Index

AACAP

. See American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (AACAP) Practice Parameters

ABMT

. See Attention bias modification training

ACC

. See Anterior cingulate cortex

ADHD

. See Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

Adjustment disorder with depressed mood

case example, of adjustment disorder/major depression and social anxiety disorder,

67–69

differentiating between other childhood mood disorders and,

36

DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for,

34

Adolescent Coping with Depression (CWD-A) treatment,

201, 202

Adolescent Depression and Psychotherapy study,

333

Adolescent Depression Antidepressants and Psychotherapy Trial,

402

Adolescent Depression in Primary Care (GLAD-PC),

210

Adolescents

. See also Brain; Case examples

advice from teenagers to educators,

471–472

cognitive-behavioral therapy for treatment of depression in children and adolescents,

183

comparative effectiveness of psychotherapies in treating youth with depression,

205–206

developmental changes in the brain,

107–114

DSM-5 diagnosis of mood disorders in,

23–49

evidence-based psychotherapies for,

186–197, 200–204,

interpersonal psychotherapy for treatment of depression in children and adolescents,

183

management of suicidal youth,

391–422

with parental depression,

96–97

typically developing control youth,

504

Affect Reactivity Index (ARI),

69

Alcohol, use in children,

75

Alpha-adrenergic receptor antagonists,

439

American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (AACAP) Practice Parameter,

92–93, 265, 405

Amphetamines,

247

for treatment of bipolar disorder and ADHD,

438

Amygdala,

150

Anger control training,

444

Anhedonia,

5, 33

Anterior cingulate cortex (ACC),

108, 150, 152, 169

Antidepressant medications,

99

black box warning,

259–260

cognitive-behavioral therapy and,

214

Food and Drug Administration–approved treatment for,

526, 527

open-label studies for pediatric bipolar depression,

294

recommendation for treatment of bipolar depression in children and adolescents,

301

risk of suicidality with antidepressants in youth,

258–260

side effects of,

532

for treatment of major depressive disorder and disruptive behavioral disorder,

434

Antiemetics,

247

Antipsychotic medications

. See also Second-generation antipsychotics

atypical,

101

for treatment of bipolar disorder and disruptive behavioral disorder,

443–444

for treatment of subthreshold manic symptoms with a major depressive episode,

376, 378

for treatment of treatment-resistant depression,

263

for management of mood disorders,

96

safety and tolerability concerns,

538

for treatment of bipolar disorder and ADHD,

438

for treatment of bipolar disorder and OCD,

442

Antisocial behavior, as risk for suicidal behavior,

398

Anxiety disorders

comorbidities and

treatment recommendations

for bipolar disorder and,

440–442

for major depressive disorder and,

430–431

as risk for suicidal behavior,

398

ARI

. See Affect Reactivity Index

Aripiprazole

extension studies of,

302

for management of angry outbursts,

66

for management of mood disorders,

96

open-label studies,

289

randomized clinical trial and meta-analysis of,

281

randomized clinical trials for maintenance treatment of bipolar disorder in children and adolescents,

295

randomized clinical trials for treatment of pediatric acute mania,

282

randomized studies and longitudinal treatment of major depressive disorder and bipolar disorders in youth,

329

recommendation for maintenance treatment of bipolar disorder in children and adolescents,

302

for treatment of bipolar depression,

101

for treatment of bipolar disorder and ADHD,

438, 439

for treatment of subthreshold manic symptoms with a major depressive episode,

380

Art therapy,

363, 364

ASD

. See Autism spectrum disorder

Asenapine

for management of mood disorders,

96

open-label studies for maintenance treatment of bipolar disorder in children and adolescents,

296, 335–336

randomized clinical trial and meta-analysis of,

281

randomized clinical trials for treatment of pediatric acute mania,

282

randomized studies and longitudinal treatment of major depressive disorder and bipolar disorders in youth,

330

Atomoxetine

Food and Drug Administration–approved treatment for pediatric unipolar depression,

529

for management of angry outbursts,

66

for treatment of ADHD,

428–429

for treatment of bipolar disorder and ADHD,

439

ATQ

. See Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire

Attention,

168

Attention bias modification training (ABMT),

502–503

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD),

26

case examples of,

147–148, 223–227

comorbidity and,

169–170

case example of,

425–426

ADHD and,

435–437

treatment recommendations,

446, 447

for major depressive disorder and,

426–430, 427

differential diagnosis of explosive outbursts,

72

family history of,

70, 148

vs. mania,

56–57

medication algorithm for treatment of,

427

proposed management of explosive outbursts,

73

as risk for suicidal behavior,

398

treatment,

66

with bupropion,

253

untreated, case example of,

61–63

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD),

64–65

differential diagnosis of explosive outbursts,

72

Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire (ATQ),

209–210

Baltimore Epidemiologic Catchment Area Community,

356, 357

BART task,

113

Basal ganglia,

150–151, 152

BDI

. See Beck Depression Inventory

Beck, Aaron,

64

Beck Depression Inventory (BDI),

358, 365, 395

Behavioral Inhibition–Behavioral Activation Scale (BIS-BAS),

18

BFFD

. See Break Free From Depression curriculum

Bibliotherapy,

363, 364

BIOS

. See Pittsburgh Bipolar Offspring Study

Bipolar depression

combination therapy in,

337–338

continuation and maintenance treatment of,

336–337

duration of treatment,

338–339

progression of,

342

studies of number needed to treat/ to harm,

537

Bipolar disorder not otherwise specified, subsyndromal and developmental progression of,

321–322

Bipolar disorders

. See also Pediatric bipolar disorder

case examples

of childhood-onset,

147–148

of complex comorbidities of early-onset bipolar disorder vs. borderline personality disorder,

74–76

of diagnostically homeless, adolescent with poor language skills, and sister with bipolar disorder,

64–67

of evidence-based psychotherapies,

223–227

comorbidities and

case example of ADHD and,

435–437

treatment recommendations,

447

for ADHD and,

437–440

for anxiety and,

440–442

for bipolar disorder and,

437–440

for disruptive behavior disorder and,

443–444

for obsessive-compulsive disorder and,

442–443

for substance use disorders and,

444–445

continuation and maintenance treatment of,

334–339

mania vs. hypomania,

334–336

depression in youth at risk for,

322–323

diagnosis of,

95–96

diagnostic issues for,

57

DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for,

321–322

DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for,

37, 40–42, 321

evidence-based psychotherapies for pediatric bipolar disorders,

223–239

family history of,

148

family interventions for younger children with bipolar spectrum disorders,

230–231

function in youth with,

154–164

historical considerations of,

56–58

neural correlates of treatment response in youth with bipolar disorder,

165–167

neuroscience of childhood-onset bipolar disorder,

147–178

vs. nonbipolar depression,

52

in offspring of parents with,

98

parents with,

98, 100

randomized studies and longitudinal treatment of major depressive disorder and bipolar disorders in youth,

327

remission,

237

risk calculators for risk of,

380

as risk factor for suicide,

402–403

treatment methods under investigation,

233, 236–237

Bipolar I disorder,

5, 37, 38–39, 40–42

differential diagnosis of,

41

differentiating between other childhood mood disorders and,

36

DSM-IV-TR diagnostic criteria for a “mixed episode” of,

41

DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for,

37, 40–42

Bipolar II disorder,

5, 42–43

differentiating between other childhood mood disorders and,

36

DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for,

42–43

BIS-BAS

. See Behavioral Inhibition–Behavioral Activation Scale

Blood oxygen level–dependent (BOLD) signal,

125–126, 493

BOLD

. See Blood oxygen level–dependent signal

Borderline personality disorder

case example, of complex comorbidities of early-onset bipolar disorder vs. borderline personality disorder,

74–76

Brain

. See also Cognitive training

amygdala,

150

anterior cingulate cortex,

108, 150, 152, 169

basal ganglia,

150–151, 152

brain network regions in bipolar diathesis,

167, 168

brain structure in youth with bipolar disorder,

151–153, 152

cognitive and emotional “compensation” on developing brain,

488

dorsolateral prefrontal cortex,

149, 152, 495

functional brain changes associated with depression,

125–130

intrinsic functional connectivity changes associated with vulnerability to depression,

126–127

intrinsic neural functional connectivity in early-onset depression,

126

provoked functional connectivity changes associated with early-onset depression,

127–128, 129

provoked functional connectivity changes associated with vulnerability to depression,

128–130

function in youth with bipolar disorder,

154–164

executive dysfunction,

156–157

functional abnormalities,

154–155

functional abnormalities in youth at risk for bipolar disorder,

164

impaired emotion processing,

154–155

impaired function at the interface of emotion and cognition,

163–164

impulsivity,

157–158

inattention,

160–161

perspective-taking deficits,

162–163

reward and risk processing,

158–160, 168

working memory deficits,

161–162

globus pallidus,

152

hypothesized model of frontolimbic and fronto-striatal connectivity deficits in early onset depression,

