Index

AAAs

. See Area agencies on aging

Accelerated aging,

320

Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT),

223–224

ACE

. See Aid to Capacity Evaluation

ACED

. See Assessment of Capacity for Everyday Decision-Making

ACE inhibitors, as factor in late-life depression and anxiety,

119

ACEs

. See Adverse childhood experiences

ACT

. See Acceptance and commitment therapy

Activities of daily living (ADL),

18

Katz Index of,

150, 151

Lawton-Brody Scale of,

152–153

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), association with anxiety,

64

AD8

. See Alzheimer’s Association AD8 Dementia Screening Interview

Addison’s disease, in assessment of anxiety or depression in older adults,

110

S-adenosyl methionine (SAMe),

257, 258

ADL

. See Activities of daily living

Administration on Aging,

199

Advancing Integrated Mental Health Solutions (AIMS) Center,

199

Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), association with late-life depression,

9

Age

accelerated aging,

320

adolescence and depression,

4

at onset of anxiety,

85–86

at onset of generalized anxiety disorder,

97

at onset of panic disorder,

74

AgingInPlace,

280

Agoraphobia

clinical features,

68

clinical presentation,

72–73

DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for,

74–75

AIDS, association with anxiety,

64

Aid to Capacity Evaluation (ACE),

151, 164

AIMS

. See Advancing Integrated Mental Health Solutions Center

Alcohol use disorder,

36–37

association with anxiety,

95

as factor in late-life depression,

115–118, 117–120

Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT),

165, 117

Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test-Concise (AUDIT-C),

117

Alzheimer’s Association AD8 Dementia Screening Interview,

139, 161, 166

Alzheimer’s disease,

8, 34, 42

anxiety and,

93

cognitive impairment and,

139

criteria for depression in,

23–24

onset of,

4

rate of depression in,

6, 14

risk factors for,

56

American Association of Geriatric Psychiatry,

331

American Geriatrics Society Beers Criteria,

233, 238, 247, 281

American Medical Association,

165

American Psychiatric Association Council on Research Task Force on Novel Biomarkers and Treatments,

255

American Psychiatric Association Integrated Care,

209

American Society on Aging,

165

Amputations, association with anxiety,

65

Anemia, in assessment of anxiety or depression in older adults,

109

Antidepressants,

191, 230

interaction with other medications,

233

for treatment of late-life depression and anxiety,

277

adverse effects of,

232–233

augmentation strategies,

233–234

efficacy,

230–232

prescribing,

235–238, 236

Antiparkinsonian agents

association with late-life depression,

9

as factor in late-life depression and anxiety,

119

Anxiety

. See also Depression; Late-life depression

algorithm for treatment of late-life anxiety,

275, 276

case example of,

93–95

clinical course,

85–87

age at onset,

85–86

prognosis,

86–87

clinical presentation,

67–85, 68

comorbidities,

91–96, 97

as comorbidity of late-life depression,

33

consequences and complications of,

87–91

diagnosing,

157–160, 159

DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for,

317

due to another medical condition,

68

in early adulthood and midlife,

4

etiology,

54–60

adaptive functions of anxiety,

55

model of late-life anxiety,

57, 97

examples of maladaptive behaviors associated with age-specific challenges,

70

fight-or-flight response to,

55

management with sedativehypnotics,

238–239

medical conditions associated with,

62–65

medical conditions to consider when assessing,

108, 109–115, 113–115

model of late-life anxiety,

56, 57

in persons in long-term care facilities,

317

prevalence of,

66

public health impact of late-life and,

54

rating scales,

144–146, 143, 147, 163

resources for patients, families, and caregivers,

98

screening for anxiety in special populations,

147–150

summary of assessment,

162

symptoms of,

72, 159

Anxiety and Depression Association of America,

98

ARDS

. See Acute respiratory distress syndrome

Area agencies on aging (AAAs),

199

Arrhythmia, in assessment of anxiety or depression in older adults,

109

Art therapy,

259, 259

Assessment of Capacity for Everyday Decision-Making (ACED),

151, 164

AUDIT

. See Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test

AUDIT-C

. See Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test-Concise

BAI

. See Beck Anxiety Inventory

BDI-II

. See Beck Depression Inventory-II

Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI),

143, 145

Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDIII),

141

Behavioral activation,

220

Behavioral and psychological symptom of dementia (BPSD),

23–24

Benzodiazepines (BZDs)

association with anxiety,

95

association with late-life depression,

9

dosage,

239

as factor in late-life depression and anxiety,

119

for treatment of insomnia,

39, 222, 223

for treatment of late-life anxiety,

238–239, 277

Bereavement, as factor in assessment of late-life depression,

121–122

β-Blockers

association with late-life depression,

9

as factor in late-life depression and anxiety,

119

Biopsychosocial model,

127–132, 160–161, 164

Bipolar depression

clinical presentation,

22–23

resources for patients, families, and caregivers,

279

treatment for,

243–246

Bipolar disorder

in adulthood,

4

clinical presentation,

32

BLT

. See Bright light therapy

Borderline personality disorder,

39, 224

BPSD

. See Behavioral and psychological symptom of dementia

Bright light therapy (BLT)

