Index

Abraham L. Halpern Humanitarian Award,

165

Achieving Mental Health Equity (Stewart and Shim 2020),

264

Adams, Eric,

12

Adams, John,

19–20, 230

Adolescents, and media coverage of anti-Black violence,

155–156.See also Children

Adolf Meyer Award,

165

Advocacy

for Black mental health by Bell,

170–171

Fuller’s career in psychiatry and,

259–260

Affective disorders, misdiagnosis of as schizophrenia,

188

Affordable Care Act (Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010),

4, 5, 7

African Americans. See Black Americans

African Diaspora: Psychiatric Issues (conference 2002),

203–207, 209

Africa Global Mental Health Institute,

210

Afrocentric approach, to emotional competence,

115

Age, and median income,

43.See also Adolescents; Children; Older adults

Agnes Purcell McGavin Award for Prevention,

165

Alcohol use, and alcoholism

Black people and dysfunctional forms of,

63, 64

financial stress and,

50

Fuller’s research on,

259

Alfred, Dewitt C., Jr.,

285

All Healers Mental Health Alliance (AMHA),

93–108

Alzheimer, Alois,

257, 259, 260, 275

Alzheimer’s disease,

32–33, 257, 260, 276

American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry,

237

American Association for Social Psychiatry,

165

American Civil Liberties Union,

76

American Indians/Alaska Natives. See Native Americans

American Journal of Psychiatry,

264, 276

American Medical Association,

242

American Psychiatric Association (APA)

.See also Caucus of Black Psychiatrists; Committee of Black Psychiatrists; Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; Solomon Carter Fuller Awards and Lectures

access to mental health care by Black patients and,

53

apology for history of racism in mental health care,

79, 242–243

Black leaders and elected positions within,

245

Fuller as member of,

258

McLeod-Bryant’s involvement in,

277–281287

Mitchell-Bateman’s career in psychiatry and,

245–247

Pierce and leadership of,

276

position statement on racism,

106, 271

reflections of Norris on,

248–250

Spurlock’s career and,

237, 240

Stewart as president of,

263–265, 266, 268

American Psychological Association,

236–237

American Red Cross Disaster Mental Health Handbook of 2012,

101

American Society of Addiction Medicine (ASAM),

79–80

Amos ’n’ Andy (radio and television show),

147, 148

Andraka-Christou, Barbara,

69, 71

Anslinger, Harry,

65

Anti-Drug Abuse Act (1986),

72, 76–77

Antipsychotics, and treatment outcomes for Black patients,

190, 191

Anti-Racism Task Force (NIMH),

244

Anxiety disorders, underrecognition or underdiagnosis of in Black patients,

189–190

Argentina,

210

Asian Americans

alcohol use and,

63, 64

median income of,

42

rates of diabetes in,

24

Association of American Medical Colleges,

138

Association of Black Psychologists,

106

Association of Women Psychiatrists,

246

Ayer, James B.,

258–259

Bailey, Rahn,

277, 279

Baltimore, and racism in law enforcement system,

78

Bateman, Mildred,

221

Behavioral Health Network of Greater St. Louis,

141

Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System,

12

Being Mary Jane (television show),

152

Bell, Anne,

249

Bell, Carl C.,

163–175, 259, 261, 262, 272, 277, 278, 279, 286

Bell, William Y., Jr.,

164, 167

Bell, William Y., Sr.,

167

Bennett, Lerone, Jr.,

284

“Bent nail” research,

169–170

Bernard P. Harrison Award of Merit,

171–172

Best Money Moves (2021),

51

Beulah (television show),

147, 148

Bias, Len,

72

Bipolar disorder

diagnosis of in Black patients,

187–188, 190

Fuller’s research on,

259

media presentation of in Black patient,

151–152

Birth of a Nation (film),

148

Black Americans

.See also Black communities; Blackness; Diaspora; Nigrescence; Psychiatrists; Race; Racism