128, 129

insula,

150

medial prefrontal cortex,

149–150, 152

neuroscience of early-onset depression,

105–146

developmental changes in the brain,

107–114

brain regions and networks involved in social-emotional processing,

107–109

in neural circuits involved in emotion regulation,

109–110

in neural circuits involved in motivational-reward processes,

110–112

theoretical models of neural responses to motivational reward processing during adolescent development,

112–114

structural brain changes associated with depression,

120–125

volumetric and cortical changes associated with early-onset depression,

121–123

nucleus accumbens,

152

orbitofrontal cortex,

110, 152

posterior cingulate cortex,

150, 152

prefrontal cortex,

108, 149–150

structural brain changes associated with depression,

120–125

volumetric and cortical changes associated with vulnerability to depression,

123–124

white-matter tract changes associated with early-onset depression,

124–125

white-matter tract changes associated with vulnerability to depression,

125

structure in youth with bipolar disorder,

151–153, 152

structural abnormalities in youth,

151

structural abnormalities in youth at risk for bipolar disorder,

151–153, 152

study of changes in,

133

ventrolateral PFC,

149, 152

Brain Driver’s Education,

465, 467

Break Free From Depression (BFFD) curriculum,

463

Bullying,

63

Bupropion (Wellbutrin)

Food and Drug Administration–approved treatment for pediatric unipolar depression,

529

side effects of,

532

for treatment of depression,

428, 429

for treatment of pediatric depression,

253

Burton, Robert,

55

CALS

. See Children’s Affective Lability Scale

2018 Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments Task Force,

442

Cannabinoids, for treatment of major depressive disorder and disruptive behavior disorder,

435

Carbamazepine

Food and Drug Administration–approved treatment for pediatric mood disorders,

533

open-label studies,

289

safety and tolerability concerns,

533

Case examples

of ADHD,

147–148, 223–227

of adjustment disorder/major depression and social anxiety disorder,

67–69

of assessment principles of mood disorders,

3–4

of bipolar disorder and ADHD,

435–437

of “characterological” depression,

63–64

of childhood-onset bipolar disorder,

147–148

of complex comorbidities of early-onset bipolar disorder vs. borderline personality disorder,

74–76

of diagnosis of depression,

61–63

of diagnostically homeless, adolescent with poor language skills, and sister with bipolar disorder,

64–67

of DSM-5 diagnosis of mood disorder,

23–25

of evidence-based psychotherapy for pediatric bipolar disorder,

223–227

of evidence-based psychotherapy for pediatric depressive disorders,

181–182

of exercise and sleep hygiene,

485–486

of longer-term mood disorder management in youth,

314–315

of major depressive disorder and ADHD,

425–426

of mania,

71–74

of mood disorders in children,

23–24

of outburst differential, including disruptive mood dysregulation disorder and reactive depressive symptoms,

69–71, 72–73

of pediatric bipolar disorder,

147–148

of pediatric depression,

241–242

of school-based interventions for pediatric-onset mood disorders,

458–459, 462–463

of subthreshold manic symptoms with depression,

353–354

of suicidal youth,

391

of treatment for depression,

83–84

CATCH-IT

. See Competent Adulthood Transition with Cognitive Behavioral Humanistic and Interpersonal Training

CBCL

. See Child Behavior Checklist

CBT

. See Cognitive-behavioral therapy

CBT-SP

. See Suicide prevention–specific CBT protocol

CDI,

65. See Children’s Depression Inventory

CDRS-R

. See Children’s Depression Rating Scale—Revised

Celecoxib

efficacy and safety of,

300

randomized clinical trial and meta-analysis of,

281, 284

randomized clinical trials for treatment of pediatric acute mania,

282

Celexa

. See Citalopram

Center for Epidemiologic Studies—Depression Scale (CES-D),

358, 360, 365

CES-D

. See Center for Epidemiologic Studies—Depression Scale

CGAS

. See Children’s Global Assessment Scale

CGI

. See Clinical Global Impression Scale

CGI-I

. See Clinical Global Impression—Improvement

CGI-S

. See Clinical Global Impression—Severity

Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL),

17, 488

“CBCL bipolar phenotype,”

59

“CBCL dysregulation phenotype,”

59

for mood disorders,

58–59

Child Behavior Checklist—Mania Scale (CBCL-MS),

368, 372

Child Depression Rating Scale,

491

Child Mania Rating Scale (C-MRS),

13, 65

Children

alcohol use in,

75

case example of mood disorders in,

23–24

cognitive-behavioral therapy for treatment of depression in children and adolescents,

183

“childhood depression,”

53

evidence-based psychotherapies for children,

185, 186–197, 198–200

interpersonal psychotherapy for treatment of depression in children and adolescents,

183

maltreatment and suicide,

400

management of suicidal youth,

391–422

of parents with bipolar disorder,

98, 100

of parents with depression,

211

predictors of depression in,

55

school life,

88

Children’s Affective Lability Scale (CALS),

373

Children’s Depression Inventory (CDI),

64, 198, 358, 365, 488

Children’s Depression Rating Scale—Revised (CDRS-R),

14, 86, 89, 93, 258, 499–500

advantages of,

12

DSM-5 diagnosis of mood disorders in,

23–49

Children’s Global Assessment Scale (CGAS),

15, 362

Children’s Negative Cognitive Errors Questionnaire,

210

Citalopram (Celexa),

84

Food and Drug Administration–approved treatment for pediatric unipolar depression,

528

pediatric dose range,

245

side effects of,

531

for treatment of pediatric depression,

251–252

Clinical Global Impression—Improvement (CGI-I),

15, 491, 497

Clinical Global Impression (CGI) Scale,

431

Clinical Global Impression—Severity (CGI-S),

15, 258

Clinical interviews, structured and semi-structured,

7–12, 10–11

Clinical trials, for treating pediatric mania,

100

Clonidine, for management of angry, outbursts,

66

Clozapine, interaction with fluvoxamine,

247

C-MRS

. See Child Mania Rating Scale

COBY

. See Course and Outcome of Bipolar Youth study

Cocaine,

247

Cognition, impaired brain function at the interface of emotion and cognition,

163–164

Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)

antidepressants and,

214

future directions of,

362

for intervention for children with depression,

213, 214

for management of major depressive disorder,

89–90

for management of mood disorders,

94

for management of TORDIA,

91–92

in medically complicated youth,

361–362

premise of,

183

treatment decision making,

206

for treatment of bipolar disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder,

442–443

for treatment of depression,

428

for treatment of depression in children and adolescents,

183

for treatment of major depressive disorder and disruptive behavior disorder,

434

for treatment of subthreshold depression,

360–361, 366

for treatment of suicidal behavior in adolescents,

406

for treatment of suicidal behavior in adolescents with mood disorders,

407–408

for treatment of unipolar depressive disorders,

324

Cognitive bibliotherapy trial,

209

Cognitive flexibility, definition of,

504

Cognitive remediation

. See Cognitive training

Cognitive training (cognitive remediation)

. See also Brain

for pediatric mood disorders,

501–505

Collaborative Assessment and Management of Suicidal Behavior Framework Suicide Status Form,

395

Columbia–Suicide Severity Rating Scale (C-SSRS),

14, 395

Communication, training for FFT-HR,

228

Competent Adulthood Transition with Cognitive Behavioral Humanistic and Interpersonal Training (CATCH-IT),

524

Complementary medicine, for treatment of subthreshold depression,

363, 364

Computerized interventions,

363

Conduct disorder, as risk for suicidal behavior,

398

Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations,

363

Course and Outcome of Bipolar Youth (COBY) study,

334, 366, 371

Creatine, for treatment of treatment-resistant depression,

263–264

C-SSRS

. See Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale

Cutting,

391

CWD-A

. See Adolescent Coping with Depression treatment

Cyclothymic disorder,

491

DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for,

43–44

differentiating between other childhood mood disorders and,

36

Cyclothymic-hypersensitive temperament questionnaire,

373

Cyclothymic Subscale of the Temperament Evaluation of the Memphis, Pisa, Paris, and San Diego Autoquestionnaire (TEMPS-A),

