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Abstract

The app evaluation framework of the American Psychiatric Association (APA) has emerged as an adaptable tool for those seeking to navigate the ever-growing space of mental health apps. The authors describe a meeting convened in December 2019 to refine the APA framework. The expert panel comprised 16 individuals across health care fields, with representation from psychiatry, psychology, social work, nursing, clinical informatics, peer support specialists, and individuals with lived mental health experience. This meeting resulted in an update to the APA framework with the addition of clearer question descriptions and the release of an eight-question screener that may be useful in clinical settings.

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Information

Published In

Go to Psychiatric Services
Go to Psychiatric Services
Psychiatric Services
Pages: 1095 - 1098
PubMed: 33882716

History

Received: 5 September 2020
Revision received: 7 October 2020
Revision received: 6 November 2020
Accepted: 12 November 2020
Published online: 22 April 2021
Published in print: September 01, 2021

Keywords

  1. Computer technology
  2. Public education

Authors

Details

Sarah Lagan, B.S.
Division of Digital Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston (Lagan, Torous); College of Nursing, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (Emerson); Department of Psychiatry, Utah Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (King); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee (Matwin); U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, and Department of Psychiatry, Stanford Medical Center, Palo Alto, California (Chan); Behavioral Health Informatics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (Proctor); Department of Psychiatry, Northwell Health, New York City (Tartaglia); Department of Psychiatry, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire (Fortuna); Department of Psychiatry, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Boston (Aquino); Department of Mental Health, Office of Recovery and Empowerment, Boston (Walker); Department of Practice Management and Delivery Systems Policy (Dirst) and Department of Digital Health (Tatro), American Psychiatric Association, Washington, D.C.; Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts (Benson); Los Angeles County Department of Mental Health, Los Angeles (Myrick); Scarborough Hospital Toronto, and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto (Gratzer). Dror Ben-Zeev, Ph.D., is editor of this column.
Margaret R. Emerson, D.N.P., A.P.R.N.
Division of Digital Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston (Lagan, Torous); College of Nursing, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (Emerson); Department of Psychiatry, Utah Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (King); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee (Matwin); U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, and Department of Psychiatry, Stanford Medical Center, Palo Alto, California (Chan); Behavioral Health Informatics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (Proctor); Department of Psychiatry, Northwell Health, New York City (Tartaglia); Department of Psychiatry, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire (Fortuna); Department of Psychiatry, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Boston (Aquino); Department of Mental Health, Office of Recovery and Empowerment, Boston (Walker); Department of Practice Management and Delivery Systems Policy (Dirst) and Department of Digital Health (Tatro), American Psychiatric Association, Washington, D.C.; Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts (Benson); Los Angeles County Department of Mental Health, Los Angeles (Myrick); Scarborough Hospital Toronto, and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto (Gratzer). Dror Ben-Zeev, Ph.D., is editor of this column.
Darlene King, M.D.
Division of Digital Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston (Lagan, Torous); College of Nursing, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (Emerson); Department of Psychiatry, Utah Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (King); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee (Matwin); U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, and Department of Psychiatry, Stanford Medical Center, Palo Alto, California (Chan); Behavioral Health Informatics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (Proctor); Department of Psychiatry, Northwell Health, New York City (Tartaglia); Department of Psychiatry, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire (Fortuna); Department of Psychiatry, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Boston (Aquino); Department of Mental Health, Office of Recovery and Empowerment, Boston (Walker); Department of Practice Management and Delivery Systems Policy (Dirst) and Department of Digital Health (Tatro), American Psychiatric Association, Washington, D.C.; Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts (Benson); Los Angeles County Department of Mental Health, Los Angeles (Myrick); Scarborough Hospital Toronto, and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto (Gratzer). Dror Ben-Zeev, Ph.D., is editor of this column.
Sonia Matwin, Ph.D.
Division of Digital Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston (Lagan, Torous); College of Nursing, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (Emerson); Department of Psychiatry, Utah Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (King); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee (Matwin); U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, and Department of Psychiatry, Stanford Medical Center, Palo Alto, California (Chan); Behavioral Health Informatics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (Proctor); Department of Psychiatry, Northwell Health, New York City (Tartaglia); Department of Psychiatry, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire (Fortuna); Department of Psychiatry, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Boston (Aquino); Department of Mental Health, Office of Recovery and Empowerment, Boston (Walker); Department of Practice Management and Delivery Systems Policy (Dirst) and Department of Digital Health (Tatro), American Psychiatric Association, Washington, D.C.; Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts (Benson); Los Angeles County Department of Mental Health, Los Angeles (Myrick); Scarborough Hospital Toronto, and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto (Gratzer). Dror Ben-Zeev, Ph.D., is editor of this column.