resources for patients, families, and caregivers,

280

for treatment of late-life depression and anxiety,

254–255

Built environment,

322

Bupropion,

132, 231

Bupropion XL, for treatment of latelife depression,

236

BZDs

. SeeBenzodiazepines

CADASIL, in assessment of anxiety or depression in older adults,

112, 114

CAGE,

116

CAGE-AID,

116

Calcium channel blockers, as factor in late-life depression and anxiety,

119

Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments (CANMAT),

244, 256

Cancer

anxiety and increased mortality from,

89

in assessment of anxiety or depression in older adults,

112, 115

association with anxiety,

62

association with depression,

8, 29, 310

depression rating scales and,

150

medications for and association with depression and anxiety,

119–120

palliative care and depression,

321

CANMAT

. See Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments

Cannabis,

37–38. See also Substance use disorders

Capacity assessment,

324–325

Carbidopa, as factor in late-life depression and anxiety,

119

Cardiovascular disease

in assessment of anxiety or depression in older adults,

109–110, 113

antidepressants and,

230

association with anxiety,

62, 89

depression and,

31, 38, 41, 42

ECT and,

250

medications for as factor in depression and anxiety,

119

PTSD and,

88

Caregivers

. See also Resources for patients, families, and caregivers

anxiety and,

90–91, 224, 324

assessment of anxiety and,

146

assessment of depression and,

141–142

challenges for,

93

depression in,

227–228, 323, 324

elder abuse and,

326, 330

impact of late-life depression on,

32–33

inclusion in treatment of patient,

220, 227

psychoeducation and,

215

psychosocial risk factors,

330

public services for,

199, 208

Cariprazine, for treatment of bipolar depression,

245

Case examples

of Alzheimer’s disease,

201–203

of anxiety,

93–95

of cognitive impairment as comorbidity of anxiety,

93–95

of cognitive impairment as comorbidity of late-life depression,

35–36

of cultural assessment with depression and anxiety,

305–308

of dementia and suicide risk,

201–203

of organizational frameworks for a comprehensive assessment,

130–132, 133, 134

of psychotic depression,

20–21

of quality of life,

305–308

of specific phobia,

76–77

Catatonia, clinical presentation of,

21

CBT

. See Cognitive-behavioral therapy

CBT-I

. See Cognitive-behavioral therapy

CDR

. See Clinical Dementia Rating

Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D),

141, 148, 308–309

Cerebrovascular disease

antidepressants and,

230

CADASIL and,

112, 114

depression and,

4–6, 5, 34–35

vascular depression and,

25–26, 42, 108, 254

CES-D

. See Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale

CHF

. See Congestive heart failure

Chinese herbal medicines,

257, 259

Chronic care model,

260–261

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

in assessment of anxiety or depression in older adults,

115, 149

association with anxiety,

64, 120

benzodiazepines and,

241

ECT and,

250

insomnia and,

240

Cimetidine, as factor in late-life depression and anxiety,

119

Citalopram

adverse effects of,

232

for treatment of late-life depression,

236

Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR),

220

Clomipramine,

315

Clonidine, as factor in late-life depression and anxiety,

119

Clozapine,

191, 273

Cluster B personality disorders,

39

CMS

. See U.S. Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services

Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT, CBT-I)

access to,

221

to address negative dysfunctional thoughts,

10

for management of insomnia,

218, 222–223

for management of late-life depression and anxiety,

217–222, 231–232, 274–275, 276, 277

for management of bipolar depression,

246, 275

telepsychiatry delivery of,

269

third-wave,

223–224

in treatment of suicide,

193–194

well-being therapy and,

267

Cognitive impairment

case example of,

93–95

as comorbidity of anxiety,

92–93

as comorbidity of late-life depression,

33–36

case example of,

35–36

instruments for identification in older adults,

138–139

screening for,

135–137, 161, 138–139

screening for depression and anxiety in elders with,

148

Cognitive restructuring,

221

Collaborative care

efficacy,

278

for management of late-life depression and anxiety,

262–267, 264–265

model of,

198–199

resources for clinicians,

281–282

Columbia Lighthouse Project,

165–166

Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale (C-SSRS),

133–134, 183–184, 207, 208, 318

Communication, with family and others,

156–157, 164

Community-based interventions collaboration with,

216–217

for management of late-life depression and anxiety,

267–269

Complementary and alternative medicine, for treatment of latelife depression and anxiety,

257–260, 258–259

Complicated grief,

28

Computed tomography (CT),

156

Congestive heart failure (CHF), association with anxiety,

62

COPD

. See Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Cornell Scale for Depression in Dementia (CSDD),