370

Cymbalta

. See Duloxetine

Data-informed referral (DIR),

232

DBD

. See Disruptive behavior disorder

DBT

. See Dialectical behavioral therapy

DBT-A

. See Dialectical behavioral therapy for adolescents

Default mode network (DMN),

118–119

Deficits

perspective-taking deficits,

162–163, 168

findings from computer- and fMRI-based studies,

162–163

working memory deficits,

161–162, 168

Depression,

27. See also Unipolar depression

age at onset,

200

vs. bipolar disorders,

52

case example of “characterological” depression,

63–64

case example of diagnosis of,

61–63

comparative effectiveness of psychotherapies in treating youth with depression,

205–206

co-occurring conditions and,

425–435

case example of major depressive disorder and ADHD,

425–426

DSM-III-R diagnostic criteria for,

198, 201

DSM-III rejection of binary view of,

53

DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for,

201

early-onset, recurrence of,

132

endogenous/melancholic,

52–53

in ethnic minority youth,

27, 32

evidence-based psychotherapies for pediatric depressive disorders,

181–221

evidence-supported depression prevention and mental health awareness programs for schools,

466–467

historical considerations of,

51–56

morbidity and,

315–316

neuroscience of early-onset depression,

105–146

occurrence in young children,

27

parents with,

211

predictors in children,

55

psychosis in the context of,

62–63

reactive,

62

risk during adolescence,

132

subthreshold depressive symptoms,

354–366

treatment

continuation and maintenance treatments for,

323–339

clinical considerations,

323–324

strategies for treating initial and refractory depressions,

100

TADS/TORDIA

adolescents with SSRI-resistant depression,

91–92

in youth at risk for bipolar depression,

322–323

Depressive disorders, as risk factor for suicide,

401–402

Desipramine, for treatment of depression,

428

Desvenlafaxine

Food and Drug Administration–approved treatment for pediatric unipolar depression,

528

for treatment of pediatric depression,

255–256

Dexamethasone suppression test (DST),

55

Dexmethylphenidate, for management of angry outbursts,

66

Dialectical behavioral therapy (DBT)

“diary card,”

395

for management of mood disorders,

94

for treatment of pediatric bipolar disorders,

233, 338

Dialectical behavioral therapy for adolescents (DBT-A), for treatment of suicidal behavior in adolescents,

406–407

“Diary card,”

395

Dietary supplements,

490

Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), for early-onset depression,

120–121, 124–125

D-I-G-F-A-S-T,

5–6

DIR

. See Data-informed referral

Disruptive behavior disorder (DBD)

comorbidities and

treatment recommendations, for bipolar disorder and,

443–444

Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder (DMDD),

502

case example, of outburst differential, including DMDD and reactive depressive symptoms,

69–71, 72–73

differentiating between other childhood mood disorders and,

36

DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for,

25, 35, 37, 57–58, 148–149

DSM-IV-TR diagnostic criteria for,

148

family history of,

148

Distraction techniques,

363, 364

Divalproex

Food and Drug Administration–approved treatment for pediatric mood disorders,

532

open-label studies,

290

for maintenance treatment of bipolar disorder in children and adolescents,

295–297

randomized clinical trial and meta-analysis of,

284

randomized clinical trials for maintenance treatment of bipolar disorder in children and adolescents,

296

randomized clinical trials for treatment of pediatric acute mania,

282

randomized studies and longitudinal treatment of major depressive disorder and bipolar disorders in youth,

328

recommendation for treatment of acute mania in children and adolescents,

300

for treatment of bipolar disorder,

166

for treatment of bipolar disorder and ADHD,

438

DLPFC

. See Dorsolateral PFC

DMDD

. See Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder

DMN

. See Default mode network

Dorsolateral PFC (DLPFC),

149, 152, 495

Dronabinol, for treatment of major depressive disorder and disruptive behavior disorder,

435

Drugs

absorption in neonates and infants,

85

over-the-counter,

247

side effects of,

462

DSM-III, rejection of binary view of depression,

53, 56–57

DSM-III-R, diagnostic criteria for depressive disorder,

198, 201

DSM-IV

diagnostic criteria for depressive disorder,

201, 316

diagnostic criteria for dysthymic disorder,

316

diagnostic criteria for mania,

318, 321–322

DSM-IV-TR, diagnostic criteria for disruptive mood dysregulation disorder,

148

DSM-5

. See also Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5

definition of “Criterion B” symptoms of depression and mania,

5

diagnosis of mood disorders in children and adolescents,

23–49

case example of,

23–25

diagnostic criteria for adjustment disorder with depressed mood,

34

diagnostic criteria for bipolar I disorder,

37, 40–42

diagnostic criteria for bipolar II disorder,

42–43

diagnostic criteria for cyclothymic disorder,

43–44

diagnostic criteria for disruptive mood dysregulation disorder,

25, 35, 37, 57–58, 148–149

diagnostic criteria for mania,

38–39, 57, 318, 321–322

diagnostic criteria for major depressive disorder,

28–31

diagnostic criteria for other specified/unspecified bipolar and related disorder,

44–45

diagnostic criteria for other specified/unspecified depressive disorder,

34–35

diagnostic criteria for pervasive developmental disorder,

32–33

diagnostic criteria for subthreshold manic symptoms with a major depressive episode,

376

DST

. See Dexamethasone suppression test

DTI

. See Diffusion tensor imaging

Duloxetine (Cymbalta)

Food and Drug Administration–approved treatment for pediatric unipolar depression,

529

for treatment of pediatric depression,

254–255

Dysregulated positive affect model,

116

Dysthymic disorder,

32. See also Persistent depressive disorder

DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for,

316

suicide and,

392

Early Developmental Stages of Psychopathology study,

367

Eating disorders

as risk for suicidal behavior,

398

Ecstasy,

247

ECT

. See Electroconvulsive therapy

Education, school-based interventions for pediatric-onset mood disorders,

457–483

EEG

. See Electroencephalography

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

for treatment of mood disorders,

496–498, 503

for treatment of nonmelancholic depression,

53

for treatment of TRD,

265

Electroencephalography (EEG),

492–493, 503

Emotional Disturbance disability,

88

Emotions

facial,

169

findings from fMRI studies on impaired emotion processing,

155

impaired function at the interface of emotion and cognition,

163–164

findings from fMRI studies,

163–164

impaired processing,

154–155, 169, 168

neural circuits involved in emotion regulation,

109–110

EN

. See Executive network

ENIGMA Major Depressive Disorder Workgroup study,

122–123

Enuresis,

256

Equifinality, suicide and,

395

Escitalopram (Lexapro)

Food and Drug Administration–approved treatment for,

527

Food and Drug Administration–approved treatment for pediatric unipolar depression,

528

pediatric dose range,

245

randomized studies and longitudinal treatment of major depressive disorder and bipolar disorders in youth,

327

side effects of,

531

for treatment of major depressive disorder and anxiety disorders,

430

for treatment of major depressive disorder and disruptive behavior disorder,

434

for treatment of major depressive disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder,

432

for treatment of pediatric depression,

250–251, 267

for treatment of unipolar depressive disorders,

324

Esketamine

. See Ketamine

Ethnicity

. See also Case examples

depression in ethnic minority youth,

27, 32

Euphoria,

5

Evidence-based treatments

for mood disorders,

100, 101

psychotherapies for adolescents,

200–204

psychotherapies for children,

185–200, 186–197

psychotherapies for pediatric bipolar disorders,

223–239

psychotherapies for pediatric depressive disorders,

181–221

safety of,

100

Executive function,

156–157, 168

findings from computer-based testing,

156

findings from fMRI studies on cognitive/mental flexibility,

156–157

Executive network (EN),

119–120

Exercise

case example of,

485–486

interventions based on,

100

randomized controlled trials for exercise effects on depression,

487

for treatment of mood disorders,

487–488

for treatment of subthreshold depression,

363, 364

FA

. See Fractional anisotropy

Family

. See also Parents; Siblings

adolescents with parental depression,

96–97

history of ADHD,

70, 148

history of bipolar disorder,

148, 223

history of disruptive mood dysregulation disorder,

148

history of mental illness,

84

history of mood disorders,

9

history of subthreshold manic symptoms,

380

history of suicide,

400

history studies of subthreshold manic symptoms,

368–369

Family-focused treatment (FFT),

99

empirical studies of,

228–230

overview,

227–228

phases of,

227–228

for treatment of pediatric bipolar disorder,

227–230, 338

for treatment of subthreshold manic symptoms with a major depressive episode,

377–378

Family-focused treatment for youth at high risk for bipolar disorder (FFT-HR)

case example of,

223–227

treatment

communication training,

228

course of,

225

goals,

224–225

outcome,

226

problem solving,

228

psychoeducation,

228

Family History—Research Diagnostic Criteria (FH-RDC),

9, 11

Family Interview for Genetic Studies (FIGS),

9, 11

Family therapy

effectiveness of,

214

for treatment of depression in children and adolescents,

183, 203

FDA

. See U.S. Food and Drug Administration

“Fear of harm phenotype” (FOH),

500

FFT

. See Family-focused treatment

FFT-HR

. See Family-focused treatment for youth at high risk for bipolar disorder

FH-RDC

. See Family History—Research Diagnostic Criteria

FIGS

. See Family Interview for Genetic Studies

FINISH mnemonic to remember selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor discontinuation syndrome symptoms,