Steven R. Chan, M.D., M.B.A.
Division of Digital Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston (Lagan, Torous); College of Nursing, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (Emerson); Department of Psychiatry, Utah Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (King); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee (Matwin); U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, and Department of Psychiatry, Stanford Medical Center, Palo Alto, California (Chan); Behavioral Health Informatics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (Proctor); Department of Psychiatry, Northwell Health, New York City (Tartaglia); Department of Psychiatry, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire (Fortuna); Department of Psychiatry, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Boston (Aquino); Department of Mental Health, Office of Recovery and Empowerment, Boston (Walker); Department of Practice Management and Delivery Systems Policy (Dirst) and Department of Digital Health (Tatro), American Psychiatric Association, Washington, D.C.; Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts (Benson); Los Angeles County Department of Mental Health, Los Angeles (Myrick); Scarborough Hospital Toronto, and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto (Gratzer). Dror Ben-Zeev, Ph.D., is editor of this column.
Stephon Proctor, Ph.D.
Division of Digital Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston (Lagan, Torous); College of Nursing, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (Emerson); Department of Psychiatry, Utah Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (King); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee (Matwin); U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, and Department of Psychiatry, Stanford Medical Center, Palo Alto, California (Chan); Behavioral Health Informatics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (Proctor); Department of Psychiatry, Northwell Health, New York City (Tartaglia); Department of Psychiatry, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire (Fortuna); Department of Psychiatry, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Boston (Aquino); Department of Mental Health, Office of Recovery and Empowerment, Boston (Walker); Department of Practice Management and Delivery Systems Policy (Dirst) and Department of Digital Health (Tatro), American Psychiatric Association, Washington, D.C.; Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts (Benson); Los Angeles County Department of Mental Health, Los Angeles (Myrick); Scarborough Hospital Toronto, and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto (Gratzer). Dror Ben-Zeev, Ph.D., is editor of this column.
Julia Tartaglia, M.D.
Division of Digital Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston (Lagan, Torous); College of Nursing, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (Emerson); Department of Psychiatry, Utah Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (King); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee (Matwin); U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, and Department of Psychiatry, Stanford Medical Center, Palo Alto, California (Chan); Behavioral Health Informatics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (Proctor); Department of Psychiatry, Northwell Health, New York City (Tartaglia); Department of Psychiatry, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire (Fortuna); Department of Psychiatry, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Boston (Aquino); Department of Mental Health, Office of Recovery and Empowerment, Boston (Walker); Department of Practice Management and Delivery Systems Policy (Dirst) and Department of Digital Health (Tatro), American Psychiatric Association, Washington, D.C.; Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts (Benson); Los Angeles County Department of Mental Health, Los Angeles (Myrick); Scarborough Hospital Toronto, and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto (Gratzer). Dror Ben-Zeev, Ph.D., is editor of this column.
Karen L. Fortuna, Ph.D., L.C.S.W.
Division of Digital Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston (Lagan, Torous); College of Nursing, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (Emerson); Department of Psychiatry, Utah Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (King); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee (Matwin); U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, and Department of Psychiatry, Stanford Medical Center, Palo Alto, California (Chan); Behavioral Health Informatics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (Proctor); Department of Psychiatry, Northwell Health, New York City (Tartaglia); Department of Psychiatry, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire (Fortuna); Department of Psychiatry, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Boston (Aquino); Department of Mental Health, Office of Recovery and Empowerment, Boston (Walker); Department of Practice Management and Delivery Systems Policy (Dirst) and Department of Digital Health (Tatro), American Psychiatric Association, Washington, D.C.; Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts (Benson); Los Angeles County Department of Mental Health, Los Angeles (Myrick); Scarborough Hospital Toronto, and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto (Gratzer). Dror Ben-Zeev, Ph.D., is editor of this column.
Patrick Aquino, M.D.