137, 163, 141

Coronary artery disease, association with anxiety,

62, 88

COVID-19

in assessment of anxiety or depression in older adults,

111

suicide risk and,

186

telepsychiatry during pandemic,

269

C-reactive protein (CRP), in midlife,

7

CRP

. See C-reactive protein

CSDD

. See Cornell Scale for Depression in Dementia

C-SSRS

. See Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale

CT

. See Computed tomography

Cultural Formulation Interview,

11, 124, 305, 306–307, 329

case example of,

305–308

Culture

in assessment of late-life depression,

124–127

CBT and,

221–222

cultural assessment,

303–309

definition of,

11, 304, 328–329

family involvement in treatment and,

216

intergenerational obligation and,

11–12

late-life anxiety and,

59–60, 276

late-life depression and,

6, 11–12, 274–275

panic disorder criteria and,

73

resources for patients, families, and caregivers,

331

risk factors for late-life anxiety,

61

screening for depression and anxiety in culturally diverse elders,

147–148

Cushing’s disease, in assessment of anxiety or depression in older adults,

110

DASH

. See Diagnostic Assessment Scale for the Severely Handicapped

DBSA

. See Depression and Bipolar Support Alliance

DBT

. See Dialectical behavior therapy

Death

as consequence of anxiety,

88–89

as consequence of late-life depression,

31–32

grief and,

27, 28

religious beliefs and death anxiety,

59

suicide at the end of life,

204–206

suicide risk and thoughts of,

189, 198

thoughts of, as symptom of depression,

19, 24, 27

DEATH (mnemonic for personal activities of daily living),

18

Decision-making capacity

assessing,

150–151

medical,

150–151

in older adults,

164

Dementia

. See also Major neurocognitive disorder

as comorbidity of anxiety,

92–93

as comorbidity of late-life depression,

33–36

depression and,

23–24, 23

suicide risk and,

200–203

Dementia syndrome of depression (DSD),

136

Depression

. See also Late-life depression

behaviors,

18

in caregivers,

323

as comorbidity of anxiety,

91–92

in dementia,

23–24, 23

describing the severity of,

219

distinguishing grief from,

27

DSM-5 other specified depressive disorder category,

157

epidemiology,

12–14

etiology

life course of depression,

4, 5

mechanisms of depression,

4, 6

neural networks involved in late-life depression,

4, 7

grief and,

26–29

instruments for assessment in older adults,

140–142

making the diagnosis,

157–159, 159

medical conditions to consider when assessing,

108, 109–115, 113–115

minor,

26

overview, ix

rating scales,

137, 140–142, 143, 163

screening in special populations,

147–150

screening instruments in older adults,

140–142

severity,

219

summary of assessment,

162

symptoms of,

18, 19, 159

treatment-resistant,

191

vascular,

24–25, 108

Depression and Bipolar Support Alliance (DBSA),

43

Depression executive dysfunction syndrome,

136

Diabetes mellitus

in assessment of anxiety or depression in older adults,

110

association with anxiety,

63, 72, 114

association with bipolar disorder,

22, 243–244

association with depression,

6, 8, 29, 32, 114

Diagnostic Assessment Scale for the Severely Handicapped (DASH),

314

Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT),

218, 223

Diphenhydramine, for treatment of insomnia,

242

Disability

association with anxiety,

54, 64, 71, 72, 89, 96

association with depression,

32, 41, 157, 226

association with panic disorder,

75, 88

frailty and,

40

involuntary commitment and,

204

Doxepin, for treatment of insomnia,

240, 241

DSD

. See Dementia syndrome of depression

DSM-IV

approach to cultural formulation in,

304–305

definition of major depressive disorder and dysthymia,

13

definition of major depressive episode,

136

DSM-5

Cross-Cultural Issues Subgroup,

305

diagnostic criteria for agoraphobia,

74–75

diagnostic criteria for anxiety disorder,

317

diagnostic criteria for GAD,

69, 71

diagnostic criteria for MDD,

15–17

diagnostic criteria for OCD,

83–85

diagnostic criteria for panic

disorder,

73–74

diagnostic criteria for PTSD,

78–83

diagnostic criteria for prolonged grief disorder,

28–29

other specified depressive disorder category,

157

Duloxetine, for treatment of late-life depression,

236

ECT

. See Electroconvulsive therapy

Educational attainment, in assessment of late-life depression,

123–124

Elder abuse,

164

cultural assessment of,

325–327

identification and screening,

326

risk factors for,

326

screening for,

151, 154, 330

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT),

192

resources for patients, families, and caregivers,

280

for treatment of bipolar depression,

245–246

for treatment of late-life depression and anxiety,

249–253, 252, 277

for treatment of psychotic depression,

243

Emergency departments, cultural assessment of adults and,

317–319, 319

Endocrine disease

in assessment of anxiety or depression in older adults,

113–114

association with anxiety,

63

End-stage renal disease, association with anxiety,

64

Engage (adaptation of CBT),

227

Epidemiologic Catchment Area study,

40

Erikson, Erik,

228

Escitalopram, for treatment of late-life depression,

236

Esketamine, for treatment of late-life depression and anxiety,

255–257

Estrogens, as factor in late-life depression and anxiety,

119

Eszopiclone, for treatment of insomnia,

39, 241

Ethical considerations

involuntary commitment,

203–204

suicide at the end of life,

204–206

Ethnicity

in assessment of late-life depression,

125–126

rating scales and,

147

suicide rates and,

180

Ethnic minority elders,

3, 9, 90, 219, 221–222, 230, 252, 253, 308–309

challenges faced by,

12

depression and anxiety and,

11, 19, 29, 124, 306–307

late-life anxiety and,

66

Executive dysfunction syndrome,

25, 221

Exercise

for management of late-life depression and anxiety,

228–229, 278

resources for patients, families, and caregivers,

280

FAB

. See Frontal Assessment Battery

Failure to thrive (FTT), as comorbidity of late-life depression,

40–41

Falls,

232, 233

Familismo,

11

Family

anxiety and,

90–91

communicating with,

156–157, 164

impact of late-life depression on,

32–33

patient support and,

323

psychoeducation of,

214–217, 215

resources for anxiety,

98

resources for assessment of latelife depression and anxiety,

164–165

resources for cultural assessment of the older adult with depression and anxiety,

331

resources for late-life depression,

43

resources for suicide,

208

Fear of falling,

76, 77, 88–89

Filial piety,

11

Firearms, in suicide attempt,

179–180

Fish oil,

257, 258

Fluoxetine,

315

Folic acid,

257, 258

Frailty, as comorbidity of late-life depression,

40–41

Friendship Line,

208

Frontal Assessment Battery (FAB),

139

FTT

. See Failure to thrive

GAD

. See Generalized anxiety disorder

GAD-7

. See Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7

GAI

. See Geriatric Anxiety Inventory

GAI-SF

. See Geriatric Anxiety Inventory-Short Form

GAS

. See Geriatric Anxiety Scale

GDS

. See Geriatric Depression Scale

Gender

. See also LGBTQ+ older adults;Men; Women

in assessment of late-life depression,

124–125

suicide rates and,

180

Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD),

309

age at onset,

97

chronic,

33

clinical features,

68

clinical presentation,

69, 72

description of,

160

DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for,

71

quality of life with,

72, 88

Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7),

131–132, 144, 147, 163

Genetic disease, in assessment of anxiety or depression in older adults,

112, 114

Genetics, late-life depression and,

8

Genomics Used to Improve Depression Decisions (GUIDED),

231

Geriatric Anxiety Inventory (GAI),

145, 147, 166

Geriatric Anxiety Inventory-Short Form (GAI-SF),

147

Geriatric Anxiety Scale (GAS),

123, 144, 147

Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS),

137, 140, 163, 318

GeriatricsCareOnline,

281

Glasgow Anxiety Scale,

314

Grief

complicated,

28

depression and,

26–29

distinguishing depression from,

27

DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for prolonged grief disorder,