access to mental health care by,

53

alcohol use and,

63, 64

Bell on disparities of mental health care for,

164, 168

COVID-19 pandemic and,

25

differential in impact of natural disasters on,

94–95

economic disparities on mental health care for,

51–53, 55–56

criminal justice system and substance use by,

63–65, 71–75, 76–80

diagnostic dilemma in mental health care for,

186–190

disparities in public health and mental health care for,

26–28, 30

health insurance coverage and,

54

historical experience of racism and,

61–62, 186–187, 191, 192, 198–199, 256

identity formation in,

273–275

media images of,

145–156

opioid use and,

65–71

potential impact of technology on mental health care for,

193–194

rates of diabetes in,

24

Spurlock on social justice for,

240–242

substance abuse in veterans and,

80–82

treatment outcomes for mental illness in,

190–193

Black Caucus. See Caucus of Black Psychiatrists

Black Church, promotion of mental health in Black communities by,

141–142

Black Church Project (Connecticut),

141

Black communities

.See also Black Americans; Community

adversarial relationship of with law enforcement,

78

partnerships with and racial inequities in mental health care,

135, 138–142

public health and mental health care disparities in,

3–15

racism in natural disaster response efforts and,

97–99

recommended changes on substance use policy and,

83–84

Black Lives Matter,

10

Black Mental Health: Patients, Providers, and Systems (Griffith et al. 2018),

177–178

Blackness, and inequities in mental health care,

132–142

Black Panther (2018 film),

154

Black Psychiatrists of America (BPA),

92, 107, 199, 217–233, 236, 263, 276, 283

Black Psychiatrists and American Psychiatry (Spurlock 1999),

238

Black Psychiatrists Think Tank,

237

Black Rage (Grier and Cobb 1968),

118

Blaxploitation films,

149

Boggs Act of 1951,

76

Bollinger, Otto,

257

Bonilla-Silva, Eduardo,

286

Bonner, Frances,

249

Boston Medical Center (BMC),

138

Boston Society of Psychiatry and Neurology,

258

Boston University,

257–258, 265, 275

Bowman, Karl,

266

Boyd-Franklin, Nancy,

272, 285

Breland-Noble, Alfiee,

152

Brennan Center for Justice,

8

Bridgerton (television show),

154

Bridges to Care and Recovery (BCR) program,

141

Britton, Tolani,

78

Brown, Lanette,

114

Brown, Michael,

106

Brown, Sterling K.,

151

Brown, Tony,

284

Brown v. Board of Education (1954),

236, 237

Buffalo, New York, and mass shooting in 2022,

12, 107

Bunch, Lonnie III,

122

Buprenorphine, and opioid use disorders,

68–70, 82

Bureau of Justice Statistics,

77

Butts, Hugh,

222, 245

California, and marijuana reform,

76

Cancer, and depression,

31

Cannon, Alfred,

218–219

Caregivers, and AHMHA response to natural disasters,

102–103

Carl Bell Memorial Lecture,

172–173

Carl C. Bell Community Wellness Scholarship and Award,

172

Carter, James H.,

285

Cartwright, Samuel,

186, 256, 259

Caste: The Origins of Our Discontents (Wilkerson 2020),

268

Castile, Philando,

77–78, 155

Caucus of Black Psychiatrists,

217, 218, 219–220, 263, 276, 277, 278, 279, 280, 283

Celebratory events, and response to natural disasters,

103

Center for Youth Advocacy and Well-Being,

267

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC),

20, 21, 22–23, 23–25, 28, 66

Champions of Change,

92

Chester (Pennsylvania) race riot of 1917,

198–199

Chicago Beyond Health Equity Series,

136

Children

.See also Adolescents

aspects of mental health in,

29–30

Bell and understanding of impact of violence on,

171

education during COVID-19 crisis and,

105–106, 239

financial stress and,

50

McKinley model of health promotion and diet for,

27

Children’s Television Workshop,

199–200

Chisholm, Shirley,

146

Christmas, June Jackson,

3–4, 10, 12, 13, 14, 222, 245, 285

Church. See Black Church

Civil Rights Act of 1964,

250

Civil rights movement,

240, 250

Clark, Cheryl,

52

Clark, Frank,

280

Clark, H. Westley,

285

Clark, Kenneth B.,

221, 236–237, 251, 284

Clark, Michelle O.,

245, 247–248

Clark University Psychology, Pedagogy and School Hygiene Conference (1909),

259–260, 276

Clements, George H.,

284

Climate change,

98

“Clinical Guidelines on the Identification, Evaluation, and Treatment of Obesity in Adults” (National Institutes of Health 1998),

22

Clinton, Bill,

167

Clozapine,

191

Coalition for the Homeless,

6

Cocaine, and substance use policy,

64–65, 71–75

Code switching, and medical education,

137–138

Colin in Black and White (television show),

154

Collaboration, and community engagement approach,

139, 140

Colonialism, and history of racism,

204–205, 263

Colorado, and marijuana reform,

76

Columbia University,

4

Combat Methamphetamine Epidemic Act of 2005,

73

Comer, James P.,

217–233, 245, 261, 272, 284

Committee of Black Psychiatrists (APA),

240, 247–248, 277, 278, 283

Committee for Concerned Psychiatrists,

241

Communication, and AHMHA response to natural disasters,

102.See also Telehealth

Community

.See also Black communities

AHMHA approach to postdisaster aid for,

99–108

School Development Program and,

224, 227

treatment for overweight and obesity,

22

Community-based participatory research (CBPR) framework,

139, 142

Community engagement and planning (CEP) intervention,

139, 141

Community Healing Network,

106–108

Community Mental Health Council,

164, 172

Community Partners in Care (CPIC),

139, 141

Conceiçao, August,

205

Conferences, and AHMHA response to natural disasters,

103–104

Confidentiality, and emotional competence,

123

“Consequences of Financial Stress for Individuals, Families, and Society, The” (Davis and Mantler 2004),

