Initial Treatment Retention in Psychogenic Non-Epileptic Seizures
Abstract
Methods
Recruitment
Measures and Procedures
Follow-Up Data
Differences Between Retention Groups
Statistical Analysis
Results
Demographic and Follow-Up Data
Demographic Variable | Integrated Treatment (N=69) N (%) or Mean (SD) | Divided Treatment (N=16) N (%) or Mean (SD) | Whole Samplea (N=104) N (%) or Mean (SD) |
---|---|---|---|
Gender | |||
Male | 13 (18.8) | 4 (25%) | 82 (78.8) |
Female | 56 (81.2) | 12 (75%) | 22 (21.2) |
Age, years | 37.38 (14.43) | 32.44 (13.00) | 36.19 (13.68) |
Ethnicity | |||
White | 44 (63.8) | 9 (56.3) | 69 (66.3) |
Nonwhite | 25 (36.2) | 7 (10.1) | 35 (33.7) |
Marital status | |||
Married (or live-in partner) | 24 (34.8) | 6 (37.5) | 37 (35.6) |
Single | 32 (46.4) | 8 (50) | 50 (48.1) |
Divorced | 12 (17.4) | 2 (12.5) | 16 (15.4) |
Widowed | 1 (1.5) | 0 (0%) | 1 (1) |
Employment | |||
Employed | 30 (43.5) | 7 (10.1) | 41 (39.4) |
Unemployed | 14 (20.3) | 4 (25%) | 22 (21.2) |
Disabled | 18 (26.1) | 3 (18.8) | 30 (28.9) |
Student | 7 (10.1) | 2 (12.5) | 11 (10.2) |
Education | |||
≤12 years | 26 (37.7) | 6 (37.5) | 35 (33.7) |
13–16 years | 34 (49.3) | 9 (56.3) | 56 (53.9) |
> 16 years | 9 (13) | 1 (6.3) | 13 (12.5) |
Differences Between Retention Groups
Demographic and Clinical Variable | Adherent Group (N=41) N (%) or Mean (SD) | Nonadherent Group (N=44) N (%) or Mean (SD) | |
---|---|---|---|
Gender | NS | ||
Male | 11 (26.8) | 7 (15.9) | |
Female | 30 (73.2) | 37 (84.1) | |
Age at initial evaluation, years | 37.20 (13.56) | 35.41 (14.93) | NS |
Ethnicity | NS | ||
White | 27 (65.9) | 26 (59.1) | |
Nonwhite | 14 (34.1) | 18 (40.9) | |
Marital status | p<0.05 | ||
Married (or live-in partner) | 20 (48.8) | 10 (22.7) | |
Not currently married | 21 (51.2) | 34 (77.3) | |
Employment | NS | ||
Employed | 19 (46.3) | 18 (40.9) | |
Unemployed | 11 (26.8) | 7 (15.9) | |
Disabled | 7 (17.1) | 14 (31.8) | |
Student/ Retired | 4 (9.8) | 5 (11.4) | |
Education | NS | ||
≤12 years | 14 (34.1) | 17 (38.6) | |
13–16 years | 21 (51.2) | 23 (52.3) | |
> 16 years | 6 (14.6) | 4 (9.1) | |
Attack features | |||
Age at onset, years | 32.80 (14.36) | 27.89 (14.97) | NS |
Attacks per month | 42.05 (99.56) | 19.66 (39.34) | NS |
Delay in diagnosis (months) | 40.46 (44.03) | 70.18 (99.97) | NS |
Duration (minutes) | 12.58 (23.48) | 16.14 (29.84) | NS |
Comorbidities | |||
Epilepsy | 7 (17.1) | 11 (25) | NS |
Intellectual disability | 3 (7.3) | 5 (11.4) | NS |
Depressive disorder | 32 (78) | 31 (70.5) | NS |
Posttraumatic stress disorder | 8 (19.5) | 16 (36.4) | NS |
Panic disorder | 10 (24.4) | 14 (31.8) | NS |
Other anxiety disorders | 12 (29.3) | 12 (27.3) | NS |
Dissociative disorder | 9 (22) | 10 (22.7) | NS |
Somatoform disorder | 8 (19.5) | 13 (29.5) | NS |
Active substance abuse | 3 (7.3) | 6 (13.6) | NS |
Borderline personality disorder | 4 (9.8) | 8 (18.2) | NS |
Cognitive complaints | 17 (41.5) | 30 (68.2) | p<0.05* |
Eating disorder | 3 (7.3) | 2 (4.5) | NS |
Other clinical features | |||
Current AED | 12 (29.3) | 23 (53.3) | p<0.05** |
History of abuse | 24 (58.5) | 30 (68.2) | NS |
Past psychiatric treatment | 26 (63.4) | 29 (65.9) | NS |
Past suicide attempts | 7 (17.1) | 12 (27.3) | NS |
History of traumatic brain injury | 14 (34.1) | 13 (29.5) | NS |
Psychopathology severity | |||
Beck Depression Inventory-II | 17.99 (13.3) | 19.43 (12.57) | NS |
DASS-D | 10.38 (11) | 10.77 (11.35) | NS |
DASS-A | 10.49 (7.9) | 11.05 (9.73) | NS |
DASS-S | 12.83 (10.61) | 14.27 (12.5) | NS |
DES | 12.52 (14.68) | 19.24 (20.13) | NS |
PHQ-15 | 11.21 (5.85) | 11.17 (5.24) | NS |
DFI | 3.63 (2.33) | 3.57 (2.16) | NS |
Discussion
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