29

as factor in assessment of late-life depression,

121–122

GUIDED

. See Genomics Used to Improve Depression Decisions

H₂ antihistamines, as factor in latelife depression and anxiety,

119

HADS

. See Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale

Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale,

149

Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS),

313

Harvard Medical School,

280

Hazeldon Betty Ford Foundation,

164

HDRS

. See Hamilton Depression Rating Scale

Health

literacy, in assessment of late-life depression,

123–124

screening acutely ill elders for depression and anxiety,

149–150

social determinants of,

322–324, 324

unrecognized mental health disorders,

320

worry about,

98

Health care utilization, anxiety and,

89–90

Health in Aging,

98, 280

Health Literacy Tool Shed,

124, 165

Healthy IDEAS,

265, 268, 269, 281

Healthy migrant effect,

11

Heart failure, in assessment of anxiety or depression in older adults,

109

HelpGuide,

278

Herbal supplements, for treatment of insomnia,

242

HIV, in assessment of anxiety or depression in older adults,

115, 111

Hoarding disorder, clinical presentation of,

85

Home health care,

67

Hospice, cultural assessment of older adults and,

321

Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS),

140, 143, 145

Howell, Timothy,

127

HPA axis

. See Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis

HRS

. See U.S. Health and Retirement Study

Hydralazine, as factor in late-life depression and anxiety,

119

Hydrochlorothiazide,

305

Hydroxyzine, for treatment of insomnia,

242

Hypercalcemia, in assessment of anxiety or depression in older adults,

114, 111

Hyperhidrosis,

232

Hyperhomocysteinemia, in assessment of anxiety or depression in older adults,

114

Hyperparathyroidism, in assessment of anxiety or depression in older adults,

114

Hypersomnia,

39

Hypochondriasis,

95–96

Hypoglycemia, in assessment of anxiety or depression in older adults,

110

Hyponatremia,

232

Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis

anxiety and,

58

depression in younger adults and,

8

Hypothyroidism, in assessment of anxiety or depression in older adults,

110

Hypovitaminosis, in assessment of anxiety or depression in older adults,

111

ID

. See Intellectual disability

Illness anxiety disorder,

96

Immigrant status, and anxiety and depression

309

IMPACT

. See Improved Mood—Promoting Access to Collaborative Care Treatment

Improved Mood—Promoting Access to Collaborative Care Treatment (IMPACT),

190–191, 198, 220, 263, 264, 266, 267, 281

Incarceration, cultural assessment of older adults and,

320–321

Infectious disease, in assessment of anxiety or depression in older adults,

111, 115

Inpatient medical units, cultural assessment of older adults and,

319–320

Insomnia,

39

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and,

240

management with sedativehypnotics,

240–243, 241

Integrated Telehealth Education and Activation of Mood (I-TEAM),

265, 268, 269

Intellectual disability (ID)

older adults with,

313–315

treatment for depression and anxiety and,

316

Interferon alpha, as factor in late-life depression and anxiety,

119

International Society for Bipolar Disorders (ISBD),

244

International Society for ECT and Neurostimulation,

280

Interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT)

for management of late-life depression and anxiety,

217–218, 218, 224–226, 274–275, 275

suicide risk reduction and,

193

Interpersonal social rhythm therapy (IPSRT), for treatment of bipolar depression,

246

Involuntary commitment,

203–204

Involutional melancholia,

2, 14

IPSRT

. See Interpersonal social rhythm therapy

IPT

. See Interpersonal psychotherapy

ISBD

. See International Society for Bipolar Disorders

I-TEAM

. See Integrated Telehealth Education and Activation of Mood

Japan Gerontological Evaluation Study,

322–323

Joint Commission’s National Patient Safety Goal,

182–183

Ketamine

resources for patients, families, and caregivers,

280

side effects of,

257

for treatment of bipolar depression,

246

for treatment of late-life depression and anxiety,

255–257

Kraepelin, Emil,

2

Lamotrigine

for treatment of bipolar depression,

245

for treatment of late-life depression,

236, 278

Late-life depression (LLD)