249

Fluoxetine (Prozac)

Food and Drug Administration–approved treatment for,

527

Food and Drug Administration–approved treatment for pediatric unipolar depression,

528

half-life of,

244

for management of MDD,

90

pediatric dose range,

245

randomized controlled trials and meta-analysis of,

336–337

randomized studies and longitudinal treatment of major depressive disorder and bipolar disorders in youth,

326, 328

side effects of,

531

for treatment of depression,

427–428

for treatment of major depressive disorder and anxiety disorders,

430

for treatment of major depressive disorder and disruptive behavior disorder,

434

for treatment of pediatric depression,

249–250, 267

for treatment of unipolar depressive disorders,

324

Fluvoxamine

Food and Drug Administration–approved treatment for pediatric unipolar depression,

528

interaction with theophylline and clozapine,

247

pediatric dose range,

245

side effects of,

247

for treatment of pediatric depression,

253

FMRI

. See Functional magnetic resonance imaging studies

FOH

. See “Fear of harm phenotype”

Folie circulaire,

56

Food insecurity, definition of,

490

Fractional anisotropy (FA),

124

Frommer, E. A.,

54

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies

in early-onset depression,

108, 125–130

for examination of reward and risk processing,

159

executive dysfunction studies from,

156–157

on executive function,

156–157

on impaired emotion processing,

155

impaired emotion processing studies from,

155

on impaired function at the interface of emotion and cognition,

163–164

on impulsivity,

158

on inattention,

160–161

longitudinal study in depressed adolescents,

130–131

on neurodevelopment,

492

on perspective-taking deficits,

162–163

resting-state study,

111

task-based investigations,

127–128

on working memory deficits,

161–162

GBI

. See General Behavioral Inventory

Gender identity, suicide and,

398

General Behavioral Inventory (GBI),

16, 380

General Behavioral Inventory, Revised,

372

GFR

. See Glomerular filtration rate

GLAD-PC

. See Adolescent Depression in Primary Care

Global Assessment of Functioning,

445

Globus pallidus,

152

Glomerular filtration rate (GFR),

84–85

Glutamine, for treatment of subthreshold depression,

363, 364

Grandiosity, mania and,

37

Group assertiveness training,

444

Group therapy

. See also Family-focused treatment; Family-focused treatment for youth at high risk for bipolar disorder; Multiple-family psychoeducational psychotherapy

for treatment of depression in children and adolescents,

183–184

Haloperidol, for management of angry outbursts,

66

Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression,

265

Help-seeking behavior,

267

How I Feel (HIF),

17

Hypersomnia,

26–27

Hypomania

combination therapy in,

337–338

vs. mania,

334–336

risk factors for recurrence and chronicity of,

319–323

subsyndromal and developmental progression of,

321–322

treatment adherence during longterm treatment,

339–341

Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA),

55, 490–491

IBD

. See Inflammatory bowel disease

I-CBT

. See Intervention for suicidality and substance abuse

IDEA

. See Individuals With Disabilities Education Act

IDEIA

. See Individuals With Disabilities Education Improvement Act

IEP

. See Individualized Education Plan

Imbalance model,

117, 116

Imipramine, for treatment of pediatric depression,

256

Impulsivity,

157–158, 168

findings from computer-based testing,

157–158

findings from fMRI studies,

158

as risk for suicidal behavior,

399

Inattention,

160–161, 168

findings from computer-based testing,

160

findings from fMRI studies,

160–161

Individualized Education Plan (IEP),

88, 148, 462

Individuals With Disabilities Education Act (IDEA),

470, 472, 473

Individuals With Disabilities Education Improvement Act (IDEIA),

470

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD),

361

Inositol, as intervention for youth with mood disorders,

522

Insomnia,

29

management of,

66

sleep duration,

98

treatment,

261

Insula,

150

Interpersonal and social rhythm therapy (IPSRT)

as early interventions in bipolar spectrum,

237

effect on sleep,

232

features of,

231–232

as model for adolescents,

232

for treatment of pediatric bipolar disorders,

338

for treatment of subthreshold manic symptoms with a major depressive episode,

377

Interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT),

183

for management of mood disorders,

94

treatment decision making,

207

for treatment of depression,

428

for treatment of depression in children and adolescents,

183, 213, 214

for treatment of pediatric bipolar disorders,

227, 231–232

for treatment of subthreshold depression,

362–363

Interpersonal social rhythm therapy (IPSRT),

489

Interpersonal Therapy—Adolescent Skills Training (IPT-AST),

466

Intervention for suicidality and substance abuse (I-CBT), for treatment of suicidal behavior in adolescents,

406

Interviews, clinical

structured and semi-structured,

7–12, 10–11

IPSRT

. See Interpersonal and social rhythm therapy; Interpersonal social rhythm therapy

IPT

. See Interpersonal psychotherapy

IPT–Adolescent Skills Training (AST; IPT-AST),

362, 465

IPT-AST

. See IPT–Adolescent Skills Training

IQ,

65, 69, 71, 77, 223, 437

IRRI

. See Irritability Inventory

Irritability,

5, 83, 97

Irritability Inventory (IRRI),

77

K-12 Toolkit for Mental Health Promotion and Suicide Prevention,

465

Ketamine (Esketamine)

Food and Drug Administration–approved treatment for pediatric unipolar depression,

530

for treatment of depression,

498–501

for treatment of mood disorders,

503

for treatment of treatment-resistant depression,

264

Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (K-SADS),

380

Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia—Mania Rating Scale (KMRS),

372

Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia—Present and Lifetime Version (KSADSPL),

10

Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (for School-Age Children)—Present and Lifetime version (K-SADSPL),

8–9

KMRS

. See Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia—Mania Rating Scale

Kognito: At-Risk for High School Educators Program,

464

Kraepelin, E.,

52

K-SADS

. See Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia

K-SADS-PL

. See Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (for School-Age Children)—Present and Lifetime version

Lamotrigine

Food and Drug Administration–approved treatment for pediatric mood disorders,

533

open-label studies,

290

for pediatric bipolar depression,

294

randomized clinical trials for maintenance treatment of bipolar disorder in children and adolescents,

295–296

recommendation for treatment of acute mania in children and adolescents,

300

recommendation for treatment of bipolar depression in children and adolescents,

301

safety and tolerability concerns,

533

for treatment of bipolar disorder,

165, 166

for treatment of bipolar depression,

101

for treatment of treatment-resistant depression,

264

LAMS

. See Longitudinal Assessment of Manic Symptoms study

Language

case example of diagnostically homeless, adolescent with poor language skills, and sister with bipolar disorder,

64–67

delays in,

65

testing,

77

LEADS

. See Linking Education and Awareness of Depression and Suicide

Learning disabilities, testing,

77

Legislation

Individuals With Disabilities Act,

470, 472, 473

Individuals With Disabilities Education Improvement Act,

470

Rehabilitation Act of 1973,

470, 473

Lehmann, Heinz,

53–54

Levomilnacipran

Food and Drug Administration–approved treatment for pediatric unipolar depression,

530

for treatment of pediatric depression,

256

Lexapro

. See Escitalopram

LIFE

. See Longitudinal Interval Follow-up Evaluation

Lifestyle

. See also Exercise; Sleep

management training,

93–94

preventative and emerging pharmacological and nonpharmacological treatments for pediatric mood disorders,

485–513

Light therapy,

364

for treatment of subthreshold depression,

363

Linehan Risk Assessment and Management Protocol,

395

Linking Education and Awareness of Depression and Suicide (LEADS),

464

Lithium

efficacy and safety of,

300

Food and Drug Administration approval for treatment of pediatric mania,

297–298

Food and Drug Administration–treatment for pediatric mood disorders,

532

for long-term treatment of BD,

314–315

for maintenance therapy,

96

for management of mood disorders,

96

open-label studies,

290–291

for maintenance treatment of bipolar disorder in children and adolescents,

297

for pediatric bipolar depression,

294

randomized clinical trial and meta-analysis of,

284–285

randomized clinical trials for treatment of pediatric acute mania,

282

randomized studies and longitudinal treatment of major depressive disorder and bipolar disorders in youth,

328, 330, 336

recommendation for treatment of bipolar depression in children and adolescents,

301

safety and tolerability concerns,

533

for treatment of bipolar depression,

101

for treatment of bipolar disorder,

314

for treatment of bipolar disorder and ADHD,

438, 439

for treatment of bipolar disorder and disruptive behavior disorder,

444

for treatment of bipolar disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder,

