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Published Online: 16 June 2022
Sex Differences in Comorbid Mental and Substance Use Disorders Among Primary Care Patients With Opioid Use Disorder
Jordan M. Braciszewski, Ph.D. [email protected], Abisola E. Idu, M.P.H., M.S., Bobbi Jo H. Yarborough, Psy.D., Scott P. Stumbo, M.A., Jennifer F. Bobb, Ph.D., Katharine A. Bradley, M.D., M.P.H., Rebecca C. Rossom, M.D., M.S., … Show All … , Mark T. Murphy, M.D., Ingrid A. Binswanger, M.D., M.P.H., Cynthia I. Campbell, Ph.D., M.P.H., Joseph E. Glass, Ph.D., M.S.W., Theresa E. Matson, M.P.H., Gwen T. Lapham, Ph.D., M.P.H., Amy M. Loree, Ph.D., Celestina Barbosa-Leiker, Ph.D., Mary A. Hatch, Ph.D., Judith I. Tsui, M.D., M.P.H., Julia H. Arnsten, M.D., M.P.H., Angela Stotts, Ph.D., Viviana Horigian, M.D., M.H.A., Rebecca Hutcheson, M.S.W., Gavin Bart, M.D., Ph.D., Andrew J. Saxon, M.D., Manu Thakral, Ph.D., R.N., Deborah Ling Grant, Ph.D., M.B.A., Chaya Mangel Pflugeisen, M.S., M.Ed., Ingrid Usaga, M.S.W., Lawrence T. Madziwa, M.S., Angela Silva, D.B.A., M.A.O.L., and Denise M. Boudreau, Ph.D. Show FewerAuthors Info & Affiliations
Abstract
Objective:
The authors sought to characterize the 3-year prevalence of mental disorders and nonnicotine substance use disorders among male and female primary care patients with documented opioid use disorder across large U.S. health systems.
Methods:
This retrospective study used 2014–2016 data from patients ages ≥16 years in six health systems. Diagnoses were obtained from electronic health records or claims data; opioid use disorder treatment with buprenorphine or injectable extended-release naltrexone was determined through prescription and procedure data. Adjusted prevalence of comorbid conditions among patients with opioid use disorder (with or without treatment), stratified by sex, was estimated by fitting logistic regression models for each condition and applying marginal standardization.
Results:
Females (53.2%, N=7,431) and males (46.8%, N=6,548) had a similar prevalence of opioid use disorder. Comorbid mental disorders among those with opioid use disorder were more prevalent among females (86.4% vs. 74.3%, respectively), whereas comorbid other substance use disorders (excluding nicotine) were more common among males (51.9% vs. 60.9%, respectively). These differences held for those receiving medication treatment for opioid use disorder, with mental disorders being more common among treated females (83% vs. 71%) and other substance use disorders more common among treated males (68% vs. 63%). Among patients with a single mental health condition comorbid with opioid use disorder, females were less likely than males to receive medication treatment for opioid use disorder (15% vs. 20%, respectively).
Conclusions:
The high rate of comorbid conditions among patients with opioid use disorder indicates a strong need to supply primary care providers with adequate resources for integrated opioid use disorder treatment.
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History
Received: 21 November 2021
Revision received: 22 March 2022
Accepted: 31 March 2022
Published online: 16 June 2022
Published in print: December 01, 2022
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Center for Health Policy and Health Services Research, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (Braciszewski, Loree); Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute (KPWHRI), Seattle (Idu, Bobb, Bradley, Glass, Matson, Lapham, Madziwa); Kaiser Permanente Northwest Center for Health Research, Portland, Oregon (Yarborough, Stumbo); HealthPartners Institute and Department of Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (Rossom); MultiCare Institute for Research and Innovation, MultiCare Health System, Tacoma, Washington (Murphy, Pflugeisen, Silva); Kaiser Permanente Colorado Institute for Health Research, Colorado Permanente Medical Group, Department of Health System Science, Bernard J. Tyson Kaiser Permanente School of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (Binswanger); Kaiser Permanente Northern California Division of Research, Oakland (Campbell); Department of Health Systems and Population Health, University of Washington, Seattle (Lapham, Hutcheson); Washington State University Health Sciences Spokane, Spokane (Barbosa-Leiker); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and Addictions, Drug and Alcohol Institute, University of Washington, Seattle (Hatch); Department of Medicine, University of Washington and Harborview Medical Center, Seattle (Tsui); Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, New York City (Arnsten); Department of Family and Community Medicine, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston (Stotts); Department of Public Health Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami (Horigian, Usaga); Hennepin Healthcare and Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis (Bart); Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle (Saxon); Manning College of Nursing and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Boston (Thakral); Kaiser Permanente Southern California Department of Research and Evaluation, Pasadena (Ling Grant); Genentech, Inc., San Francisco (Boudreau).