49

Considered response, and emotional competence,

117

Consultation, and community engagement process,

139, 140

Controlled Substances Act (1970),

69, 76

Coogler, Ryan,

154

Cosby Show, The (television show),

146, 148, 149

Cost

.See also Economic disparities

Alzheimer’s disease and societal,

33

of insulin during COVID-19,

33

COVID-19

cost of insulin and,

8

differences in health care by race,

5

digital technologies and,

194

education of Black children and,

231, 239

emotional competence and,

119, 124–125

hospitalization of Black patients during,

9–10

impact of on Black communities,

13–14, 79, 193

impact of economic disparities on mental health and,

45

opioid overdose deaths among Black people and,

68

public health and,

25–26

response of Black community to,

104–106

Crenshaw, K.W.,

206

Cress Welsing, Frances,

261, 262

Crime, mental health care and prevention of,

31.See also Criminal justice system

Crime Bill (1994),

238

Criminal justice system, substance use and racism in,

75, 76–80.See also Law enforcement; Police

Crisis counselors, and AHMHA response to natural disasters,

102

Cromartie, Devin,

141–142

Cross, William,

272–273, 274–275

Culture

competence and humility in mental health care,

134–135

ethnicity and,

133

response to natural disasters and,

101–102

Curtis, James,

222

Cyrus, Kali,

261

Dash, Julie,

149

Davis, Allison,

284

Davis, Elizabeth,

222

Davis, Viola,

149

Deaths, from drug overdose,

66, 68.See also Violence

Debnam, Pearl,

164

Decade for Action to Combat Racism and Racial Discrimination (United Nations),

240

Deep-level response, to inequities in mental health care,

135

Deepwater Horizon oil spill,

97

Defensive mechanisms, and microaggressions,

200

Deinstitutionalization,

192, 210

Delaney method of dream interpretation (DIM),

125–126

Depression

financial stress and,

49, 50

media portrayals of anti-Black violence and,

156

prevalence of in chronic diseases,

31

underdiagnosis and undertreatment of in Black patients,

30, 190

Developmental response, and emotional competence,

117–118

Diabetes,

8, 22–26, 31

Diagnostic Interview for Genetic Studies (DIGS),

189

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, Text Revision (American Psychiatric Association 2022),

187, 244

Diaspora, African

concept of Blackness and,

133

Pierce on global engagement of Black psychiatrists and,

203–207

Diet, and McKinley model of health promotion,

27.See also Food insecurity; Obesity

Different World, A (television show),

146, 148, 149

Disability, mental illness as cause of,

30, 31

Disaster Distress Helpline,

102

Discrimination, and Black Diaspora communities,

205–207.See also Racism

Double consciousness, and media portrayals of Black characters,

153

Douglass, Frederick,

63

Drapetomania,

186

Dream interview method (DIM),

116, 125–126

Dred Scott decision,

98

Drug Addicts are Human Beings: The Story of Our Billion-Dollar Racket, How We Created It and How We Can Wipe It Out (Williams and Smith 1938),

65

DuBois, W.E.B.,

153, 272–273

Dunham, Edward K.,

257

DuVernay, Ava,

149, 154

Dymally, Mervyn M.,

284

Dysaestheia aethiopis,

186

Earls, Felton,

245

East Carolina University,

100

Economic disparities

.See also Income; Poverty

concept of inequities and,

38, 40–41

impact of on mental health of Black people,

48–56

link between mental health and,

41, 45–46

use of term,

37–38

Edelman, Marian Wright,

285

Education

Black people and medical school,

83, 84, 251

inequities of mental health care for Black people and,

136–138, 170

professional training programs for emotional competence,

127

relationship of to income,

39, 44, 46, 48

school systems during COVID-19 crisis,

105–106, 239

Elam, Lloyd,

222

Ellison, Ralph,

255

Emergency management, and natural disasters,

95

Emotional competence (EC)

curriculum outline and,

116–117

definition of framework approach,

113

development of,

114–115

implications of,

126–128

interdependent levels of response to events,

117–118

preventive psychiatry and,

113–114

racism and,

118–126

terminology and,

115–116

Emotional Emancipation Circles,

106

Emotional Empowerment,

115

Emotional logic,

119

Empire (television show),

151–152

Employment, economic sustainability and loss of,

46, 48.See also Unemployment

Empowerment, and community engagement process,

139, 140

Encounter, and identity formation,

273–274

Entitlement dysfunctions,

202

Environmental racism,

13, 98

EQDynamics (EQD),

115

Ethnicity, and cultural identity,

133

Ethnicity and Disease (Satcher and Rust 2006),

26

Everyday Health (journal),

49

Everyday racism, and microaggressions,

201

Extreme environments, and racism,

98

Falk Foundation,

219

Fanon, Frantz,

263

Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA),

100, 101

Feelings, and emotional competence,

116, 117, 120, 121, 126

Feminism, and intersectionality in systems of oppression,

206.See also Sexism

Fentanyl,

66, 68

Fetal Alcohol Exposure in the African-American Community (Bell 2018),

165

Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder, underdiagnosis of in Black patients,