442

for treatment of pediatric mania,

101

for treatment of subthreshold manic symptoms with a major depressive episode,

378–379

for treatment of treatment-resistant depression,

262–263

Longitudinal Assessment of Manic Symptoms (LAMS) study,

149, 165, 369–370, 372–373

Longitudinal Interval Follow-up Evaluation (LIFE),

9, 11, 12, 37

Longitudinal Investigation of Bipolar Spectrum study,

368

LORETA

. See Low-resolution electromagnetic tomography

Low-resolution electromagnetic tomography (LORETA),

493

LSD

. See Lysergic acid diethylamine

Lurasidone

randomized clinical trials for treatment of bipolar depression in children and adolescents,

293

randomized studies and longitudinal treatment of major depressive disorder and bipolar disorders in youth,

331

recommendation for treatment of bipolar depression in children and adolescents,

300–301

for treatment of bipolar depression,

96, 101

for treatment of subthreshold manic symptoms with a major depressive episode,

376, 380

Lysergic acid diethylamine (LSD),

247

MADRS

. See Montgomery-åsberg Depression Rating Scale

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

for assessment of mood disorders,

13

Magnetic seizure therapy (MST),

498

Magnetoencephalography,

492

Major depressive disorder (MDD),

5, 25–27, 32

case example, of adjustment disorder/major depression and social anxiety disorder,

67–69

comorbidities and,

90

case example of,

425–426

treatment recommendations,

446

for ADHD and,

426–430, 427

for anxiety disorders and major depressive disorder,

430–431

for obsessive-compulsive disorder and,

431–432

for substance use disorders and,

433–435

differentiating between other childhood mood disorders and,

36

DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for,

28–31

DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for,

316

episodicity for diagnosis of,

26

medication algorithm for treatment of,

427

predictors of progression of subthreshold depression to,

356–357

randomized studies and longitudinal treatment of major depressive disorder and bipolar disorders in youth,

327

recovery from,

32

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors for treatment of,

243–244

suicide and,

392

symptoms of,

26–27

externalizing vs. internalizing,

32

treatment

with cognitive-behavioral therapy,

89–90

with TADS,

89–91

Major depressive episode (MDE),

360

Mania

vs. ADHD,

56–57

baseline characteristics of,

342

case example of,

71–74

combination therapy in,

337–338

co-occurring conditions with,

446

DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for,

318

DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for,

57, 38–39, 318

grandiosity and,

37

vs. hypomania,

334–336

recommendations for treatment of acute mania in children and adolescents,

299–300

risk factors for recurrence and chronicity of,

319–323

studies of number needed to treat/ to harm,

536

subsyndromal and developmental progression of,

321–322

subthreshold manic symptoms,

366–380

symptoms of,

37

treatment,

101

adherence during long-term treatment,

339–341

for bipolar mania in youth,

280–292

duration of,

338–339

strategies for treating pediatric mania and side effects,

100

MAOIs

. See Monoamine oxidase inhibitors

Marijuana,

63

valproic acid for reduction of use of,

445

MASC

. See Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children

Massage,

363, 364

MBCT-C

. See Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy

MBCT for Children (MBCT-C),

99

MBT-A

. See Mentalization-based treatment for adolescents

MDD

. See Major depressive disorder

MDE

. See Major depressive episode

MDMA

. See 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine

Meaning effects,

461n2

Medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC),

149–150, 152

Medication

. See Drugs; Pharmacology; Pharmacotherapy

Melancholia,

52

theory of,

54

Memory

impulse-control,

168

working memory deficits,

161–162, 168

findings from computer-based testing,

161

findings from fMRI studies,

161–162

Mentalization-based treatment for adolescents (MBT-A),

98

3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; ecstasy),

247

Methylphenidate, immediate release (MPH-IR),

69, 70

for treatment of bipolar disorder and ADHD,

438, 439

MF-PEP

. See Multifamily psychoeducational psychotherapy

MFQ

. See Mood and Feelings Questionnaire

Midazolam

for treatment of depression,

499

Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT),

98

for treatment of pediatric bipolar disorders,

233

Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview for Children and Adolescents (MINI-KID),

8, 10

MINI-KID

. See Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview for Children and Adolescents

Mirtazapine

Food and Drug Administration–approved treatment for pediatric unipolar depression,

528

for insomnia,

66

side effects of,

532

Mixed amphetamine salts, for management of angry outbursts,

66

Models

dysregulated positive affect model,

116

explanatory models of early-onset depression,

115–118, 116

hypothesized model of frontolimbic and fronto-striatal connectivity deficits in early onset depression,

128, 129

imbalance model,

117, 116

IPSRT for adolescents,

232

social information processing model,

116

staging model of subthreshold depression,

359

suicide prevention policy,

465

theoretical models of neural responses to motivational reward processing during adolescent development,

112–114

triadic model,

116

Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), for treatment of pediatric depression,

258

Monotherapy, for management of mood disorders in youth,

341

Montgomery-åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS),

265, 493

Mood and Feelings Questionnaire (MFQ),

358, 365

comorbidity and,

423–455

Mood disorders

. See also Adjustment disorder with depressed mood; Bipolar I disorder; Bipolar II disorder; Cyclothymic disorder; Major depressive disorder; Nutrition; Other specified/unspecified bipolar and related disorder; Other specified/unspecified depressive disorder; Persistent depressive disorder; Sleep; Suicide

age at onset,

97, 320

assessment principles of,

3–22, 410, 446

case example of,

3–4

clinical interviews,

6

disadvantages of,

7–8

structured and semistructured,

7–12, 10–11

evaluation,

6

instruments

clinician-administered,

12–13, 14–15

self-administered,

13, 16, 17–18

overdiagnosis of,

16

symptoms of,

5

time of onset and offset of symptoms,

6

clinical diagnostic challenges in,

51–81

case examples of,

61–76

comorbidity,

60–61

historical considerations,

51–58

bipolar disorders,

56–58

in depression,

51–56

measurement issues,

58–60

clinical solutions for, xviii–xix

differentiating between childhood mood disorders,

35, 36

DSM-5 diagnosis in children and adolescents,

23–49

duration of psychosocial treatment for,

324

education for, xix

episodes of,

45

family history of,

9

general principles about medications,

526

general principles about promoting resilience to optimize outcome,

521

homotypic vs. heterotypic in origin,

76–77

index mood symptoms of,

5

longer-term management in youth,

313–352

case example of,

314–315

risk factors for recurrence and chronicity of unipolar depression,

315–319

management of co-occurring

conditions in,

423–455

prevalence of, xvii,

16

recurrence,

313

relapse,

313

as risk factor for suicidal thoughts and behavior,

393–395

school-based interventions for pediatric-onset mood disorders,

457–483

subthreshold depressive symptoms,

354–366

subthreshold manic symptoms,

366–380

assessment,

372–373

epidemiology,

366–372

clinically recruited samples,

369–371

family history studies,

368–369

overview,

366

risk assessment,

373–374, 374–375

treatment options,

374–380

subthreshold mood symptoms,

353–389

subthreshold depression and,

354–366

assessment of,

357–358

epidemiology,

355–356

overview,

354–355

predictors of progression to major depressive disorder,

356–357

staging model,

359

treatment options,

359–365

treatment,

83–104

case example of,

83–84

evidence-based treatments,

100, 101

lifelong,

96

pharmacological principles of,

84–86

phases of,

86–88

preventative and emerging pharmacological and nonpharmacological treatments,

485–513

recommendations for prevention in at-risk populations,

96–100

recovery,

87

recurrence,

86–87

relapse,

86

remission,

86

supportive therapy,

87

TADS/TORDIA,

89–92

adolescents with depression study,

89–91

adolescents with SSRI-resistant depression,

91–92

therapeutic alliance and leveraging placebo response in children,

88–89, 462

use of expert guidelines,

92–96

uncertainty in diagnosis of,

77

MoodGYM,

465, 466

Mood stabilizers,

343. See also Lithium

safety and tolerability concerns,

533

for treatment of bipolar disorder and anxiety,

441

for treatment of subthreshold manic symptoms with a major depressive episode,

380

Mood-stabilizing medications, for treatment of bipolar disorder,

165–166

More Than Sad: Preventing Teen Suicide,

463

More Than Sad: Teen Depression,

463

Motivational interviewing,

525

for treatment of depression in children and adolescents,

183

MPFC

. See Medial prefrontal cortex

MPH-IR

. See Methylphenidate, immediate-release

MRI

. See Magnetic resonance imaging

MST

. See Magnetic seizure therapy

Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children (MASC),

64, 68

Multifamily psychoeducational psychotherapy (MF-PEP),

230, 370, 371, 440

for treatment of subthreshold manic symptoms with a major depressive episode,

37

Multimodal Treatment Study of Children With ADHD,

438

Nabiximols, for treatment of major depressive disorder and disruptive behavior disorder,

