Structural Components of Integrated Behavioral Health Care: A Comparison of National Programs
Abstract
Initiatives that support and incentivize the integration of behavioral health and general medical care have become a focus of government strategies to achieve the triple aim of improved health, better patient experience, and reduced costs. The authors describe the components of four large-scale national initiatives aimed at integrating care for a wide range of behavioral health needs. Commonalities across these national initiatives highlight health care and social services needs that must be addressed to improve care for people with co-occurring behavioral health and general medical conditions. These findings can inform how to design, test, select, and align the most promising strategies for integrated care in a variety of settings.
HIGHLIGHTS
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National integrated care initiatives share common elements such as population health management, care coordination, referral processes, quality improvement, and sustainability strategies.
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Measurement-based decision support, self-management support, and social service linkages are less clearly described by these initiatives.
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Areas in need of further development include workforce expansion, health information technology, and social determinants of health.
Over the past three decades, policy makers have implemented various strategies to integrate the delivery of care for individuals with comorbid behavioral and general medical conditions as a focus of government strategies to achieve the triple aim of improved health, better patient experience, and reduced costs. These individuals—particularly those with a serious mental illness—often have long periods of untreated general medical conditions, which exacerbates their mental health conditions, leads to costly emergency department visits and hospitalizations, and contributes to early death (1).
Integrated care is intended to increase access to comprehensive, coordinated services in whatever health care setting a consumer finds most convenient and comfortable. Models of integrated care range from positioning mental health services in primary care (primarily for the management of mild-to-moderate depression, anxiety, or substance use) to delivering primary care services within community mental health centers (CMHCs) (2). This column summarizes the core components of integrated care by examining four large-scale national initiatives: the Primary and Behavioral Health Care Integration (PBHCI) program (3), Certified Community Behavioral Health Clinic (CCBHC) demonstration (4), Medicaid Health Home (MHH) (5), and Patient-Centered Medical Home (PCMH) (6) (see an online supplement for in-depth descriptions of these national programs). Given that integrated care is rooted in a complex lexical landscape (7), we used an updated version of Chung and Pincus’s integrated care framework (8) to distill the key structures and processes of each initiative. This enabled us to directly compare the scope of service built into each initiative.
Outside of grant and demonstration programs, there is not yet widespread uptake of integrated care for individuals with both behavioral disorders and general medical conditions. For example, less than one-quarter of CMHCs provide integrated general medical care (9), and uptake of Medicare billing codes for collaborative care (an early integrated care model) remains low (10). Several factors impede the adoption of the many available approaches to integrated care. These factors include a lack of clarity on what constitutes the core components of these models and how models and their core components can be successfully adapted to local contexts. In addition, with the exception of depression treatment in primary care, the evidence for many integration models is mixed, and research is lacking to identify the structures and processes of care that have the strongest evidence base to improve outcomes.
Despite large investments in the initiatives described here, the future of care integration remains uncertain. Certain settings and types of practices have implemented integrated care models differently, prioritizing different domains of integration depending on their local context and resources. This is a strength of these national, multicomponent integrated care initiatives but also one of the challenges to their wider adoption. By describing the key elements of the four national initiatives selected for this column, we aimed to shed light on future directions for implementation of integrated care.
Key Elements of National Integrated Care Initiatives
CCBHC, PBHCI, MHH, and PCMH do not represent every configuration of integrated care, but they are generally well defined and reflect a continuum of models that utilize different financial strategies (e.g., grants, case rates, prospective payment systems, and support for enhanced fee-for-service payments) and target different populations. Although some of these initiatives have been applied to youths, we focus on their application to adults. We did not review the collaborative care model, which was initially studied as the IMPACT (Improving Mood—Promoting Access to Collaborative Treatment) model for depression care and has been adapted for other mental disorders in primary care, because this model has already been extensively reviewed in the literature (11). The remainder of this column summarizes the key elements of these four national integrated care initiatives (see section B in the online supplement for the full matrix comparing programs).
Multidisciplinary teams.
All four initiatives involve reorganization, addition, or reassignment of personnel to deliver new services, such as implementation of chronic disease management protocols and wellness programs. These teams typically involve a combination of primary care providers (physician, nurse, and nurse practitioner), care managers, behavioral health specialists, peer support staff, and wellness coaches. These staff may be employed by the same organization or partner organizations.