168, 172

Firearms, and Spurlock on racism as systemic,

238

Flint, Michigan, water crisis,

13, 103

Florence (hurricane 2018),

98, 100

Flowers, Loma Kaye,

286

Floyd, George,

11, 77, 106, 107, 118, 155, 242, 244

Followership, and leadership,

166–167

Food insecurity, and poverty during COVID-19 pandemic,

10

“For us, by us” approach, to disaster response,

108

Fractionation, and Pierce on racism,

200

Franklin, John Hope,

284

Freedman, Alfred,

241, 245

Freedom Riders,

240

Freud, Sigmund,

221, 259

Fuller, John Lewis,

256, 275

Fuller, Solomon Carter,

93, 221, 255–262, 265–268, 275–276.See also Solomon Carter Fuller Awards and Lectures

Gara multisite study (2012),

188

Garner, Eric,

106, 155

Gaston, John O.,

278, 286

Get Out (2017 film),

153

Global Burden of Disease Study (1990),

207

Global mental health, and African Diaspora,

203–211

Gone With the Wind (1939 film),

148–149

Goodwin, Ericka,

280

Gordon, Joshua,

244

Gordon, Kimberly,

280

Great man theory, of leadership,

167

Great Migration,

198

Green-Paden, Lisa,

277

Grey’s Anatomy (television show),

152, 154

Grief, emotional competence and phases of,

124

Grier, William,

261

Griffin, Junius,

149

Griffith, D.W.,

148

Griffith, Ezra E.H.,

279, 281, 285

Group conversation method, and emotional competence,

115

Gullattee, Alyce,

261

Gureje, Oye,

204–205

Hairston, Danielle,

261, 280

Harris, Hiawatha,

222, 245

Harrison Narcotics Tax Act,

69

Harrison-Ross, Phyllis,

91–93, 94, 96, 99, 103, 108, 245, 272, 285

Hart, Dionne,

280

Hartmann, Lawrence,

241

Harvard University,

199, 242, 266

Harvey (hurricane 2017),

101

Health care

.See also Cancer; COVID-19; Diabetes; Heart disease; HIV/AIDS; Hypertension; Insurance; Mental health care; Polio; Public health; Smallpox

financial stress and,

50, 52

need for new partnerships,

33

scarcity of physicians of color,

170

Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act,

70

Health People 2010,

22

Heart disease, and financial stress,

50, 52

Help, The (2011 film),

149

Henderson, David C.,

285

Heroes of Healing celebrations,

103

Heston, Charlton,

250

Hickling, Frederick,

205, 263

Higgins, Napoleon,

277, 280

Hinton, Elizabeth,

76

Hispanic Americans

.See also Ethnicity; Race; Racism

alcohol use and,

63, 64

drug use and,

67, 74

health insurance coverage and,

54

impact of COVID-19 on,

193

median income of,

42

rates of diabetes in,

24

HIV/AIDS,

20, 172, 193, 206–207

Hollar, Milton C.,

285

Hollywood Diversity Report (UCLA 2020),

150

Homelessness, of Black Americans with mental illness,

5–6

Hospitality House (Washington, D.C.),

224

Hospitalization, of mentally ill Black patients,

192

Howard University,

103

How to Get Away With Murder (television show),

152, 154

Hypertension

increased risk of in Black patients,

191

stress of racial discrimination and,

8

team approach to care of,

33

Identity

emotional competence and,

121–122

nigrescence and formation of,

273–275, 280

Illinois Department of Children and Family Services,

172

Illinois State Psychiatric Institute,

164

Imprisonment rate,

77

Income

.See also Economic disparities

age and,

43

as core determinant of access to resources,

39

education and,

44

impact of on mental health,

41, 45

median by race,

42

Indian Health Service,

23

Inequities, and economic disparities,

38, 40–41

Instant response, and emotional competence,

117

Insurance

access to mental health care by Black patients and,

53, 54

opioid use disorders and,

71

Integration, and emotional competence,

116

Intergenerational trauma, and history of racism,

61–62, 83

Internalization, and identity formation,

274–275

Internet access, and education during COVID-19,

106

Intersectionality, and systems of oppression,

206

Irma (hurricane),

102

Isom, Jessica,

261, 280

Jackson, Jacquelyne J.,

284

Jackson, James S.,

286

Jackson Heart Study,

52

Jamaica,

205, 210

January 6, 2021 riot (U.S. Capitol),

11, 124

Jeanne Spurlock Congressional Fellowship, and Jeanne Spurlock, M.D. Minority Fellowship Achievement Award,