435

National Comorbidity Survey Replication Adolescent Supplement (NCS-A),

392, 393–394

National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE),

358

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH),

262

National Registry of Evidence-Based Programs and Practices,

405

NCS-A

. See National Comorbidity Survey Replication Adolescent Supplement

Nefazodone, side effects of,

532

Neurofeedback, real-time

mood disorders and,

492–494

Neuroscience

of childhood-onset bipolar disorder,

147–178

case example of,

147–148

neural correlates of treatment response in youth with bipolar disorder,

165–167

neural correlates of pharmacotherapy response,

165–166

neural correlates of psychotherapy response,

166–167

dopamine system during adolescence,

111–112

of early-onset depression,

105–146

clinical implications and future directions for research,

131–132

developmental changes in the brain,

107–114

developmental influences on vulnerability to depression,

106

explanatory models of,

115–118, 116

neural correlates of treatment response in pediatric depression,

130–131

neural system approaches to early-onset depression,

118–120

default mode network,

118–119

executive network,

119–120

salience network,

120

overview,

105

sex differences in depression and neural circuitry,

114–115, 133

theoretical models of neural responses to motivational reward processing during adolescent development,

112–114

Neuroticism,

64

Neurotransmitter levels,

85

NICE

. See National Institute for Health and Care Excellence

NIMH

. See National Institute of Mental Health

Nondirective supportive therapy, for treatment of unipolar depressive disorders,

324

Nonmelancholic depression,

52

treatment of,

53

Non–selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor antidepressants, for treatment of pediatric depression,

253–258

Nucleus accumbens,

152

Nutraceuticals,

503

for treatment of mood disorders,

489–492

for treatment of subthreshold depression,

364–365

Nutrition

association with mood disorders,

489–492

dietary supplements,

490

food insecurity,

490

interventions for youth with mood disorders,

521

OADP

. See Oregon Adolescent Depression Project

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD),

256

comorbidities and

treatment recommendations

for bipolar disorder and,

442–443

for major depressive disorder and,

431–432

OCD

. See Obsessive-compulsive disorder

ODD

. See Oppositional defiant disorder

OFC

. See Olanzapine-fluoxetine combination; Orbitofrontal cortex

OHI

. See “Other health impaired” services for children

Olanzapine

for management of mood disorders,

96

open-label studies,

291

randomized controlled trial and meta-analysis of,

285, 336–337

randomized clinical trials for treatment of pediatric acute mania,

283

for treatment of bipolar disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder,

442

Olanzapine-fluoxetine combination (OFC)

FDA approval for treatment of bipolar depression,

298

randomized clinical trials for treatment of bipolar depression in children and adolescents,

293

recommendation for treatment of bipolar depression in children and adolescents,

301

Omega-3 fatty acids,

363, 364, 503

as intervention for youth with mood disorders,

522

link to mood disorders,

490–491

open-label studies,

291

in randomized controlled trial,

98

randomized clinical trial and meta-analysis of,

285

randomized clinical trials for treatment of pediatric acute mania,

283

Open-label studies

for treatment of bipolar disorder and anxiety,

442

for treatment of bipolar disorder in children and adults,

280–295, 295–296

for treatment of depression,

495–496

Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD),

24–25

differential diagnosis of explosive outbursts,

72

Orbitofrontal cortex (OFC),

110, 152

Oregon Adolescent Depression Project (OADP),

356

OROS-methylphenidate

for management of ADHD,

74

for management of angry outbursts,

66

“Other health impaired” (OHI) services for children,

472

Other specified depressive disorder

differentiating between other childhood mood disorders and,

36

Other specified/unspecified bipolar and related disorder

differentiating between other childhood mood disorders and,

36

DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for,

44–45

Other specified/unspecified depressive disorder

DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for,

34–35

Outpatient settings, management of suicidal youth,

403–406

Oxcarbazepine

randomized clinical trial and meta-analysis of,

285–286

randomized clinical trials for treatment of pediatric acute mania,

283

Paliperidone, open-label studies,

291

PAPA

. See Preschool Age Psychiatric Assessment

Parent CBCL,

65

Parent General Behavior Inventory (P-GBI),

17

Parent Management Training Oregon Model,

444, 446

Parents

. See also Family

with bipolar disorder,

98, 100, 377

clinical interviews and,

8

criticism from,

237

with depression,

96–97, 211

engagement strategies for school staff and youth who require school accommodations,

469

parent-rated assessment,

17–18

supporting alliance partnerships,

457–458, 462

treatment studies in high-risk offspring of bipolar parents,

234–235

Paroxetine

Food and Drug Administration–approved treatment for pediatric unipolar depression,

528

for management of mood disorders,

95

pediatric dose range,

246

for treatment of pediatric depression,

252

PAT

. See Planned Activities Training

PATHS

. See Promoting Alternative Thinking Strategies

Patient Health Questionnaire–9 (PHQ-9),

17, 426

PAX Good Behavior Game,

465

PBD

. See Pediatric bipolar disorder

PCC

. See Posterior cingulate cortex

PDD

. See Persistent depressive disorder

Pediatric bipolar disorder (PBD)

. See also Bipolar disorders

case example of,

147–148

description of,

277

euthymic mood state in children and adolescents with,

304

methods,

278–280

criteria for assigning grade of evidence in relation to type of studies,

279, 279

level of recommendation, definition, and criteria,

280

limitations of the review,

303

overview,

277–278

pharmacotherapy,

277–311

recognition of,

304

results,

280–297

open-label studies,

289–292

randomized clinical trials and meta-analyses,

280–289

treatment in children and adolescents

open-label studies,

294–295

randomized clinical trials,

293–294

treatment

maintenance treatment for bipolar disorder in children and adolescents,

295–297

open-label studies,

296–297

randomized clinical trials and meta-analysis,

295–296

recommendations for,

300–302

maintenance treatment,

302–303

Pediatric depression

. See also Non–selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor antidepressants

case example of,

241–242

pharmacotherapy for,

241–276

remission,

266

treatment-resistant depression,

260–266

Pediatric OCD Treatment Study II,

432

Peers

problems with,

461

Penn Prevention Program,

199

Penn Resiliency Program,

465, 466

Persistent depressive disorder (PDD)

differentiating between other childhood mood disorders and,

36

DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for,

32–33

onset,

33

symptoms of,

33

Persistent pulmonary hypertension in the newborn (PPHN),

249

Personality disorders

as risk for suicidal behavior,

399

PFC

. See Prefrontal cortex

P-GBI

. See Parent General Behavioral Inventory

Pharmacology

neural correlates of pharmacotherapy response,

165–166

principles of treatment for mood disorders,

84–86, 100

problem-solving,

167

risks and benefits of,

100

for suicidal behavior,

98

Pharmacotherapy

. See also Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors; individual drug names

clinical response assessment,

267

for pediatric bipolar disorders,

277–311

for pediatric depression,

241–276

remission,

266

risk of suicidality with antidepressants in youth,

258–260

treatment-resistant depression,

260–266

recommendations for treatment of suicidal behavior in adolescents with mood disorders,

409

side effects of,

462

for subthreshold depression,

359–360

for treatment of subthreshold manic symptoms with a major depressive episode,

379–380

PHQ-9

. See Patient Health Questionnaire–9

Pindolol

for management of angry outbursts,

66

Pittsburgh Bipolar Offspring Study (BIOS),

369

Pittsburgh Girls Study,

356

Planned Activities Training (PAT),

525

Play therapy, for treatment of depression in children and adolescents,

183

Polypharmacy, general principles about medications,

526

Polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA),

491

Positive Action,

465, 467

“Positive reframing,”

231

Positron emission tomography,

492

Posterior cingulate cortex (PCC),

150, 152

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), as risk for suicidal behavior,

398

PPHN

. See Persistent pulmonary hypertension in the newborn

Prefrontal cortex (PFC),

108, 149–150

Pregnancy, SSRI safety in,

248–249

Pregnancy and Lactation Labeling (Drugs) Final Rule,

248

Preschool Age Psychiatric Assessment (PAPA),

8, 10

Preschool Depression Study,

356

Problem-solving skills training,

444

Promoting Alternative Thinking Strategies (PATHS),

465

Prozac

. See Fluoxetine

PSR

. See Psychiatric Status Rating scales

Psychiatric Status Rating (PSR) scales,

9, 12

Psychodynamic psychotherapies, for treatment of depression in children and adolescents,