. See alsoDepression

assessment

anxiety rating scales,

143, 144–147, 147

assessing decision-making capacity,

150–151

bedside assessment,

132–147

communicating with family and others,

156–157

cultural and spiritual factors,

124–127

gender and sexual identity,

124–125

religion and spirituality,

126–127

educational attainment and health literacy,

123–124

functional,

150, 151–153, 164

grief, loss, and bereavement,

121–122

laboratory, imaging, and other assessments,

154–156, 155–156

making the diagnosis,

157–160

organizational frameworks for a comprehensive assessment,

127–132

biopsychosocial-spiritual framework,

128–129

case example of,

130–132, 133, 134

Wisconsin Star Method,

130

personality traits and disorders,

118, 120

predisposing, precipitating, and perpetuating factors

alcohol, other substances, and medications,

115–118, 117, 119–120

medical conditions,

108, 109–115, 113–115

resources for patients, families, and caregivers,

164–166

screening for cognitive impairment,

135–137, 138–139

screening for depression in special populations,

147–150

screening instruments for depression in older adults,

140–142

social support,

122–123

socioeconomic status and financial stressors,

123

summary,

162

beliefs and values contributing to,

10

capacity assessment and,

324–325

care of older adults with,

328–330

clinical course,

29–30, 42

clinical presentation,

14–29, 41

prevalence of specific symptoms,

19, 19

typical presentations,

17–20

comorbidities,

33–41

consequences and complications of,

30–33

cultural and spiritual factors,

11–12

cultural assessment of patients with depression,

305–305

case examples of,

305–308

Cultural Formulation Interview,

11, 124, 306–307

incarcerated older adults,

320–321

in inpatient medical units,

319–320

in long-term care facilities,

316–317

in palliative care and hospice,

321

in ethnic and racial minority elders,

308–309

etiology,

41

life course of,

4, 5

mechanisms of,

4, 6

neural networks involved in,

4, 7

heritability,

8

implementing a treatment algorithm for,

273–277, 274–276

life review and reminiscence,

228

management of,

213–214

with antidepressants,

230–238, 236

community-based interventions,

267–269

complementary and alternative medicine,

257–260, 258–259

exercise,

228–229

framework for psychoeducational interventions,

215

psychoeducation of patients and families,

214–217

psychotherapy,

217–228

public health interventions,

260–270

barriers to effective identification and treatment of older adults,

261–262

collaborative care,

262–267, 264–265

somatic treatments

bright light therapy,

254–255

ECT,

249–253, 252

ketamine and esketamine,

255–257

repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation,

253–254

telepsychiatry,

269–270

neurobiology,

4–9

in older adults with intellectual disability,

313–315

treatment,

315, 316

personality factors contributing to,

10

progression of,

41

psychosocial, psychological, and personality factors,

9–10, 10

public health impact of,

2–3

resources for patients, families, and caregivers,

43, 278–281

screening for elder abuse,

151, 154

social determinants of anxiety and,

322–324, 324

socioeconomic factors contributing to,

10

stressful life events and,

10

Lawton-Brody Scale of Instrumental Activities of Daily Living,

150, 152–153

Legal issues

involuntary commitment,

203–204

suicide at the end of life,

204–206

Levodopa, as factor in late-life depression and anxiety,

119

LGBTQ+ older adults

. See also Gender; Sexual identity

cultural assessment of,

309–311, 312

discrimination against,

3

mental health in,

329

prevalence of anxiety disorders in,

66

prevalence of late-life depression in,

14

Light therapy

. See Bright light therapy

Lithium,

191

for treatment of bipolar depression,

244, 245

for treatment of late-life depression,

236, 278

LLD

. See Late-life depression

Long-term care facilities,

316–317

elder abuse in,

327

resident-to-resident abuse,

327

screening elder residents for depression and anxiety,

148–149

suicide in,

203

Loss, as factor in assessment of latelife depression,

121–122

Lung disease, in assessment of anxiety or depression in older adults,

112

Lurasidone

for treatment of bipolar depression,

245

for treatment of late-life depression,

237, 278

Lyme disease, in assessment of anxiety or depression in older adults,

111

MacArthur Competence Assessment Tool (MacCAT-T),

325

MacCA-T

. See MacArthur Competence Assessment Tool

Major depressive disorder (MDD),

2–3

diagnosis,

14, 158

DSM-IV definition of,

13, 136

DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for,

15–17

late in life,

4

prevalence of,

12–13

psychotherapy for treatment of,

217

Major neurocognitive disorder,

137. See also Dementia

Malignancy, in assessment of anxiety or depression in older adults,

112

MAOIs

. See Monoamine oxidase inhibitors

Massage,

258

Mayo Clinic,

280

MBCT

. See Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy

MBSR

. See Mindfulness-based stress reduction

MDD

. See Major depressive disorder

Means reduction,

194

Medical factors

anxiety due to a medical condition,

68

late-life anxiety and,

60

medical conditions associated with anxiety,

62–65

Medication

as factor in late-life depression and anxiety,

115–118, 117, 119–120

misuse of,

161

use of psychotropic medication in adults with intellectual disabilities,

316

psychiatric medications for suicide risk assessment,

191–192

safety resources,

279–280

Melancholia,

2

Melatonin, for treatment of insomnia,

242

Men

alcohol consumption by,

116

risk for falls,

88–89

suicide rates,

179

Menopause

anxiety and,

58

in later life,

8

Mental Health America,

98, 279

Mental retardation

. See Intellectual disability

Metabolic disease, in assessment of anxiety or depression in older adults,

111

Methyldopa, as factor in late-life depression and anxiety,

119

L-methylfolate,

258

Migration, in assessment of late-life depression,

125–126

Mild cognitive impairment, association with anxiety,

63

Mild neurocognitive disorder,

137

Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT),

223–224

Mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR),

223–224

MINI

