience

advancements in precision psychiatry and,

3

definition of precision psychiatry and,

xxiv

history of,

242, 243

medical education for precision psychiatry and,

245–248

Neurotransmitters, and inflammation,

99–100, 108. See also Dopamine

NMDA, and inflammation,

99–100

Norepinephrine, and inflammation,

99

Nortriptyline,

103, 104, 119, 226

Nucleus accumbens, and positive affect reward circuit,

5

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

deep brain stimulation for treatment-refractory,

65

emerging evidence for role of precision psychiatry in treatment of,

xxvi

exposure and response prevention in,

207–208

model-free learning and,

185

Oncology, and precision medicine,

180

Orbitofrontal cortex, and transcranial magnetic stimulation,

25

Outcome-predictive models, and machine learning techniques,

225

Oxcarbazepine,

119, 121

Panic disorder, precision psychiatry and treatment of,

227–229

Parietal cortex, hypoactivation of in depression and social anxiety,

5

Paroxetine,

119, 125, 126

Patient-specific information, and selection of treatments for major depressive disorder,

138

Pavlovian conditioning

posttraumatic stress disorder and,

146–147, 150, 154–155, 207

reinforcement learning and,

202–203, 207

Perceptual organization, and schizophrenia,

87

Personal digital technologies,

223

Personalized medicine in psychiatry (PMP)

. See Precision psychiatry

Pharmacogenetic testing

. See also Combinatorial pharmacogenetic tests

clinical case illustrations of,

125–126, 127

commercial laboratories and,

121–122

criteria for,

122–123, 124

current evidence for,

118–119

future of,

127

goals of precision psychiatry and,

117

Pharmacogene Variation Consortium (PharmVar),

118

Pharmacotherapy

. See Antidepressants; Antipsychotics

PharmGKB,

121

Phenytoin,

119, 121

Phrenology,

242

Pick, Arnold,

242

Pimozide,

119

Point-of-care testing

pharmacogenetic testing and,

123, 124

for rapid CRP assessment and clinical decision making,

105–106

Positive affect reward circuit, hypoconnectivity of in depressive and anxiety disorders,

5, 8. See also Reward processing circuitry Positive symptoms, of schizophrenia, 82–83

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

adaptive threat processing and dysfunction,

146–148

attention bias modification training and,

61

cellular, molecular, and genetic mechanisms of fear and,

151–154

future directions in research on neural circuitry and treatment of,

155–157

impact and prevalence of,

145–146

inflammation-induced activation of neural networks and,

101

Pavlovian threat conditioning and,

146–147, 150, 154–155

prolonged exposure therapy for treatment of,

205–207

transcranial magnetic stimulation and,

21, 22

translational insights into neural circuitry of,

148, 150–151

Pramipexole,

10

Precision Medicine Initiative,

220

Precision psychiatry

. See also Biomarkers; Computational psychiatry; Neuroimaging; Neuroscience; Translational neurobiological approaches

assessment and treatment of bipolar disorder,

34, 43

clinical illustrations of,

225–229

depression and,

xviii–xix

explanation of concept,

xvii, xxiv, 75, 179–180

future directions of research on,

229–230

future of precision medicine in psychiatry and,

221–225

medical education for,

245–248

as new approach to psychiatry,

220

pharmacogenetic testing and goals of,

117

progress in research on,

xviii, xxv–xxvii

reinforcement learning theory and,

208–209

transcranial magnetic stimulation and,

27

treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder and,

155, 156–157

visual science and,

87

Prediction

. See also Treatment response bipolar disorder and neural measures for,37–39, 41

inflammatory markers and response to antidepressants,

101–104

major depressive disorder and research on,

134–139

Prediction errors, and reinforcement learning,

200, 203, 210, 212

Prediction learning, and reinforcement learning theory,

201

Preemptive testing approach, to pharmacogenetic testing,

123, 124

Prefrontal cortex

. See also Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

neural circuitry of fear and threat,

148, 150

neural models for prediction of bipolar disorder and,

38

reward processing circuitry and,

35, 36, 37

Prevalence

of anxiety disorders,

227

of bipolar disorder,

34

of major depressive disorder,

133–134

of posttraumatic stress disorder,

145

Processing speed, and information processing deficits,

53, 55–56

Psychiatric disorders

. See also Prediction; Psychiatry; Treatment resistance; Treatment response; Treatment selection; specific disorders

biopsychosocial model of,

180

impact of stress on,

180

inflammatory biomarkers and subgrouping of patients,

105–107

Psychiatric Neuromodulation Clinic (Providence VA Medical Center),

23

Psychiatry

. See also Computational psychiatry; Interventional psychiatry; Precision psychiatry; Psychotherapy

history of,

241–244

inadequacies of present system,

219–220

reliance of current treatment selection on trial and error,

xvii–xviii

Psychoeducation, and visual hallucinations,

247

Psychology, and latent variable models,

170

Psychotherapy, and reinforcement learning models,

209

Psychotic disorders

. See also Schizophrenia

categorization of psychosis and,

247

information processing deficits and,

55, 59

p38 mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK),

99

Public health, and trauma and stressrelated disorders,

145, 155. See also Cost

Quetiapine,

125

Quinolinic acid, and glutamate release,

100

Q value, and exposure and response prevention,

207

Random controlled trials (RCTs), of treatment prediction for major depressive disorder,