183

Psychoeducation

of pharmacotherapy for pediatric bipolar disorders,

303

for proposed management of explosive outbursts,

73

treatment for bipolar disorder with FFT-HR,

228

for treatment of pediatric depression,

267

Psychoeducational Psychotherapy,

99

Psychosis

in the context of depression,

62–63

first-episode,

63

as risk for suicidal behavior,

398

Psychosocial interventions

randomized clinical trials and reviews of psychosocial treatments,

186–197, 203–204

treatment studies in high-risk offspring of bipolar parents,

234–235

Psychotherapy

comparative effectiveness of psychotherapies in treating youth with depression,

205–206

evidence-based psychotherapies for adolescents,

200–204

evidence-based psychotherapies for children,

185–197, 198–200

evidence-based psychotherapies for pediatric bipolar disorders,

223–239

evidence-based psychotherapies for pediatric depressive disorders,

181–221

case example of,

181–182

criteria for,

184, 185

randomized clinical trials and reviews of psychosocial treatments,

186–197

as first line of treatment of mood disorders,

100

neural correlates of psychotherapy response,

166–167

recommendations for treatment of subthreshold manic symptoms with a major depressive episode,

379

for treatment of depression,

428

for treatment of unipolar depressive disorders,

324, 342–343

treatment recommendations,

206–213

cognitive-behavioral therapy treatment decision making,

206

interpersonal psychotherapy treatment decision making,

207

Psychotropic medications

adverse effects of,

86

PTSD

. See Posttraumatic stress disorder

Puberty

onset of,

106

PUFA

. See Polyunsaturated fatty acid

Quetiapine

for management of mood disorders,

96

open-label studies,

292

for maintenance treatment of bipolar disorder in children and adolescents,

297

randomized studies and longitudinal treatment of major depressive disorder and bipolar disorders in youth,

330, 336

randomized clinical trial and meta-analysis of,

286

randomized clinical trials for treatment of bipolar depression in children and adolescents,

293–294

randomized clinical trials for treatment of pediatric acute mania,

283

for treatment of subthreshold manic symptoms with a major depressive episode,

378

RADS

. See Reynolds Adolescent Depression Scale

RAINBOW therapy,

167, 167n, 169, 230, 231

Randomized controlled trials (RCTs)

. See also Treatment for Adolescents With Depression Study; Treatment of SSRI-Resistant Depression in Adolescents

for adolescents at risk for suicidal behavior,

402

for adolescents with bipolar I or II disorder,

229

childrens’ response to placebo,

88–89

cognitive bibliotherapy trial,

209

consistency of,

209

for exercise effects on depression,

487

experiment criterion,

209

gradient criterion,

209

intervention study system,

184

for IPSRT,

489

for management of mood disorders,

95

mediator,

209

of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids,

491

outcomes,

207–208

for patients with subthreshold depression,

359–361

for pediatric depression,

243

placebo response rates of,

304

plausible and coherent,

209

to prevent depression progression in youth,

524–525

of psychosocial treatments for pediatric depressive disorders,

186–197

specificity of,

209

strong association of,

209

temporal precedence criterion,

209

for treatment of bipolar disorder in children and adults,

280–294, 295–296

for treatment of depression in children and adolescents,

184

Weersing review,

209

RCTs

. See Randomized controlled trials

Rehabilitation Act of 1973,

88, 470, 473

Relaxation techniques

for treatment of depression in children and adolescents,

183

for treatment of subthreshold depression,

363, 364

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS),

494–496

for treatment of TRD,

264

Resilience,

476

general principles about promoting resilience to optimize outcome,

521

Response inhibition,

503–504

Resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC),

125–126

Reward and risk processing,

158–160

examined through fMRI studies,

159

Reynolds Adolescent Depression Scale (RADS),

358, 365

Rie, Dr. Herbert,

53–54

Risperidone

efficacy and safety of,

300

for management of angry outbursts,

65–66

for management of mood disorders,

96

open-label studies,

292

randomized clinical trial and meta-analysis of,

286–287

randomized clinical trials for treatment of pediatric acute mania,

283

for treatment of bipolar disorder,

166, 314

for treatment of bipolar disorder and ADHD,

438

for treatment of bipolar disorder and disruptive behavior disorder,

443–444

RSFC

. See Resting-state functional connectivity

RTMS

. See Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation

Sad mood,

5

S-adenosylmethionine (SAMe),

363, 364

Safety

antipsychotic safety and tolerability concerns,

538

written safety plan for managing suicidal youth,

396, 403–404, 410

Salience network (SN),

120

SAMe

. See S-adenosylmethionine

SCARED

. See Screen for Anxiety-Related Emotional Disorders

Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for children—Present Version,

323

School-based interventions for pediatric-onset mood disorders,

457–483

advice from teenagers to educators,

471–472

case example of,

458–459, 462–463

challenges in managing during school transitions,

477–478

common presentations for mood disorders in the school setting,

473, 474–475, 476

common problems for youth

caused by core symptoms of a mood disorder,

460

caused by secondary factors of a mood disorder,

461

caused by treatment of a mood disorder,

462

educational manifestations of mood disorders and classroom strategies,

474–475

engagement strategies for parents and school staff for youth who require school accommodations,

469

evidence-supported depression prevention and mental health awareness programs for schools,

466–467

Individuals With Disabilities Education Act vs. Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973,

473

R’s of school consultation,

467–468

“other health impaired” services for children,

472

overview,

457–458

school mental health web sites,

480

school settings and partnerships,

465, 467–468, 470, 472–473

self-care strategies for educators,

476, 479

strategies to prevent compassion fatigue and burnout among school staff,

479

suicide prevention-focused school curricula,

463–465

suicide prevention policy and regulations,

465

supporting alliance in mental health,

88–89, 467–468

teaching tool for learning, mood, and cognition,

459, 459n

SCID-5

. See Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5

Screen for Anxiety-Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED),

426

Second-generation antipsychotics (S Gas),

335. See also Antipsychotic medications

Food and Drug Administration–approved treatment for pediatric bipolar disorder,

534, 534–538

recommendation for treatment of acute mania in children and adolescents,

299–300

Section 504 (Rehabilitation Act of 1973),

88, 462, 470, 472, 473

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)

compared with tricyclic antidepressants,

244

depression resistant to treatment with,

91–92

discontinuation syndrome,

248

for management of mood disorders,

94–95

mechanism of action,

244

overview,

243–244

in pediatric depression,

243–253

pediatric dose range,

245–246

pharmacologists, metabolism, and drug interactions,

244, 247

randomized studies and longitudinal treatment of major depressive disorder and bipolar disorders in youth,

327

safety in pregnancy,

248–249

serotonin syndrome,

247

side effects of,

247, 340, 531

summary of,

245–246

for treatment of bipolar disorder and anxiety,

441

for treatment of depression,

427–428

for treatment of major depressive disorder and disruptive behavior disorder,

434

for treatment of major depressive disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder,

431–432

for treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder and anxiety disorders,

446

for treatment of subthreshold manic symptoms with a major depressive episode,

376

Self-help strategies

self-care strategies for educators,

476, 479

for treatment of subthreshold depression in youth,

363–364, 364, 366

Self-injury,

397–398

Separation anxiety disorder,

256

Sequenced Treatment Alternatives to Relieve Depression (STAR*D) study,

263

Serotonin levels,

85

Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs)

for treatment of major depressive disorder and anxiety disorders,

430

for treatment of pediatric depression,

253–254

Serotonin syndrome,

247

Sertraline (Zoloft)

FDA-approved treatment for pediatric unipolar depression,

528

pediatric dose range,

246

side effects of,

247, 531

for treatment of pediatric depression,

252–253

Sexual orientation, suicide and,

398

SGAs

. See Second-generation antipsychotics

SHAPS

. See Snaith-Hamilton Pleasure Scale

Siblings

. See also Family

case example of diagnostically homeless, adolescent with poor language skills, and sister with bipolar disorder,