237

Jencks, Christopher,

236

Jenkins, Barry,

149

Jensen, Arthur,

236

Jeste, Dilip,

279

John Hopkins University,

266

Johnson, Bankole A.,

285

Johnson, Lyndon,

76

Jones, Billy,

222

Jones, Camara,

99

Jones, Jabari,

116

Jordan, Ayana,

141, 261, 280

Journal of Adolescent Health,

11

Journal of the National Medical Association,

258

Journaling, and emotional competence,

126

Justice, Ledro,

278

Kaplan, Mary,

255, 257

Katrina (hurricane 2005),

93–94, 95–97, 101, 102

Kennedy, John F.,

167

Kennedy, Robert,

242

King, Martin Luther, Jr.,

219, 225, 240

King, Rodney,

118, 148

Kraepelin, Emil,

221, 257

Ku Klux Klan,

148

Lancet Commission on Global Mental Health and Sustainable Development,

32, 207–208

Law enforcement

.See also Criminal justice system; Police

adversarial relationship of Black community with,

78

criminalization of mental illness and,

206

racism in treatment of Black people,

11, 12–13

Lawrence, Margaret,

222

Lawson, William B.,

277, 279, 285

Leadership

elimination of disparities in public health and,

28

legacy of Bell and,

165–169, 174

sex-based discriminatory stereotypes and,

246

Lead poisoning,

103

Lee, James,

277

Lee, Spike,

149

Lieberman, Jeffrey,

279

Lightfoot, Orlando,

249

Lithium,

191

Livingstone College,

258, 275

Lythcott, George I.,

284

Maass-Robinson, Saundra,

277

Mack, Dominic,

96

Mallory, George,

245, 261

Mandela, Nelson,

241

March on Washington (1963),

240

Maria (hurricane),

102

Marijuana,

66, 76

Marriage, and financial stress,

50

Marshall, Thurgood,

236

Maryland. See Baltimore

Massachusetts General Hospital,

203

Matthew (hurricane 2016),

98, 100

McDaniel, Hattie,

148–149

McKinlay model of health promotion,

26–28, 27

McLeod-Bryant, Stephen A.,

271–281, 286

McMullin, Mae,

222

McQueen, Steve,

149

Media

AHMHA response of natural disasters and,

102

images of Black people in,

145–156

Medicaid,

5, 6, 14, 32–33, 71, 191–192

Medical schools. See Education

Medical University of South Carolina (MUSC),

62

Medicare,

32–33

Medication, and dosages prescribed for Black patients,

190–191

Medlock, Morgan,

261, 280

Meharry Medical College,

172

Menninger, Karl,

266

Mental health

.See also Advocacy; Anxiety disorders; Bipolar disorder; Depression; Mental health care; Posttraumatic stress disorder; Psychosis; Schizophrenia

current prevalence of disorders,

38

depictions of in media,

146

economic disparities and,

39, 41, 45–46, 48–51

homelessness and,

5–6

impact of COVID-19

on in Black communities,

13–14

impact of repeated trauma on Black Americans,

11–12

media images of Black mental health,

150–156

Mental Health America,

6, 80

Mental health care

.See also Hospitalization; Medication; Mental health; Psychiatrists

Bell on disparities of for Black patients,

164, 168

Blackness and addressing inequities in,

132–142

diagnostic dilemma for Black patients,

186–190

disparities of in Black communities,

3–15

potential impact of technology on Black patients,

193–194

public health and access to,

29–32

quality of care and access to by Black patients,

52–53

response to natural disasters and,

101–102

treatment outcomes for Black patients,

190–193

Mental Health: Culture, Race, and Ethnicity (Office of the Surgeon General 2001),

131, 243

“Mental Health: A Report of the Surgeon General” (Centers for Mental Health Services 1999),