137

Reactive approach, to pharmacogenetic testing,

123, 124

Reactivity, and negative symptoms of schizophrenia,

83, 85

Real-time data collection, and smart wearable devices,

223–224

Reinforcement learning (RL)

benefits of for precision psychiatry,

208–209

cognitive-behavioral theory and,

204–207

explanation of theory,

202–203

information processing abnormalities in psychiatric disorders,

55–56

prediction errors and,

200, 203, 210, 212

rates of learning in,

209–210

theoretical framework for,

200

Reliability, of task-based measurements,

189–191

Remission, estimates of rates for transcranial magnetic stimulation,

26

Research Domain Criteria project,

220

Resident training programs

. See also Medical education

education in precision psychiatry and,

246–247

integration of Discovery Clinic with,

11–12

Reward processing circuitry

. See also Neural circuits; Positive affect reward circuit

bipolar disorder and,

38–39, 35, 36, 37, 40

inflammation and,

100–101

Reward responsivity, and information processing abnormalities in psychiatric disorders,

55–56

Risk factors

for bipolar disorder,

33

for posttraumatic stress disorder,

156

for suicidal behavior,

222

Rostral anterior cingulate cortex (rACC), and prediction of treatment response in major depressive disorder,

134–137

Royal College of Pathologists of Australia,

121

Royal College of Psychiatrists,

247

Salience circuit, hypoconnectivity of and symptom severity of anxiety disorders,

4

Sample size, and treatment prediction for major depressive disorder,

137

Schemas, and cognitive-behavioral therapy,

211

Schizophrenia

episode markers for,

78

information processing deficits and,

53, 58

recognition of cognitive failure in,

52

state-sensitive biomarkers for,

78–85, 87

transcranial magnetic stimulation and,

21

vulnerability markers for,

77

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)

development and introduction of,

243

inflammatory markers and response to,

102, 103

machine learning and prediction of response to,

227

negative affect circuit as predictor of response to,

7

Sequenced Treatment Alternatives to Relieve Depression (STAR*D),

225, 227

Serotonin, and inflammation,

99

Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors,

103, 104

Sertraline,

7, 119, 126

Severe cutaneous adverse reactions (SCARs), and gene-drug pairs,

121

Sex differences

. See Gender Sirukumab,103, 106

Sleeper effects, of cognitive interventions for information processing impairments,

58

SMART (specific, measurable, achievable, realistic, and temporally defined),

181–182

Smartphones, and smart wearable devices

depth inversion illusion tasks and,

83, 84

real-time data collection by,

223–224

Smoking cessation, and conventional antidepressants,

104

Social anxiety disorder,

5, 229

Social cognitive training (SCT), for information processing impairments,

59

Social-emotional cognition, and information processing abnormalities in psychiatric disorders,

55–56

Stanford Translational Precision Mental Health Clinic,

12

Stanford University,

9, 11–12

Star alleles, and genotype,

118

State-sensitive biomarkers, for schizophrenia,

78–85, 87

Stress, impact of on mental illness,

180

Stroop measurement task,

188

Subgenual cingulate cortex, and transcranial magnetic stimulation,

23

Subjective interpretation, and cognitive-behavioral therapy,

203

Suicide, and suicidal behavior bipolar disorder and,

34

machine learning and predictive model for,

222

Task-based measurements, and computational psychiatry,

183, 184–185, 185–186, 187–188, 188–191

TestMyBrain,

62, 64

Threat, and posttraumatic stress disorder,

146–148. See also Fear

Threshold probability, and transcranial magnetic stimulation,

26–27, 28

Training, of clinicians to interpret and act on information processing impairment data,

64–65. See also Medical education

Trait-state-occasion model, of latent variables,

170

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

clinical illustration of for treatment resistant psychiatric disorders,

23–24

current knowledge and approaches to,

20–23

emergence and development of,

20

future directions for research on,

24–27

major depressive disorder and,

135, 136

treatment resistant depression and,

8, 11

Translational neurobiological approaches, for posttraumatic stress disorder

adaptive threat processing and dysfunction,

146–148

cellular, molecular, and genetic mechanisms of fear and,

151–154

future directions of research on,

155–157

insights into neural circuitry of fear and threat,

148, 150–151

Pavlovian conditioning and,

146–147, 150, 154–155

Treatment

. See Cognitive-behavioral therapy; Mindfulness; Psychiatry; Psychology; Psychotherapy; Treatment resistance; Treatment response; Treatment selection

Treatment resistance

clinical illustration of transcranial magnetic stimulation for,

23–24

deep brain stimulation for obsessive-compulsive disorder,

65

neuroimaging and identification of biomarkers for,

8

precision psychiatry for major depressive disorder and,

225

Treatment response

. See also Prediction

future directions of research on major depressive disorder,

138–139

inflammatory markers and antidepressants,

101–104

neuroimaging studies of cognitivebehavioral therapy for panic disorder,

228–229

prolonged exposure therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder,

205–207

rACC and major depressive disorder,

134–137

Treatment selection, and treatment planning

advances in research on precision psychiatry,

xix–xx

inflammatory biomarkers and,

108–110

for information processing impairments,

57–62

neuroimaging and neural circuit dysfunction in depressive and anxiety disorders,

7–8

for posttraumatic stress disorder,

155–156

trial and error as current method of,

xvii–xviii

Trial-and-error

as current approach to treatment selection in psychiatry,

xvii–xviii

model-based learning and,

202

selection of treatments for major depressive disorder and,

138

Tricyclic antidepressants, development and introduction of,

243

Trimipramine,

119

Two-step task, and computational psychiatry,

184, 185, 186

Typhoid vaccination,

100

Unconditional stimulus (UCS), and Pavlovian conditioning,

147, 148, 149, 150, 201

Venlafaxine,

7, 119

Virtual reality, and depth inversion illusion tasks,

83, 84

Vision science and visual contrast sensitivity, and schizophrenia,

87

Vulnerability markers, for schizophrenia,

77

Wearable technology, and real-time data collection,

223–224

Working memory, and information processing abnormalities in psychiatric disorders,

55–56

World Health Organization,

229

World Psychiatric Association,

230

Zuclopenthixol,

119