Population health management.
All four initiatives require systematic screening and monitoring for chronic health conditions, and some of them have requirements to conduct comprehensive assessments of health and social needs. They also employ various health information technologies (ITs) for monitoring health status, tracking the delivery of routine preventive care, and facilitating information sharing across providers.
Access to routine and urgent care.
All four initiatives include strategies for expanding the hours and locations of services to improve access to care. They also require clinicians providing crisis care to promptly share clinical information with the consumer’s regular provider.
Decision support for measurement-based, stepped care.
Decision support is inconsistently described across programs, suggesting that research on stepped care interventions for serious mental illness, specifically within integrated care models, is an area for further development.
Self-management support.
All four initiatives require involving families, caregivers, and support persons in defining consumers’ care goals in order to place consumers at the center of the care team and ensure that they are actively engaged in creating their own care plan. These initiatives also engage consumers in chronic disease management and wellness services to change health behaviors (for example, to decrease tobacco use and increase exercise). However, the specificity of the implementation requirements and expectations regarding the intensity of these services vary across initiatives.
Ongoing care management.
The target populations, staffing, clinical activities, and incentive structures of care management expectations are highly variable among the four initiatives, although each includes some form of expectation for longitudinal care management of chronic conditions.
Seamless referral process.
These initiatives have varying requirements to improve referral and information-sharing processes between behavioral health and general medical providers, including formal practice agreements, data-sharing protocols, and integrated or linked electronic health records.
Mechanisms to facilitate coordination of care.
The four initiatives primarily focus on health IT strategies to support referral tracking, coordination, communication, and transitions between episodes and levels of care. Strategies to advance coordination include incentives aligned with monitoring quality and timeliness of response, as well as explicit requirements to develop written care transition protocols with real-time information sharing.
Linkages with community and social services.
All four initiatives require primary care providers, mental health providers, or both to maintain referral relationships with other providers who can help address social determinants of health. However, the specificity in the types of providers and formal structure of those relationships differ across initiatives.
Systematic quality improvement.
All four programs identify performance monitoring and quality improvement as essential to advancing integrated care (12). They also describe advisory boards with diverse stakeholder representation and consumer participation to enhance accountability and contribute to quality improvement initiatives.
Sustainability strategies.
We identified sustainability strategies in each integration model that are inherently related to the scope, intensity, longevity, and maturity of a program. These strategies include identifying a primary payment source and diversification of funding, prioritizing workforce development and engagement with policy change, and ensuring access to affordable care that is available to all. Program applications require that sustainability strategies be well developed from the outset rather than being developed in response to acute limits on grants or other program funds.
Implications for Policy and Practice
Following the examples of the four initiatives and the structure of an established framework, policy makers, payers, providers, and researchers can adapt and align existing systems of care or create new approaches that, regardless of the innovation, ensure a foundational set of essential services for both behavioral health and general medical care. Different practice settings will likely prioritize different elements of integrated care; for example, an initiative to create a comprehensive health home for people with serious mental illness might focus on screening for general medical conditions, referrals, and care coordination, whereas large primary care clinics may focus on hiring behavioral health providers as members of their primary care team. Comprehensive assessment of program quality and costs is essential for evaluating the value of the services that clinics provide as well as for estimating cost and pricing strategies to support necessary infrastructure. The components described above can also help guide the selection and reporting of quality measures.
As evidenced by the initiatives described here, integrated care policies can be shaped both from the top down and the bottom up. Federal and state initiatives can create collaboratives and information exchanges for delivery systems and health plans to learn about how best to support integrated practice improvements. Local initiatives can help shape how states develop regulatory requirements and incentive payment models. Local delivery systems, specialty clinics, individual practices, and social services providers are likely to benefit from clearly articulating their entire scope and cost of integrated care to ensure that emerging policy and funding opportunities can sustain effective integrated care. The scope may include start-up activities (e.g., funds to renovate space to accommodate colocated services and legal fees for drafting memoranda of understanding) and engagement with key social service partners (e.g., housing and transportation). Collaborations with funders to develop new approaches to financing integrated practice (e.g., measurement-based care, value-based payments, and shared savings) that are mutually beneficial (e.g., increased accountability, with incentives for meeting quality standards) may also help sustain integrated practice.