. See Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Instrument

Mini-Cog,

161, 166, 138

Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Instrument (MINI),

148

Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE),

138, 220

Minor depression,

12, 157

clinical presentation,

26

Minorities

. See Ethnic minorities; LGBTQ+ older adults;Race

Mirtazapine,

231, 315

for treatment of insomnia,

242

for treatment of late-life depression,

236

MMSE

. See Mini-Mental State Examination

MoCA

. See Montreal Cognitive Assessment

Models

biopsychosocial model,

127–132, 160–161, 164

chronic care model,

260–261

collaborative care model,

198–199, 278

of late-life anxiety,

56, 57

of psychoeducation program,

216

of screening for, assessing, and addressing suicidality in older adults,

182

stress threshold model,

93

Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs),

232

Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA),

138, 166

MS

. See Multiple sclerosis

MTHFR deficiency, in assessment of anxiety or depression in older adults,

112, 114

Multiple sclerosis (MS), association with anxiety,

64

Music therapy,

258, 259

NAMI

. See National Alliance on Mental Illness

National Action Alliance for Suicide Prevention,

200

National Aging Network,

199

National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI),

195, 208, 279, 282

National Association of Area Agencies on Aging,

208

National Center on Aging,

331

National Center on Elder Abuse,

331

National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R),

13, 66

National Institute for Mental Health (NIMH),

43, 279, 331

National Institute on Aging (NIA),

43

National Ombudsman System,

327

National Research Center on LGBT Aging,

331

National Resource Center on LGBT Aging,

165

National Strategy for Suicide Prevention,

199–200

National Suicide Prevention Lifeline,

43, 196, 197, 199, 208, 272, 280

NCS-R

. See National Comorbidity Survey Replication

Neoplastic disease

in assessment of anxiety or depression in older adults,

112

association with anxiety,

62

Neurobiology

late-life anxiety and,

56–58

late-life depression and,

4–9

Neurological disease

in assessment of anxiety or depression in older adults,

109, 113

association with anxiety,

63–64

Neuropsychiatric Inventory Questionnaire (NPI-Q),

142, 146, 163

Neurosyphilis, in assessment of anxiety or depression in older adults,

111

Neuroticism, as factor in assessment of late-life depression and anxiety,

118

NIA

. See National Institute on Aging

Nicotine dependence,

38

NIMH

. See National Institute for Mental Health

Northern Light Technologies,

255

Nortriptyline, for treatment of latelife depression,

236

NPI-Q

. See Neuropsychiatric Inventory Questionnaire

Nursing facilities, residents with latelife anxiety in,

67

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD),

159–160

clinical presentation,

83–85

DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for,

83–85

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA),

40

in assessment of anxiety or depression in older adults,

115

OCD

. See Obsessive-compulsive disorder

OCF

. See Outline for Cultural Formulation

Olanzapine

and fluoxetine for treatment of bipolar depression,

244, 245

and sertraline for psychotic depression,

243

Opioids,

38

association with anxiety,

95

association with late-life depression,

9

as factor in late-life depression and anxiety,

119

Optimizing Outcomes of Treatment-Resistant Depression in Older Adults (OPTIMUM),

233, 234

OSA

. See Obstructive sleep apnea

Osteoporosis,

232

OPTIMUM

. See Optimizing Outcomes of Treatment-Resistant Depression in Older Adults

Outline for Cultural Formulation (OCF),

304–305

Palliative care, cultural assessment of older patients and,

321

Panic attack,

72–73

Panic disorder

age at onset,

74

characteristics,

72–73

clinical features,

68

clinical presentation,

72–76

DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for,

73–74

Parkinson’s Anxiety Scale (PAS),

149–150

Parkinson’s disease

in assessment of anxiety or depression in older adults,

109, 113

onset of,

4

rate of depression in,

6

Paroxetine,

225, 233, 236, 248, 314, 315

PAS

. See Parkinson’s Anxiety Scale

PATH

. See Problem adaptation therapy

Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-2),

183, 206, 208

Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-2+9),

133, 140, 183

Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9),

131, 133, 183, 206, 318

Patients

interviewing,

271

psychoeducation of,

214–217, 215

resources for anxiety,

98

resources for assessment of latelife depression and anxiety,

164–165

resources for cultural assessment of the older adult with depression and anxiety,

331

resources for late-life depression,

43

resources for suicide,

208

support from family,

323

PEARLS

. See Program to Encourage Active, Rewarding Lives for Seniors

Penn State Worry Questionnaire (PSWQ, PSWQ-A),

147

Persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia),

159

clinical presentation,

25–26

Personality disorders,

161

as comorbidity of late-life depression,

38–39

as factor in assessment of late-life depression,

118, 120

Personality factors

association with late-life depression,

10

in late-life anxiety,

58–59

in late-life depression,

9–10, 10

Pheochromocytoma, in assessment of anxiety or depression in older adults,

110

PHQ-2

. See Patient Health Questionnaire

PHQ-2+9

. See Patient Health Questionnaire

PHQ-9

. See Patient Health Questionnaire

PIMRA

. See Psychopathology Inventory for Mentally Retarded Adults

Polypharmacy, avoiding and addressing,

246–249, 247, 249, 277

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

age at onset,

86

in assessment of anxiety and depression,

121

association with suicide attempts,

87

bereavement and,

27

clinical course,

87

clinical presentation,

78–83

cognitive impairment in older adults with,

92

DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for,

78–83

in older women,

83

morbidity and comorbidity,

88, 92

prevalence,

66, 67

substance use and,

95

trauma and assessment of late-life depression and anxiety,

120–121

treatment,

220, 256

Practice Guideline for the Assessment and Treatment of Patients With Suicidal Behaviors,