29, 131

Mentally Healthy Nation (2021 podcast),

127

Mentoring, and legacy of Carl Bell,

165–166, 169–170, 174–175

Methadone,

69, 82

Methamphetamine,

73

MeToo movement,

117

Metropolitan Hospital (New York),

92

Meyer, Adolf,

266

Micheaux, Oscar,

148

Microaggressions, and Pierce on racism,

200–201, 243, 262–263, 276

Million Little Things, A (television show),

152

Ministry of presence, and AHMHA response to natural disasters,

100

Minority Group Center (NIMH),

220, 223, 228

Minority Service Award (APA Foundation),

171

“Minority tax,” on successful African American professionals,

127–128

Minstrelsy, and images of Black people in media,

147

Mitchell-Bateman, Mildred,

245–247, 285

Moore, Evelyn K.,

284

Morehouse School of Medicine (Georgia),

96

Morocco,

205

Motivation, and emotional competence,

124

Motley, Constance Baker,

284

Movie industry. See Media

Moynihan, Daniel Patrick,

236

NAACP, and boycott of television networks,

148

Naloxone,

70

Naltrexone,

69, 70

National Academy of Sciences Board on Children, Youth, and Families,

165

National Association for Alcoholism and Drug Abuse Counselors,

80

National Association of Black Social Workers,

100

National Commission on Correctional Health Care,

172

National Council for Mental Wellbeing,

80

National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions,

81

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute,

22

National Institute on Drug Abuse,

68

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH),

165, 208, 219, 220, 227, 228, 237–238, 244

National Institutes of Health,

22, 84, 165, 208

National Medical Association,

172, 236

National Nutrition Summit (2000),

22

National Research Group,

153

National School Breakfast Program,

27

National School Lunch Program,

27

National Science Foundation,

84

National Survey on Drug Use and Health,

82

Native Americans

.See also Race; Racism

alcohol use and,

63, 64

drug use among,

67, 74

rates of diabetes in,

22–25, 28

Natural disasters,

94–99.See also Katrina (hurricane)

Ndote, Omar,

205

Netflix,

154

New England Journal of Medicine,

258

Newman, Paul,

250

Newton, Patricia A.,

261, 272, 286

New York (state), and department of corrections,

92

New York City Department of Health,

5

New York City and response to natural disasters,

100

New York Society for Ethical Culture,

92

Nigeria,

204–205

Nigrescence, theory of,

271–281

No Child Left Behind legislation (2001),

230–231

Normative economics,

40

Norris, Donna M.,

245, 248–250, 278, 279, 286

North Carolina,

98, 100

Norton, Eleanor Holmes,

284

Obama, Barack,

146

Obesity, and public health,

21–22

Ocoee massacre (Florida),

198

Offensive mechanisms, and microaggressions,

200–201

Office for Research on Disparities and Global Mental Health (ORDGMH),

208

Office of the Surgeon General,

165

Okeechobee hurricane (1928),

199

Okereke, Kalaya,

277

Older adults, and disability due to mental illness,

31.See also Age; Alzheimer’s disease

Opioids, and opioid use disorder,

65–71, 81.See also Pain management

Oquendo, Maria,

279

Other-awareness, and emotional competence,

123

Pain management

opioid use by Black people and,

65, 66

stereotypes about Black peoples and,

9, 81–82

Parkinson’s disease,

31

Peace Corps,

199

Pennsylvania. See Chester; Philadelphia

Pennsylvania Hospital (University of Pennsylvania Health Systems),

237

Perez, Lucille Norville,

94

Pernicious anemia,

259

Perry, Tyler,

149

Pharmacies, and buprenorphine,

70

Philadelphia, and yellow fever pandemic of 1796,

19–20

Phillips, Joseph,

220

Pierce, Chester M.

biography of,

199–200

Black Psychiatrists of America and,

218–219, 276

concept of microaggressions and,

200–201, 243, 262–263, 276

leadership of APA and issues of race and racism,

245, 249–250, 251

legacy of as Black psychiatrist,

200–203, 262–263, 272, 276–277

role of in conference on African Diaspora and in global mental health,

203–210

Solomon Carter Fuller Award Lecture by,

284

Stone’s memory of college and,

242

structural racism in psychiatry and,

261

Pierce, Samuel and Hettie,

199

Pinderhughes, Charles,

222, 240, 241, 249, 284

Plummer, Betty,

256

Police, and violence against Black people,

11, 77–78, 155, 279.See also Criminal justice system; Law enforcement

Policy

.See also Substance abuse; Voting

impact of economic disparities on Black community,

55

impact of political and judicial systems on health care,

7–9

Polio, and disease eradication,

20

Positive economics,

40

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

media portrayals of anti-Black violence in,

156

underdiagnosis and undertreatment of in Black patients,

190

veterans and,

81

Poussaint, Alvin,

146, 149, 222, 249, 261, 263, 272, 285

Poverty, and race during COVID-19 pandemic,

10, 240.See also Economic disparities

Powell, Dionne,

280

Powell, Gloria Johnson,

284

Pre-change, and identity formation,

273

Prevalence

current status of mental disorders,

38

of PTSD in female veterans,

82

of substance use by race,

66, 67, 73, 74, 75

Preventive psychiatry, and emotional competence framework,

113–114

Primm, Annelle,

222, 278, 279

Protective factors, for communities in natural disasters,

99

Protest Psychosis: How Schizophrenia Became a Black Disease, The (Metzl 2010),

193

Prothrow Smith, Deborah B.,

285

Prudhomme, Charles,

221, 237, 261

Psychiatrists

.See also Association of Women Psychiatrists; Black Psychiatrists of America; Caucus of Black Psychiatrists; Committee of Black Psychiatrists; Mental health care

Fuller as role model for,

255–262, 267–268

legacy of notable Black American psychiatrists,

275–277

Pierce on constant problem of racism and,

197–198

Pierce on global mental health and,

203–207

Psychiatry. See Deinstitutionalization; Education; Medication; Mental health care; Psychiatrists; Research

