Housing Programs for Homeless Individuals With Mental Illness: Effects on Housing and Mental Health Outcomes
Abstract
Objective:
Methods:
Results:
Conclusions:
Methods
Results
Discussion
Sampling and Selection Bias
Study | Sample sizeb | Male | Age (years) | Psychotic disorders | Substance use | Experimental vs. control group outcome | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Housing | Clinical | Case management | ||||||
Lipton et al., 1988 (33) | 49 | Experimental, unknown; control, not reported | Experimental, unknown; control, not reported | Experimental, unknown; control, not reported | Experimental, unknown; control, not reported | More housed by end of study | Housing not associated with reduction in psychiatric symptoms | |
Goldfinger et al., 1999 (35) | 118 | Experimental, 72%; control, 41% | M=38 | 62% | 50% | More housed by end of study | ||
McHugo et al., 2004 (8) | 121 | Experimental, 8%; control, 83% | M=40 | 73% | 31%–54%c | More housed by end of study | Continuum housing associated with reduction in psychiatric symptoms; no change in substance use across groupsd | |
Siegel et al., 2006 (28)e | 139 | Experimental, 57%–72%; control, 26%–54% | 35–48 | Experimental, unknown; control, not reported | Experimental, unknown; control, not reported | Similar number housed by end of study | ||
Clark and Rich, 2003 (30) | 152 | Experimental, 52%; control, 20% | M=38 | Experimental, unknown; control, not reported | Experimental, unknown; control, not reported | Greater number with severe psychiatric symptoms housed; fewer with less severe psychiatric symptoms housed | ||
Padgett et al., 2006 (37) | 173 | Experimental, 77%; control, 40% | M=42 | 90% | No difference in substance use | |||
Greenwood et al., 2005 (31) | 197 | Experimental, 76%; control, 29% | M=42 | 54% | Experimental, unknown; control, not reported | Greater proportion of time housed | Similar reduction in psychiatric symptoms across groups | |
Tsemberis et al., 2004 (32) | 206 | Experimental, 79%; control, 41% | 59% were between ages 31 and 50 | 53% | 90% | Greater proportion of time housed | Housing not associated with reduction in psychiatric symptoms or substance use | |
Hurlburt et al., 1996 (29) | 361 | Experimental, 67%; control, 63% | 42% were between ages 30 and 39 | 55% | 53% | More living in independent housing, but experimental condition did not reduce homelessness | Case management not associated with positive housing outcome | |
Gilmer et al., 2010 (17) | 363 | Experimental, 56%; control, 25% | M=44 | 60% | Experimental, unknown; control, not reported | Fewer days homeless and more days housed | ||
Rosenheck et al., 2003 (7) | 460 | Experimental, 96%; control, not reported | M=42 | Experimental, unknown; control, not reported | 50% | More days housed | Housing not associated with reduction in psychiatric symptoms | Case management not associated with positive housing outcome |
Cheng et al., 2007 (36) | 460 | Experimental, 96%; control, not reported | M=42 | Experimental, unknown; control, not reported | 50% | More days housed | Housing associated with reduction in substance use | |
Tsemberis and Eisenberg, 2000 (34)f | 1,841 | Experimental, 67%; control, 73% | M=41 | Experimental, 60%; control, 46% | Experimental, 58%; control, 49% | More housed by end of study | ||
Tsemberis, 1999 (13)g | 3,950 | Experimental, 74%; control, 66% | Experimental, 58% were between ages 30 and 49; control, 69% were between ages 30 and 49 | Experimental, 59%; control, 55% | Experimental, 62%; control, 49% | More housed by end of study |
Attrition
Attrition rate and study | Study period | Experimental group or group hypothesized to outperform comparison group (%)b | Control group or group hypothesized to underperform experimental group (%)c | Average attrition across experimental and control groups |
---|---|---|---|---|
0%–29% (medium or high statistical power) | ||||
McHugo et al., 2004 (8) | 18 months | 15 | 32 | 24 |
Goldfinger et al., 1999 (35) | 3 years | 23 | 24 | 24 |
Tsemberis, 1999 (13) | 3 years | 16 | 40 | 28 |
30%–49% (low or medium statistical power) | ||||
Tsemberis and Eisenberg, 2000 (34) | 5 years | 12 | 53 | 33 |
Siegel et al., 2006 (28) | 18 months | 28 | 46 | 37 |
Rosenheck et al., 2003 (7) | 3 years | 23 | 52 | 38 |
Clark and Rich, 2003 (30) | 1 year | 24 | 64 | 44 |
≥50% (very low statistical power) | ||||
Lipton et al., 1988 (33) | 1 year | 31 | 70 | 51 |
Hurlburt et al., 1996 (29) | 3 years | 42 | 70 | 56 |
Response Bias
Design and Implementation of Housing and Support Services
Randomization and Control Group Design
Conclusions
Footnote
References
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