185

President’s New Freedom Commission on Mental Health,

198

Prevention of Suicide in Primary Care Elderly: Collaborative Trial (PROSPECT),

26, 181, 198, 264, 273

Pride generation,

310. See also LGBTQ+ older adults

Primary care patients, late-life anxiety and,

67

Problem adaptation therapy (PATH),

227

for management of late-life depression and anxiety,

218

Problem-solving therapy (PST),

193–194

for management of late-life depression and anxiety,

217, 218, 226–227, 277

Progesterone, as factor in late-life depression and anxiety,

119

Program to Encourage Active, Rewarding Lives for Seniors (PEARLS),

264, 268, 281

Propranolol, as factor in late-life depression and anxiety,

119

PROSPECT

. See Prevention of Suicide in Primary Care Elderly: Collaborative Trial

Pseudodementia,

135–136. See also Cognitive impairment; Dementia

PST

. See Problem-solving therapy

PSWQ

. See Penn State Worry Questionnaire

Psychodynamic psychotherapy, for management of late-life depression and anxiety,

227–228

Psychoeducation

about late-life depression,

277

framework for psychoeducational interventions,

215

of patients and families,

214–217

Psychological factors

in late-life anxiety,

58–59

in late-life depression,

9–10, 10

Psychopathology Inventory for Mentally Retarded Adults (PIMRA),

314

Psychosocial factors

as interventions for suicide risk assessment,

194–195

in late-life anxiety,

58–59

in late-life depression,

9–10, 10

Psychotherapy

for late-life management of depression and anxiety,

217–228, 277

overview,

217–219, 218–219

for patients in palliative care and hospice,

321

for suicide risk reduction

192–194

for treatment of major depressive disorder,

217

Psychotic depression

case example of,

20–21

clinical presentation,

20

treatment for,

243

Psycom,

279

PTSD

. See Posttraumatic stress disorder

Public health

impact of late-life anxiety on,

54

impact of late-life depression on,

2–3

Public services, for the health and wellbeing of older adults,

199

Pulmonary embolism, in assessment of anxiety or depression in older adults,

109

Quality of life

case example of,

305–308

with generalized anxiety disorder,

72, 88

meaning, purpose, and social connection in late life,

327–328

Quetiapine

for treatment of bipolar depression,

245

for treatment of late-life depression,

236, 278

Race

addressing racial disparities in the provision of mental health care,

282

in assessment of late-life depression,

125–126

cultural assessment with depression and anxiety and,

308–309

RAID

. See Rating Anxiety in Dementia

Ramelteon, for treatment of insomnia,

240, 241

Rapid Estimate of Adult Literacy in Medicine—Short Form (REALM-SF),

124

Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep,

39

Rating Anxiety in Dementia (RAID),

148, 163, 146

REALM-SF

. See Rapid Estimate of Adult Literacy in Medicine—Short Form Religion. See also

in assessment of late-life depression,

126–127

women and,

312

REM

. See Rapid eye movement sleep

Reminiscence therapy,

259

for management of late-life depression and anxiety,

228, 218

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS),

192

resources for patients, families, and caregivers,

280

for treatment of late-life depression and anxiety,

253–254, 277–278

Reserpine, as factor in late-life depression and anxiety,

119

Respiratory disease

in assessment of anxiety or depression in older adults,

112, 115

association with anxiety,

64

Retirement,

305–308, 322–323

rTMS

. See Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation

SAFE-T

. See Suicide Assessment Five-Step Evaluation and Triage

Safety

developing a suicide safety plan,

272

planning in suicide risk assessment,

195–197, 196, 318

Saint Louis University Mental Status (SLUMS) examination,

132, 136–137, 138, 161, 168

SAMe

. See S-adenosyl methionine

SAMHSA

. See Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration

SAS

. See Zung Self-Rating Anxiety Scale

Scale for Suicide Ideation,

198

SCID

. See Structured Clinical Interview for DSM Disorders

Screening Tool of Older Persons’ Prescriptions and Screening Tool to Alert to Right Treatment (STOPP/START),

247

SDS

. See Severity of Dependence Scale; Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale

Sedative-hypnotics

for management of anxiety,

238–239

for management of insomnia,

240–243, 241

Seizures, in assessment of anxiety or depression in older adults,

110

Selective attention, anxiety and,

58–59

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs),

191, 231, 235

Sequenced Treatment Alternatives to Relieve Depression (STAR*D) trial,

234

Sertraline, for treatment of late-life depression,

236

Severity of Dependence Scale (SDS),

161, 117

Sexual activity, adverse effects of antidepressants on,

232–233

Sexual identity, in assessment of latelife depression,

124–125. See also Gender; LGBTQ+ older adults

Sexual minorities,

3, 9

late-life anxiety and,

66

SHAFT (mnemonic for instrumental activities of daily living),

18

Short Michigan Alcohol Screening Test—Geriatric Version (SMASTG),

117, 161

Shuganjieyu,

257, 259

Silent Generation,

310. See also LGBTQ+ older adults

Sleep apnea

in assessment of anxiety or depression in older adults,

112, 115

treatment,

240

Sleep disorders, as comorbidity of late-life depression,

39–40

SLUMS

. See Saint Louis University Mental Status examination

SMAST-G

. See Short Michigan Alcohol Screening Test—Geriatric Version

Social anxiety disorder (social phobia)

clinical features,

68

clinical presentation,

78

Social isolation

as contributor to late-life depression,

10

depression in Alzheimer’s disease and,

24

language barriers and,

11

as risk factor for anxiety,

58

as risk factor for suicide,

186, 187, 194, 270, 319

Social support, in assessment of latelife depression,

122–123

Socioeconomic status,

161–162

in assessment of late-life depression,

123

association with late-life depression,

10

Somatic symptom disorder,

96

Somatization, as comorbidity of anxiety,

95–96

Spaced retrieval,

220–221

Specific phobia

case example of,

76–77

characterization of,

76

clinical features,

68

clinical presentation,

76

fear of falling,

76, 77, 88–89

risk factors for fear of falling,

77, 97

Spirituality

. See alsoReligion

in assessment of late-life depression,

124–127, 126–127, 311–313

definition of,

311

late-life anxiety and,

59–60

late-life depression and,

11–12

SPRC

. See Suicide Prevention Resource Center

SSRIs

. See Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors

STAI

. See State-Trait Anxiety Inventory

Stanford Ethnogeriatrics Curriculum,

165

STAR*D

. See Sequenced Treatment Alternatives to Relieve Depression trial

State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI),

143

Steroids

association with late-life depression,

9

as factor in late-life depression and anxiety,

120

St. John’s wort,

257, 258

STOP-BANG questionnaire,

115

STOPP/START

. See Screening Tool of Older Persons’ Prescriptions and Screening Tool to Alert to Right Treatment