Psychoanalysis, and Spurlock’s career in psychiatry,

239

Psychological effects, of financial stress,

50

Psychosis, misdiagnosis of in Black patients,

168, 171

Public health

access to mental health care and,

29–32

Alzheimer’s disease and,

32–33

Bell’s advocacy for,

169

COVID-19 and,

25–26

criminal justice system and substance abuse,

77

disparities of in Black communities,

3–15, 26, 28

history of,

19–20

overweight and obesity as issues in,

21–22

Pierce on racism and sexism,

203

smoking and,

21

Public Health Service (PHS),

19–20

Race

.See also Asian Americans; Black Americans; Hispanic Americans; Native Americans; Racism

education in emotional competence and,

128

health care and scarcity of physicians of color,

170

health insurance coverage by,

54

impact of COVID-19

and,

25–26

income by,

42

opioid use disorders and,

68–71

rates of diabetes by,

24

as social construct,

133

substance use by,

66, 67, 73, 74, 75

Racial politics, and profession of psychiatry,

250–251

Racism

.See also Black Americans; Environmental racism; Microaggressions; Race; Structural racism; Systemic racism

African Diaspora and,

205–207

apologies of professional associations for,

79–80, 242–244

as core problem in social structure,

232

definition of,

132

emotional competence and,

118–126

historical context of,

61–62, 186–187, 191, 192, 198–199, 256

impact of on health,

8–9

mega plans and strategy to address,

232–233

in military and in military medicine,

81

Pierce on sexism, devalued identities, and,

201–203

response to natural disasters and,

97–99

Spurlock’s view of,

239

Ralph, James,

220, 228

Rapprochement, and identity formation,

275

Reagan, Ronald,

72

Reconstruction, and racial oppression,

256

Reflections, and emotional competence,

117

Regional Coordinating Center for Hurricane Response,

96

Relationships, and emotional competence,

117, 123

Religion. See Black Church; Zen Buddhism

Research

.See also Tuskegee syphilis study

“bent nail” approach to,

169–170

community-based participatory research framework and,

139

exclusion of Black people from,

136

Resources for services (RS), and community engagement approach,

139

Rhimes, Shonda,

154

Rice, Tamir,

155

Rivers, L. Mendel,

224

Robbins, Lionel,

39

Roberts, Dorothy E.,

286

Robinson, Luther D.,

284

Rock, Chris,

145

Rockefeller Foundation,

229

Rush, Benjamin,

61, 259

Rust, George,

26, 256

Sabshin, Melvin,

263, 264, 271–272, 281

Sanity of Survival: Reflections on Community Mental Health and Wellness, The (Bell 2004),

164

Satcher, David,

26, 131, 285

Satcher Health Leadership Institute,

28

Schizophrenia

media depictions of in Black patients,

153

misdiagnosis or overdiagnosis of in Black patients,

30, 171, 187, 188–189, 190

perception of violence in Black people and,

193

Schmaus, Hans,

257

School(s), and COVID-19,

105–106, 239.See also Education

School Development Program (SDP),

223–233

Scott, Walter,

155

Scully, James,

278

Segregation, and medical professionals,

186

Self-awareness, and emotional competence,

116, 120–121

Self-development, and emotional competence,

121–122, 123–124

Self-esteem, and financial stress,

49

Self-responsibility, and emotional competence,

122–123

Selznick, David O.,

148

Sexism

.See also Feminism; Women

discriminatory stereotypes of leadership and,

246

Pierce on devalued identities as sources of stress,

201–203, 207

Spurlock as critic of,

238

Sexual trauma, and female veterans,

82

Shadow and Act (Ellison 1964),

255

Sharpley, Robert,

221

Shim, Ruth,

261, 271

Simmons, Dorothea,

249

Simon, Kevin,

261

Simpson, Sherri,

277

Sims, James Marion,

9, 61–62

Singleton, John,

149

Situational leadership,

167–168

Slavery, and history of racism,

61–62, 186, 191, 192, 232, 256, 259

Smallpox,

20, 25, 28

Smith, Jamil,

154

Smith, Will,

145

Smithsonian National Museum of African American History and Culture (Washington, D.C.),

122

Smoking, and public health,

21, 28

Smoking and Health (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2021),

21

Social justice

Black Lives Matter movement,

10–13

Spurlock on Black Americans and,

240–242

Social networks, and stigma resistance,

207

Social Skills Curriculum for Inner-City Children (SSCICC),

223, 227–228, 229

Social structure change, and Black Psychiatrists of America,

229–230

Soloist, The (2009 film),

153

Solomon Carter Fuller Awards and Lectures,

4, 93, 163, 165, 197, 200, 203, 220, 221, 236, 238, 245, 247, 249, 265, 267, 268, 272, 283–286