Abisola E. Idu, M.P.H., M.S.
Center for Health Policy and Health Services Research, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (Braciszewski, Loree); Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute (KPWHRI), Seattle (Idu, Bobb, Bradley, Glass, Matson, Lapham, Madziwa); Kaiser Permanente Northwest Center for Health Research, Portland, Oregon (Yarborough, Stumbo); HealthPartners Institute and Department of Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (Rossom); MultiCare Institute for Research and Innovation, MultiCare Health System, Tacoma, Washington (Murphy, Pflugeisen, Silva); Kaiser Permanente Colorado Institute for Health Research, Colorado Permanente Medical Group, Department of Health System Science, Bernard J. Tyson Kaiser Permanente School of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (Binswanger); Kaiser Permanente Northern California Division of Research, Oakland (Campbell); Department of Health Systems and Population Health, University of Washington, Seattle (Lapham, Hutcheson); Washington State University Health Sciences Spokane, Spokane (Barbosa-Leiker); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and Addictions, Drug and Alcohol Institute, University of Washington, Seattle (Hatch); Department of Medicine, University of Washington and Harborview Medical Center, Seattle (Tsui); Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, New York City (Arnsten); Department of Family and Community Medicine, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston (Stotts); Department of Public Health Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami (Horigian, Usaga); Hennepin Healthcare and Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis (Bart); Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle (Saxon); Manning College of Nursing and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Boston (Thakral); Kaiser Permanente Southern California Department of Research and Evaluation, Pasadena (Ling Grant); Genentech, Inc., San Francisco (Boudreau).
Bobbi Jo H. Yarborough, Psy.D.
Center for Health Policy and Health Services Research, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (Braciszewski, Loree); Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute (KPWHRI), Seattle (Idu, Bobb, Bradley, Glass, Matson, Lapham, Madziwa); Kaiser Permanente Northwest Center for Health Research, Portland, Oregon (Yarborough, Stumbo); HealthPartners Institute and Department of Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (Rossom); MultiCare Institute for Research and Innovation, MultiCare Health System, Tacoma, Washington (Murphy, Pflugeisen, Silva); Kaiser Permanente Colorado Institute for Health Research, Colorado Permanente Medical Group, Department of Health System Science, Bernard J. Tyson Kaiser Permanente School of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (Binswanger); Kaiser Permanente Northern California Division of Research, Oakland (Campbell); Department of Health Systems and Population Health, University of Washington, Seattle (Lapham, Hutcheson); Washington State University Health Sciences Spokane, Spokane (Barbosa-Leiker); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and Addictions, Drug and Alcohol Institute, University of Washington, Seattle (Hatch); Department of Medicine, University of Washington and Harborview Medical Center, Seattle (Tsui); Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, New York City (Arnsten); Department of Family and Community Medicine, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston (Stotts); Department of Public Health Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami (Horigian, Usaga); Hennepin Healthcare and Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis (Bart); Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle (Saxon); Manning College of Nursing and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Boston (Thakral); Kaiser Permanente Southern California Department of Research and Evaluation, Pasadena (Ling Grant); Genentech, Inc., San Francisco (Boudreau).
Scott P. Stumbo, M.A.