Stress

association with late-life depression,

8, 10

biopsychosocial-spiritual framework and,

128

minority stress,

125–126

social determinants of health and,

323

stress hormone regulation,

58, 91

stress threshold model,

93

Stressors

aging-related,

9

bipolar depression and,

246

cultural factors,

11, 59

in assessment of late-life depression,

123

bereavement,

27

financial,

123, 161–162, 186

psychosocial,

6, 187

risk factors for anxiety disorders,

58, 60, 61

as risk factor for suicide,

319

Stroke

association with anxiety,

63, 88, 113

CADASIL and,

112, 114

late-life depression and,

3, 8, 29, 32, 108, 113

psychotherapy for patients with,

217, 226

Structured Clinical Interview for DSM Disorders (SCID),

150

Subdural hematoma, in assessment of anxiety or depression in older adults,

109

Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA),

185, 197

Substance/medication-induced anxiety disorder, clinical features of,

68

Substance use disorders

anxiety and,

56, 95, 97

in assessment of anxiety or depression,

115–116

late-life depression and,

33, 36–38

OCD and,

95

as risk factor for suicide,

270, 319

severity of in older adults,

116

in treatment of anxiety or depression,

273

Subsyndromal anxiety,

66, 69

Subsyndromal depression,

26, 226

Subthreshold anxiety,

66, 69

Subthreshold depression,

26

Suicide

attempts as consequence of anxiety,

87–88, 179

as consequence of late-life depression,

30, 31

ideation,

135, 180–181

legal and ethical considerations,

203–206

involuntary commitment,

203–204

suicide at the end of life,

204–206

monitoring and addressing suicide risk determining appropriate level of care,

271–272

developing a suicide safety plan,

272

estimating risk,

270

implementing interventions to reduce risk,

272–273

interviewing the patient,

271

reducing access to means of suicide,

272

screening for suicidality,

270

resources

for clinicians,

208–209

for patients, families, and caregivers,

208

risk assessment,

132–135, 163, 184–190, 185

during COVID-19 pandemic,

186

factors in,

207

identifying risk factors,

185–186, 187–188

means reduction,

194

National Strategy for Suicide Prevention,

199–200

psychiatric medications and other biological treatments,

190–192

psychosocial interventions,

194–195

psychotherapy,

192–194

public services for the health and well-being of older adults,

199

risk determination,

188–189, 189

risk reduction interventions,

189–190, 190

suicide inquiry,

186, 188

suicide safety planning,

195–197, 196

risk factors in older adults,

319

risk reduction,

177, 207

estimating risk level and determining appropriate interventions,

189

means of suicide in older adults,

272

model of screening for, assessing, and addressing suicidality in older adults,

182

scope,

178–181

screening for suicidality,

181–184, 182

role of screening,

182–183

screening tools,

183–184

strategies,

190

suicide rates for females,

178

suicide rates for males,

179

suicide rates by ethnicity and gender,

180

systems-level approaches to suicide risk reduction

collaborative care model,

198–199

overview,

198

in special populations,

200–203

dementia and suicide risk,

200–203

in long-term care settings,

203

suicide inquiry,

185, 186, 188

Suicide Assessment Five-Step Evaluation and Triage (SAFE-T),

109, 135, 166

Suicide Prevention Resource Center (SPRC),

200, 208, 280

Suicide Safety Plan,

209

Sunbox Company,

255

Supporting Seniors Receiving Treatment and Intervention (SUSTAIN),

265, 267–268, 269, 273

Surgeon General’s Report on Mental Health,

198

SUSTAIN

. See Supporting Seniors Receiving Treatment and Intervention

Suvorexant, for treatment of insomnia,

39, 240, 241

Tai chi,

258, 259

Tamoxifen, as factor in late-life depression and anxiety,

120

TBI

. See Traumatic brain injury

TCAs

. See Tricyclic antidepressants

TEAM

. See Telemedicine Enhanced Antidepressant Management

Telemedicine Enhanced Antidepressant Management (TEAM),

269

Telepsychiatry,

278

adoption during COVID-19,

269

for management of late-life depression and anxiety,

269–270

Temazepam, for treatment of insomnia,

241

Third-wave cognitive-behavioral therapies, for management of late-life depression and anxiety,

218, 223–224

Thyroid disorders, association with anxiety,

63

Thyrotoxicosis, in assessment of anxiety or depression in older adults,

110

TIP

. See Treatment Initiation Program

Trauma

in childhood,

323–324

as factor in assessment of late-life depression,

120–121

screening,

161

Traumatic brain injury (TBI), association with anxiety,

63

Trazodone, for treatment of insomnia,

242

Treatment Initiation Program (TIP),

216

Triazolam, for treatment of insomnia,

241

Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs),

231

Tryptophan, for treatment of insomnia,

242

U.S. Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS),

198

U.S. Health and Retirement Study (HRS),

327

U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF),

182

USPSTF

. See U.S. Preventive Services Task Force

Valerian, for treatment of insomnia,

242

Valproate, for treatment of bipolar depression,

245

Vascular depression,

6, 24–25, 38, 108, 253

Venlafaxine XR, for treatment of latelife depression,

236

Vibrant Emotional Health,

197

VMAT-2 inhibitors, as factor in latelife depression and anxiety,

120

Vortioxetine,

231, 236

Well-being

public services for the health and well-being of older adults,

199

well-being therapy,

267

Wisconsin Card Sort Task performance,

221

Wisconsin Star Method,

127, 130, 130, 134160–161, 164

Women

menopause in later life,

8

PTSD in older women,

83

prevalence of anxiety and depression in,

163

religion and,

312

suicide rates for females by age group,

178

Yoga,

258, 260

Zaleplon, for treatment of insomnia,

39, 241

“Z-drugs,” for treatment of insomnia,

39, 241

Zero Suicide initiative,

200, 207, 209

Zolpidem, for treatment of insomnia,

39, 241

Zung Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS),

313–314

Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS),

313