Division of Digital Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston (Lagan, Torous); College of Nursing, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (Emerson); Department of Psychiatry, Utah Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (King); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee (Matwin); U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, and Department of Psychiatry, Stanford Medical Center, Palo Alto, California (Chan); Behavioral Health Informatics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (Proctor); Department of Psychiatry, Northwell Health, New York City (Tartaglia); Department of Psychiatry, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire (Fortuna); Department of Psychiatry, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Boston (Aquino); Department of Mental Health, Office of Recovery and Empowerment, Boston (Walker); Department of Practice Management and Delivery Systems Policy (Dirst) and Department of Digital Health (Tatro), American Psychiatric Association, Washington, D.C.; Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts (Benson); Los Angeles County Department of Mental Health, Los Angeles (Myrick); Scarborough Hospital Toronto, and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto (Gratzer). Dror Ben-Zeev, Ph.D., is editor of this column.
Robert Walker, M.S., C.O.A.P.S.
Division of Digital Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston (Lagan, Torous); College of Nursing, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (Emerson); Department of Psychiatry, Utah Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (King); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee (Matwin); U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, and Department of Psychiatry, Stanford Medical Center, Palo Alto, California (Chan); Behavioral Health Informatics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (Proctor); Department of Psychiatry, Northwell Health, New York City (Tartaglia); Department of Psychiatry, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire (Fortuna); Department of Psychiatry, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Boston (Aquino); Department of Mental Health, Office of Recovery and Empowerment, Boston (Walker); Department of Practice Management and Delivery Systems Policy (Dirst) and Department of Digital Health (Tatro), American Psychiatric Association, Washington, D.C.; Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts (Benson); Los Angeles County Department of Mental Health, Los Angeles (Myrick); Scarborough Hospital Toronto, and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto (Gratzer). Dror Ben-Zeev, Ph.D., is editor of this column.
Michelle Dirst, M.P.P.
Division of Digital Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston (Lagan, Torous); College of Nursing, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (Emerson); Department of Psychiatry, Utah Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (King); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee (Matwin); U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, and Department of Psychiatry, Stanford Medical Center, Palo Alto, California (Chan); Behavioral Health Informatics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (Proctor); Department of Psychiatry, Northwell Health, New York City (Tartaglia); Department of Psychiatry, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire (Fortuna); Department of Psychiatry, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Boston (Aquino); Department of Mental Health, Office of Recovery and Empowerment, Boston (Walker); Department of Practice Management and Delivery Systems Policy (Dirst) and Department of Digital Health (Tatro), American Psychiatric Association, Washington, D.C.; Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts (Benson); Los Angeles County Department of Mental Health, Los Angeles (Myrick); Scarborough Hospital Toronto, and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto (Gratzer). Dror Ben-Zeev, Ph.D., is editor of this column.
Nicole Benson, M.D.
Division of Digital Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston (Lagan, Torous); College of Nursing, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (Emerson); Department of Psychiatry, Utah Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (King); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee (Matwin); U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, and Department of Psychiatry, Stanford Medical Center, Palo Alto, California (Chan); Behavioral Health Informatics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (Proctor); Department of Psychiatry, Northwell Health, New York City (Tartaglia); Department of Psychiatry, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire (Fortuna); Department of Psychiatry, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Boston (Aquino); Department of Mental Health, Office of Recovery and Empowerment, Boston (Walker); Department of Practice Management and Delivery Systems Policy (Dirst) and Department of Digital Health (Tatro), American Psychiatric Association, Washington, D.C.; Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts (Benson); Los Angeles County Department of Mental Health, Los Angeles (Myrick); Scarborough Hospital Toronto, and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto (Gratzer). Dror Ben-Zeev, Ph.D., is editor of this column.
Keris Jan Myrick, M.B.A., M.S.
Division of Digital Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston (Lagan, Torous); College of Nursing, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (Emerson); Department of Psychiatry, Utah Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (King); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee (Matwin); U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, and Department of Psychiatry, Stanford Medical Center, Palo Alto, California (Chan); Behavioral Health Informatics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (Proctor); Department of Psychiatry, Northwell Health, New York City (Tartaglia); Department of Psychiatry, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire (Fortuna); Department of Psychiatry, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Boston (Aquino); Department of Mental Health, Office of Recovery and Empowerment, Boston (Walker); Department of Practice Management and Delivery Systems Policy (Dirst) and Department of Digital Health (Tatro), American Psychiatric Association, Washington, D.C.; Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts (Benson); Los Angeles County Department of Mental Health, Los Angeles (Myrick); Scarborough Hospital Toronto, and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto (Gratzer). Dror Ben-Zeev, Ph.D., is editor of this column.