South, and police violence against Black people,

11

South Africa,

172, 240–241

Special Presidential Commendation,

165

Spencer, Octavia,

149

Spiegel, John,

241

Spurlock, Jeanne,

211, 237–242, 261, 262, 284

Starks, Steven,

280

States

.See also Law enforcement; South; specific states

funding for Medicaid and,

6, 71

mental health and economic inequities by,

45, 46, 47

Stereotypes

disparities in health care and,

9–10

images of Black people in media,

147–148

Sterling, Alton,

155

Stewart, Altha J.,

217–218, 247, 263–265, 278, 279, 286

Stigma

as barrier to mental health care,

30

Black Diaspora communities and,

205–207

Stone, Alan A.,

240, 241–242, 245

Storytelling, and response to natural disasters,

103

Streaming platforms, and television,

154–155

Stress

effects of racial discrimination on health,

8

impact of economic disparities on mental health,

46, 48–53

Pierce on racism and sexism as sources of,

201–203

Structural racism

Comer on Black Psychiatrists of America and,

220, 221

definition of,

132–133

impact of on Fuller’s life and career,

260, 261, 268

mental health inequities and,

134–135

Substance abuse

impact of drug laws on Black people,

63–65, 71–75

recommended changes on drug policy and,

83–84

veterans and,

80–82

Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA),

63, 66, 71, 134

Suicide

financial stress and,

50

as public health problem,

30–31

Suicide and Homicide Among Adolescents (Holinger et al. 1994),

164

Summergrad, Paul,

279

Superstorm Sandy,

100

Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP),

10

Surface-level response, to inequities in mental health care,

135

“Surgeon General’s Call to Action to Prevent and Decrease Overweight and Obesity, The” (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2001),

21

Symonds, Allie,

264

Syndemic, and COVID-19,

14

Systemic racism, and Fuller’s life and career,

260

Taylor, Breonna,

77, 106, 155

Technology, potential impact of on mental health care for Black patients,

193–194

Telehealth, for mental health services,

92, 96, 102

Television. See Media

Tennessee Valley Authority,

232

Terry, Luther,

21

Texas,

101

This Is Us (television show),

151

Thomas-Squance, Ruth,

115

3-1-3 program,

115

Tip sheets, and natural disaster response,

102

Transformational leadership,

168–169

Transition, and identity formation,

274

In Treatment (television show),

152

Truman, Harry S,

167

Trussell, Elizabeth Davis,

237

Tuskegee syphilis study,

61, 79, 106, 193

Tweedy, Damon S.,

286

Underrepresented in medicine (URiM),

138

Unemployment

.See also Employment

rate of by education and income level,

48

substance abuse and,

78

U.S. Arctic Research Commission,

200

U.S. Census,

132, 155

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services,

5

U.S. Department of Justice,

165

U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA),

80

United States Medical Licensing Examination,

136

United States Public Health Service (USPHS),

220

U.S. Sentencing Commission,

77

U.S. Supreme Court,

7, 98

U.S. Virgin Islands,

102

Unity in Disasters,

101

University of Cincinnati,

199

University of Munich,

257, 275

University of Oklahoma,

199

University of Rochester,

274

University of Tennessee Health Science Center,

267

Vaccine, and COVID-19,

14, 25, 105

Veterans, and substance abuse,

80–82

Veterans Health Administration,

266

Videoconferencing, and disaster response,

96, 108

Vietnam War, and PTSD in veterans,

81

Vinson, Sarah,

261, 280

Violence

.See also Police

AHMHA and response to,

106–108

Bell and advocacy for mental health in Black community,

171–172

media coverage of anti-Black violence,

155–156

perception of mental illness in Black patients and,

193

social justice and Black Lives Matter movement,

10–13

Voting, and efforts to disenfranchise Black people,

7–8

Waggoner, R.W., Sr.,

250

Walker, George,

147

Walker, Sandra,

277

Washington (state),

76

Washington, Kerry,

154

Washington Post (newspaper),

260

Weinstein, Jack,

240

Wellness champions, and Black Church community,

141

Westborough State Hospital (Massachusetts),

260, 275

West Virginia,

246

When They See Us (television show),

154

White, O.C.,

277

White nationalism, and violence against Black people,

10–11

White savior complex, and emergency management,

95

Whole Child development perspective,

223

Wilkerson, Isabel,

268

Wilkinson, Charles,

221

Williams, Bert,

147

Williams, Edward H.,

64–65

Willis, Howard,

115

Wills, Cheryl,

280, 281

Wills, Marketa,

277

Women

.See also Sexism

as Black veterans,

82

media depictions of Black women,

154

World Federation for Mental Health’s Call to Action (2020),

210

World Health Organization (WHO),

20, 207, 240

World Health Report (2001),

207

Yale Child Study Center,

220, 223

Yale School Development Program,

224

Yellow fever pandemic (1796),

19–20

Young, Andrew,

284

Zen Buddhism,

175

Zitouni, Mohamed,

205