64–67

Sleep

deprivation,

363, 364

effect of IPSRT on adolescents,

232

evidence for sleep interventions in youth with mood disorders,

523

hygiene

case example of,

485–486

principles of monitoring and improving sleep,

489

for treatment of mood disorders,

488–489

intervention based on,

100

problems and suicide,

400

Sleep hygiene

case example of,

485–486

principles of monitoring and improving sleep,

489

for treatment of mood disorders,

488–489

SMRI

. See Structural magnetic resonance imaging

SN

. See Salience network

Snaith-Hamilton Pleasure Scale (SHAPS),

18

SNAP-IV

. See Swanson, Nolan and Pelham–IV Questionnaire

SNRIs

. See Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors

Social anxiety disorder

case examples of,

63–64

of adjustment disorder/major depression and social anxiety disorder,

67–69

Social information processing model,

116

Social isolation,

461

Social rhythm therapy, for treatment of pediatric bipolar disorders,

227, 231–232

S-O-G-E-C-A-P-S,

5

SSRI discontinuation syndrome,

248

FINISH mnemonic to remember symptoms of,

249

SSRIs

. See Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors

STAR*D

. See Sequenced Treatment Alternatives to Relieve Depression study

St. John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum),

363, 364, 491–492

Stress Inoculation Training,

465, 466

Structural magnetic resonance imaging (sMRI), for early-onset depression,

120–121

Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5 (SCID-5),

9, 11, 60–61. See also DSM-5

Substance use disorders

comorbidities and

treatment recommendations

for bipolar disorder and,

444–445

for major depressive disorder and,

433–435

as risk for suicidal behavior,

398

Subthreshold depression,

354–366

definition of,

354–355

epidemiology,

355–356

assessment of,

357–358

outcomes,

355–356

predictors of progression to major depressive disorder,

356–357

prevalence of,

355

risk factors,

355, 365

staging model,

359

overview,

354–355

symptoms of,

365

Subthreshold depressive symptoms,

354–366

Subthreshold manic symptoms,

366–380

assessment of,

372–373

clustering,

366

definition of,

366

DSM diagnostic criteria for,

376

epidemiology,

366–372

clinically recruited samples,

369–371

family history studies,

368–369

vs. episodes,

366

overview,

366

risk assessment of,

373–374, 374, 375

transient,

370

treatment options,

374–380, 381

Subthreshold mood symptoms, subthreshold depression and,

354–366

Suffolk County Mental Health Project,

63

Suicidal ideation,

69, 333, 392, 397, 410

Suicidal Ideation Questionnaire,

395

Suicide

attempts,

97–98, 392, 397

contagion,

401

description of,

392

dysthymic disorder and,

392

education about,

479

equifinality and,

395

family history of,

400

gender identity and,

398

ideation,

69, 333, 392, 397, 410

major depressive disorder and,

392

maltreatment and,

400

management of suicidal youth,

391–422

assessment of,

395–396

case example of,

391

epidemiology,

392–393

evidence base

for treatment of suicidal behavior in youth,

406–407

for treatment of suicidal behavior in youth with mood disorders,

407–409

means restriction and monitoring and supervision,

404–405, 410

minimizing risk factors,

405–406

mood disorders as risk factor for suicidal thoughts and behavior,

393–395

in outpatient settings,

403–406

overview,

391–392

risk factors for specific to mood disorders,

401–403

bipolar disorders,

402–403

depressive disorders,

401–402

risk factors for suicidal behavior in adolescents,

396–401

nonsuicidal self-injury,

392, 397–398

precipitating events,

398

prevention-focused school curricula,

463–465

suicide prevention policy model,

465

prevention policy and regulations,

465

psychiatric comorbidity as risk for suicidal behavior,

398–399

psychological and personality factors,

399

psychopathology of,

398–399

rates of,

479

risk,

94, 100, 342

with antidepressants in youth,

258–260

risk with bipolar I disorder,

41–42

risk with bipolar II disorder,

43

safety of current evidence-based treatments,

100

sexual orientation and,

398

sleep problems and,

400

suicidal intent,

397

tendencies,

90–91

Suicide attempts,

97–98, 392, 397

Suicide Prevention Resource Center/American Foundation for Suicide Prevention,

403

Suicide-prevention-specific CBT protocol (CBT-SP), for treatment of suicidal behavior in adolescents with mood disorders,

407–408

Swanson, Nolan and Pelham–IV Questionnaire (SNAP-IV),

426

Systemic behavioral family therapy, for treatment of unipolar depressive disorders,

324

TADS

. See Treatment for Adolescents with Depression Study

Tamoxifen

randomized clinical trial and meta-analysis of,

287–288

randomized clinical trials for treatment of pediatric acute mania,

283

TASA

. See Treatment of Adolescent Suicide Attempters

Task Force on Promotion and Dissemination of Psychological Procedures,

184, 199, 201–202

TAU

. See Treatment as usual

TCAs

. See Tricyclic antidepressants

TDC

. See Typically developing control youth

TEAM

. See Treatment of Early Age Mania study

TEMPS-A

. See Cyclothymic Subscale of the Temperament Evaluation of the Memphis, Pisa, Paris, and San Diego Autoquestionnaire

Texas Children’s Medication Algorithm Project (TMAP),

92–93, 424

guidelines,

93–94

principles of,

424

Texas Consensus Conference Panel on Medication Treatment of Childhood Major Depressive Disorder,

93

Theophylline

interaction with fluvoxamine,

247

Therapeutic alliance,

88–89, 467–468

description of,

88

TMAP

. See Texas Children’s Medication Algorithm Project

TMAY,

444

Topiramate, randomized clinical trial and meta-analysis of,

288

TORDIA

. See Treatment of Resistant Depression in Adolescents

Tourette syndrome,

495

TRAAY,

444

Tracking Adolescents’ Individual Lives Survey,

368

Transcranial magnetic stimulation, for treatment of mood disorders,

494–496

Trazodone

side effects of,

532

for treatment of insomnia,

261

TRD

. See Treatment-resistant depression

Treatment as usual (TAU),

230

Treatment for Adolescents with Depression Study (TADS),

89, 250, 332, 334, 424

for management of major depressive disorder,

90–91

randomized studies and longitudinal treatment of major depressive disorder and bipolar disorders in youth,

328

Treatment for Adolescents with Depression Study Team,

203–204

Treatment of Adolescent Suicide Attempters (TASA) study,

402, 407–408

Treatment of Early Age Mania (TEAM) study,

438, 444

Treatment of (SSRI) Resistant Depression in Adolescents (TORDIA) study,

89, 254, 261–262, 317, 325, 333–334, 402, 429, 430–431, 434

for management of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor–resistant depression in adolescents,

91–92

for pediatric depressive disorders,

204

Treatment-resistant depression (TRD),

243, 260–266

comorbidities and,

261

management of adolescents with,

265–266

Triadic model,

116

Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs)

compared with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors,

244

Food and Drug Administration–approved treatment for pediatric unipolar depression,

530

side effects of,

532

for treatment of nonmelancholic depression,

53

for treatment of pediatric depression,

256–257

Trintellix

. See Vortioxetine

Unipolar depression

. See also Depression

baseline characteristics of,

342

Food and Drug Administration–approved off-label and emerging pharmacological treatments for pediatric unipolar depression,

528–530

Food and Drug Administration–approved treatments for,

526, 527

overview of findings of recurrence and chronicity,

324–325, 326–331, 332–334

response to medication for treatment of,

341–342

risk factors for recurrence and chronicity of,

315–319

subsyndromal manic symptoms during episodes of,

319–320

treatment

adherence during long-term treatment,

339–341

combination therapy and safety during long-term treatment,

332–334

Uridine, open-label studies for pediatric bipolar depression,

294–295

U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)

approved interventions for pediatric mood disorders, xviii,

100

approved medication for treatment of suicide-related symptoms or self-harm behaviors,

409

approved off-label and emerging pharmacological treatments for pediatric unipolar depression,

528–530

approved treatments for unipolar depression,

526, 527

guidelines for pediatric populations,

84

Valproate

for management of angry outbursts,

66

safety and tolerability concerns,

533

Valproic acid

for reduction of cannabis use,

445

for treatment of bipolar disorder and disruptive behavior disorder,

443–444

Venlafaxine

Food and Drug Administration–approved treatment for pediatric unipolar depression,

528

for management of TORDIA,

91

randomized studies and longitudinal treatment of major depressive disorder and bipolar disorders in youth,

327

side effects of,

532

for treatment of MDD and DBD,

434

for treatment of pediatric depression,

253–254

Ventrolateral PFC (VLPFC),

149, 152

Viibryd

. See Vilazodone

Vilazodone (Viibryd)

Food and Drug Administration–approved treatment for pediatric unipolar depression,

528

for treatment of pediatric depression,

257–258

Vitamin C,

363, 364

Vitamin D₃, open-label studies,

292

VLPFC

. See Ventrolateral PFC

Vortioxetine (Trintellix)

Food and Drug Administration–approved treatment for pediatric unipolar depression,

529

for treatment of pediatric depression,

257

Wait-list control (WLC),

525

Washington University Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (WASH-U KSADS),

8, 10

WASH-U KSADS

. See Washington University Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia

Web sites

for pediatric onset mood disorders,

517–518

for school mental health,

480

Weersing review,

209

Wellbutrin

. See Bupropion

Wellness,

476

WLC

. See Wait-list control

World Mental Health Surveys,

317

YMRS

. See Young Mania Rating Scale

Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS),

12–13, 14, 86, 93, 284, 488, 491

Youth

. See Adolescents; Children; Suicide

Youth Self-Report (YSR),

17

YSR

. See Youth Self-Report

Ziprasidone

open-label studies,

292

for maintenance treatment of bipolar disorder in children and adolescents,

297

randomized clinical trial and meta-analysis of,

288

randomized clinical trials for treatment of pediatric acute mania,

283

Zoloft

. See Sertraline

Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale,

362–363