Center for Health Policy and Health Services Research, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (Braciszewski, Loree); Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute (KPWHRI), Seattle (Idu, Bobb, Bradley, Glass, Matson, Lapham, Madziwa); Kaiser Permanente Northwest Center for Health Research, Portland, Oregon (Yarborough, Stumbo); HealthPartners Institute and Department of Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (Rossom); MultiCare Institute for Research and Innovation, MultiCare Health System, Tacoma, Washington (Murphy, Pflugeisen, Silva); Kaiser Permanente Colorado Institute for Health Research, Colorado Permanente Medical Group, Department of Health System Science, Bernard J. Tyson Kaiser Permanente School of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (Binswanger); Kaiser Permanente Northern California Division of Research, Oakland (Campbell); Department of Health Systems and Population Health, University of Washington, Seattle (Lapham, Hutcheson); Washington State University Health Sciences Spokane, Spokane (Barbosa-Leiker); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and Addictions, Drug and Alcohol Institute, University of Washington, Seattle (Hatch); Department of Medicine, University of Washington and Harborview Medical Center, Seattle (Tsui); Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, New York City (Arnsten); Department of Family and Community Medicine, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston (Stotts); Department of Public Health Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami (Horigian, Usaga); Hennepin Healthcare and Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis (Bart); Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle (Saxon); Manning College of Nursing and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Boston (Thakral); Kaiser Permanente Southern California Department of Research and Evaluation, Pasadena (Ling Grant); Genentech, Inc., San Francisco (Boudreau).
Jennifer F. Bobb, Ph.D.
Center for Health Policy and Health Services Research, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (Braciszewski, Loree); Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute (KPWHRI), Seattle (Idu, Bobb, Bradley, Glass, Matson, Lapham, Madziwa); Kaiser Permanente Northwest Center for Health Research, Portland, Oregon (Yarborough, Stumbo); HealthPartners Institute and Department of Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (Rossom); MultiCare Institute for Research and Innovation, MultiCare Health System, Tacoma, Washington (Murphy, Pflugeisen, Silva); Kaiser Permanente Colorado Institute for Health Research, Colorado Permanente Medical Group, Department of Health System Science, Bernard J. Tyson Kaiser Permanente School of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (Binswanger); Kaiser Permanente Northern California Division of Research, Oakland (Campbell); Department of Health Systems and Population Health, University of Washington, Seattle (Lapham, Hutcheson); Washington State University Health Sciences Spokane, Spokane (Barbosa-Leiker); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and Addictions, Drug and Alcohol Institute, University of Washington, Seattle (Hatch); Department of Medicine, University of Washington and Harborview Medical Center, Seattle (Tsui); Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, New York City (Arnsten); Department of Family and Community Medicine, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston (Stotts); Department of Public Health Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami (Horigian, Usaga); Hennepin Healthcare and Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis (Bart); Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle (Saxon); Manning College of Nursing and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Boston (Thakral); Kaiser Permanente Southern California Department of Research and Evaluation, Pasadena (Ling Grant); Genentech, Inc., San Francisco (Boudreau).
Katharine A. Bradley, M.D., M.P.H.
Center for Health Policy and Health Services Research, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (Braciszewski, Loree); Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute (KPWHRI), Seattle (Idu, Bobb, Bradley, Glass, Matson, Lapham, Madziwa); Kaiser Permanente Northwest Center for Health Research, Portland, Oregon (Yarborough, Stumbo); HealthPartners Institute and Department of Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (Rossom); MultiCare Institute for Research and Innovation, MultiCare Health System, Tacoma, Washington (Murphy, Pflugeisen, Silva); Kaiser Permanente Colorado Institute for Health Research, Colorado Permanente Medical Group, Department of Health System Science, Bernard J. Tyson Kaiser Permanente School of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (Binswanger); Kaiser Permanente Northern California Division of Research, Oakland (Campbell); Department of Health Systems and Population Health, University of Washington, Seattle (Lapham, Hutcheson); Washington State University Health Sciences Spokane, Spokane (Barbosa-Leiker); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and Addictions, Drug and Alcohol Institute, University of Washington, Seattle (Hatch); Department of Medicine, University of Washington and Harborview Medical Center, Seattle (Tsui); Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, New York City (Arnsten); Department of Family and Community Medicine, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston (Stotts); Department of Public Health Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami (Horigian, Usaga); Hennepin Healthcare and Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis (Bart); Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle (Saxon); Manning College of Nursing and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Boston (Thakral); Kaiser Permanente Southern California Department of Research and Evaluation, Pasadena (Ling Grant); Genentech, Inc., San Francisco (Boudreau).
Rebecca C. Rossom, M.D., M.S.