The integrated care initiatives discussed here have broad requirements, and their implementation varies across states and communities because of differences in reimbursement strategies, provider capacity, and consumer characteristics. As such, no single solution to providing high-quality integrated care will work across all contexts; further research is needed to elaborate implementation best practices across settings. Nonetheless, our structured synthesis of essential components can help providers and policy makers understand and advance comprehensive models of integrated care with fundamental building blocks and in accordance with their specific needs and priorities. Finally, these cross-cutting themes should be taken into account by behavioral health and primary care practices moving toward integration.
Workforce.
The models described here could be strengthened by including requirements that behavioral health and general medical services be provided or overseen by qualified personnel. To address workforce shortages, these measures could ensure that providers are performing skills at a level commensurate with their license and expertise, while also utilizing paraprofessionals and the whole office staff in delivering integrated care to maximize consumer engagement.
Health IT.
Many health IT systems do not readily facilitate information exchange, decision-making support, or measurement-based care either within clinics or between providers. As revealed during the COVID-19 pandemic, telemedicine has great potential to improve accessibility to integrated care (13). Which components of integrated care can be realistically supported by telehealth and which populations are most likely to benefit from telehealth remain to be determined.
Social determinants of health.
Future integration initiatives must do more to ensure equity and address related social determinants of health. Although cultural competence training was described in all programs, integration efforts should also consider factors contributing to structural inequities. For example, screening for social determinants that might impede engagement in care (e.g., housing, transportation, child care, income, and food security) can help identify barriers to care. Furthermore, inconsistencies exist among programs regarding promoting access and engagement in services for special populations such as veterans, Indigenous persons, and people living in rural areas. Protocols for working with law enforcement might be particularly useful for diverting consumers with serious mental illness and substance use disorders away from the criminal justice system and to appropriate care (14).
This systematic comparison of the components of four prominent initiatives integrating behavioral health and general medical care highlights the multiple complex considerations that must be addressed in improving health services for high-need, high-cost populations. The framework presented herein can assist providers, researchers, and policy makers to better design, develop, test, and align programs to incentivize and implement effective integrated care.
Footnote
The authors recognize Dr. Henry Chung for helping to develop the framework on which this study was based, as well as research team members Brigitta Spaeth-Rublee, Dr. Parashar Ramanuj, Dr. Erin Ferenchick, Mingjie Li, and Abraham Nowels for their contributions. Joshua Breslau, Michael Dunbar, and Peggy Elmer provided additional input on a draft of this column.
Supplementary Material
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References
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Kronick RG, Bella M, Gilmer TP, et al: Faces of Medicaid II: Recognizing the Care Needs of People With Multiple Chronic Conditions. Hamilton, NJ, Center for Health Care Strategies, 2007. https://www.chcs.org/resource/the-faces-of-medicaid-ii-recognizing-the-care-needs-of-people-with-multiple-chronic-conditions
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Primary and Behavioral Health Care Integration. FOA no SM-15-005. Rockville, MD, Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 2014. https://www.samhsa.gov/grants/grant-announcements/sm-15-005
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Health Homes Frequently Asked Questions. 1945 of SSA/Section 2703 of ACA. Baltimore, Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, 2012. https://www.medicaid.gov/state-resource-center/medicaid-state-technical-assistance/health-home-information-resource-center/downloads/health-homes-faq-5-3-12_2.pdf
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Information & Authors
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Published In
History
Received: 12 December 2019
Revision received: 27 April 2021
Revision received: 4 June 2021
Accepted: 9 June 2021
Published online: 9 September 2021
Published in print: May 2022
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Competing Interests
The views presented here are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the Commonwealth Fund; the NIH or their directors, officers, or staff; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration; Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation; or the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
Funding Information
This study was supported by the Commonwealth Fund (grant 20141104). Additional funding was provided by the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health (NIH; award UL1 TR000040), and the National Institute of Mental Health (award 5R25MH086466-07).The authors report no financial relationships with commercial interests.
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