Nathan Tatro, M.A.
Division of Digital Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston (Lagan, Torous); College of Nursing, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (Emerson); Department of Psychiatry, Utah Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (King); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee (Matwin); U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, and Department of Psychiatry, Stanford Medical Center, Palo Alto, California (Chan); Behavioral Health Informatics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (Proctor); Department of Psychiatry, Northwell Health, New York City (Tartaglia); Department of Psychiatry, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire (Fortuna); Department of Psychiatry, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Boston (Aquino); Department of Mental Health, Office of Recovery and Empowerment, Boston (Walker); Department of Practice Management and Delivery Systems Policy (Dirst) and Department of Digital Health (Tatro), American Psychiatric Association, Washington, D.C.; Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts (Benson); Los Angeles County Department of Mental Health, Los Angeles (Myrick); Scarborough Hospital Toronto, and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto (Gratzer). Dror Ben-Zeev, Ph.D., is editor of this column.
David Gratzer, M.D., F.R.C.P.(C.)
Division of Digital Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston (Lagan, Torous); College of Nursing, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (Emerson); Department of Psychiatry, Utah Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (King); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee (Matwin); U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, and Department of Psychiatry, Stanford Medical Center, Palo Alto, California (Chan); Behavioral Health Informatics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (Proctor); Department of Psychiatry, Northwell Health, New York City (Tartaglia); Department of Psychiatry, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire (Fortuna); Department of Psychiatry, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Boston (Aquino); Department of Mental Health, Office of Recovery and Empowerment, Boston (Walker); Department of Practice Management and Delivery Systems Policy (Dirst) and Department of Digital Health (Tatro), American Psychiatric Association, Washington, D.C.; Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts (Benson); Los Angeles County Department of Mental Health, Los Angeles (Myrick); Scarborough Hospital Toronto, and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto (Gratzer). Dror Ben-Zeev, Ph.D., is editor of this column.
John Torous, M.D. [email protected]
Division of Digital Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston (Lagan, Torous); College of Nursing, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (Emerson); Department of Psychiatry, Utah Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (King); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee (Matwin); U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, and Department of Psychiatry, Stanford Medical Center, Palo Alto, California (Chan); Behavioral Health Informatics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (Proctor); Department of Psychiatry, Northwell Health, New York City (Tartaglia); Department of Psychiatry, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire (Fortuna); Department of Psychiatry, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Boston (Aquino); Department of Mental Health, Office of Recovery and Empowerment, Boston (Walker); Department of Practice Management and Delivery Systems Policy (Dirst) and Department of Digital Health (Tatro), American Psychiatric Association, Washington, D.C.; Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts (Benson); Los Angeles County Department of Mental Health, Los Angeles (Myrick); Scarborough Hospital Toronto, and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto (Gratzer). Dror Ben-Zeev, Ph.D., is editor of this column.

Notes

Send correspondence to Dr. Torous ([email protected]).

Competing Interests

The other authors report no financial relationships with commercial interests.

Funding Information

This work was supported by a grant from Jeremey Wertheimer. Dr. Fortuna was funded by a K01 award from the National Institute of Mental Health (K01-MH-117496). Dr. Benson receives support from the National Library of Medicine (NLM-T15-LM007092).Dr. Chan performs academic research for the University of California, Davis, under contract and was formerly compensated as a clinical fellow at the University of California, San Francisco. Dr. Chan formerly saw patients as a contracted physician of HealthLinkNow and Traditions Behavioral Health and taught at and was financially compensated by Guidewell Innovation and by the North American Center for Continuing Medical Education. He was financially compensated by Advanced Clinical for consulting; Scholastic Expeditions and the Arizona Psychiatric Society for teaching; the University of California, Davis, for contract consulting; and the University of Wisconsin–Madison School of Public Health. He consulted with Orbit Telepsychiatry for potential future stock options yet to be granted. Dr. Fortuna provides consulting services through Social Wellness. Dr. Myrick has had travel expenses covered by the American Psychiatric Association. Dr. Torous reports unrelated research support from Otsuka.

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