Center for Health Policy and Health Services Research, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (Braciszewski, Loree); Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute (KPWHRI), Seattle (Idu, Bobb, Bradley, Glass, Matson, Lapham, Madziwa); Kaiser Permanente Northwest Center for Health Research, Portland, Oregon (Yarborough, Stumbo); HealthPartners Institute and Department of Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (Rossom); MultiCare Institute for Research and Innovation, MultiCare Health System, Tacoma, Washington (Murphy, Pflugeisen, Silva); Kaiser Permanente Colorado Institute for Health Research, Colorado Permanente Medical Group, Department of Health System Science, Bernard J. Tyson Kaiser Permanente School of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (Binswanger); Kaiser Permanente Northern California Division of Research, Oakland (Campbell); Department of Health Systems and Population Health, University of Washington, Seattle (Lapham, Hutcheson); Washington State University Health Sciences Spokane, Spokane (Barbosa-Leiker); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and Addictions, Drug and Alcohol Institute, University of Washington, Seattle (Hatch); Department of Medicine, University of Washington and Harborview Medical Center, Seattle (Tsui); Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, New York City (Arnsten); Department of Family and Community Medicine, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston (Stotts); Department of Public Health Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami (Horigian, Usaga); Hennepin Healthcare and Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis (Bart); Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle (Saxon); Manning College of Nursing and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Boston (Thakral); Kaiser Permanente Southern California Department of Research and Evaluation, Pasadena (Ling Grant); Genentech, Inc., San Francisco (Boudreau).
Mark T. Murphy, M.D.
Center for Health Policy and Health Services Research, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (Braciszewski, Loree); Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute (KPWHRI), Seattle (Idu, Bobb, Bradley, Glass, Matson, Lapham, Madziwa); Kaiser Permanente Northwest Center for Health Research, Portland, Oregon (Yarborough, Stumbo); HealthPartners Institute and Department of Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (Rossom); MultiCare Institute for Research and Innovation, MultiCare Health System, Tacoma, Washington (Murphy, Pflugeisen, Silva); Kaiser Permanente Colorado Institute for Health Research, Colorado Permanente Medical Group, Department of Health System Science, Bernard J. Tyson Kaiser Permanente School of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (Binswanger); Kaiser Permanente Northern California Division of Research, Oakland (Campbell); Department of Health Systems and Population Health, University of Washington, Seattle (Lapham, Hutcheson); Washington State University Health Sciences Spokane, Spokane (Barbosa-Leiker); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and Addictions, Drug and Alcohol Institute, University of Washington, Seattle (Hatch); Department of Medicine, University of Washington and Harborview Medical Center, Seattle (Tsui); Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, New York City (Arnsten); Department of Family and Community Medicine, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston (Stotts); Department of Public Health Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami (Horigian, Usaga); Hennepin Healthcare and Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis (Bart); Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle (Saxon); Manning College of Nursing and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Boston (Thakral); Kaiser Permanente Southern California Department of Research and Evaluation, Pasadena (Ling Grant); Genentech, Inc., San Francisco (Boudreau).
Ingrid A. Binswanger, M.D., M.P.H.
Center for Health Policy and Health Services Research, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (Braciszewski, Loree); Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute (KPWHRI), Seattle (Idu, Bobb, Bradley, Glass, Matson, Lapham, Madziwa); Kaiser Permanente Northwest Center for Health Research, Portland, Oregon (Yarborough, Stumbo); HealthPartners Institute and Department of Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (Rossom); MultiCare Institute for Research and Innovation, MultiCare Health System, Tacoma, Washington (Murphy, Pflugeisen, Silva); Kaiser Permanente Colorado Institute for Health Research, Colorado Permanente Medical Group, Department of Health System Science, Bernard J. Tyson Kaiser Permanente School of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (Binswanger); Kaiser Permanente Northern California Division of Research, Oakland (Campbell); Department of Health Systems and Population Health, University of Washington, Seattle (Lapham, Hutcheson); Washington State University Health Sciences Spokane, Spokane (Barbosa-Leiker); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and Addictions, Drug and Alcohol Institute, University of Washington, Seattle (Hatch); Department of Medicine, University of Washington and Harborview Medical Center, Seattle (Tsui); Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, New York City (Arnsten); Department of Family and Community Medicine, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston (Stotts); Department of Public Health Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami (Horigian, Usaga); Hennepin Healthcare and Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis (Bart); Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle (Saxon); Manning College of Nursing and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Boston (Thakral); Kaiser Permanente Southern California Department of Research and Evaluation, Pasadena (Ling Grant); Genentech, Inc., San Francisco (Boudreau).
Cynthia I. Campbell, Ph.D., M.P.H.
Center for Health Policy and Health Services Research, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (Braciszewski, Loree); Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute (KPWHRI), Seattle (Idu, Bobb, Bradley, Glass, Matson, Lapham, Madziwa); Kaiser Permanente Northwest Center for Health Research, Portland, Oregon (Yarborough, Stumbo); HealthPartners Institute and Department of Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (Rossom); MultiCare Institute for Research and Innovation, MultiCare Health System, Tacoma, Washington (Murphy, Pflugeisen, Silva); Kaiser Permanente Colorado Institute for Health Research, Colorado Permanente Medical Group, Department of Health System Science, Bernard J. Tyson Kaiser Permanente School of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (Binswanger); Kaiser Permanente Northern California Division of Research, Oakland (Campbell); Department of Health Systems and Population Health, University of Washington, Seattle (Lapham, Hutcheson); Washington State University Health Sciences Spokane, Spokane (Barbosa-Leiker); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and Addictions, Drug and Alcohol Institute, University of Washington, Seattle (Hatch); Department of Medicine, University of Washington and Harborview Medical Center, Seattle (Tsui); Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, New York City (Arnsten); Department of Family and Community Medicine, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston (Stotts); Department of Public Health Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami (Horigian, Usaga); Hennepin Healthcare and Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis (Bart); Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle (Saxon); Manning College of Nursing and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Boston (Thakral); Kaiser Permanente Southern California Department of Research and Evaluation, Pasadena (Ling Grant); Genentech, Inc., San Francisco (Boudreau).
Joseph E. Glass, Ph.D., M.S.W.
Center for Health Policy and Health Services Research, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (Braciszewski, Loree); Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute (KPWHRI), Seattle (Idu, Bobb, Bradley, Glass, Matson, Lapham, Madziwa); Kaiser Permanente Northwest Center for Health Research, Portland, Oregon (Yarborough, Stumbo); HealthPartners Institute and Department of Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (Rossom); MultiCare Institute for Research and Innovation, MultiCare Health System, Tacoma, Washington (Murphy, Pflugeisen, Silva); Kaiser Permanente Colorado Institute for Health Research, Colorado Permanente Medical Group, Department of Health System Science, Bernard J. Tyson Kaiser Permanente School of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (Binswanger); Kaiser Permanente Northern California Division of Research, Oakland (Campbell); Department of Health Systems and Population Health, University of Washington, Seattle (Lapham, Hutcheson); Washington State University Health Sciences Spokane, Spokane (Barbosa-Leiker); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and Addictions, Drug and Alcohol Institute, University of Washington, Seattle (Hatch); Department of Medicine, University of Washington and Harborview Medical Center, Seattle (Tsui); Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, New York City (Arnsten); Department of Family and Community Medicine, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston (Stotts); Department of Public Health Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami (Horigian, Usaga); Hennepin Healthcare and Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis (Bart); Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle (Saxon); Manning College of Nursing and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Boston (Thakral); Kaiser Permanente Southern California Department of Research and Evaluation, Pasadena (Ling Grant); Genentech, Inc., San Francisco (Boudreau).
Theresa E. Matson, M.P.H.
Center for Health Policy and Health Services Research, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (Braciszewski, Loree); Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute (KPWHRI), Seattle (Idu, Bobb, Bradley, Glass, Matson, Lapham, Madziwa); Kaiser Permanente Northwest Center for Health Research, Portland, Oregon (Yarborough, Stumbo); HealthPartners Institute and Department of Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (Rossom); MultiCare Institute for Research and Innovation, MultiCare Health System, Tacoma, Washington (Murphy, Pflugeisen, Silva); Kaiser Permanente Colorado Institute for Health Research, Colorado Permanente Medical Group, Department of Health System Science, Bernard J. Tyson Kaiser Permanente School of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (Binswanger); Kaiser Permanente Northern California Division of Research, Oakland (Campbell); Department of Health Systems and Population Health, University of Washington, Seattle (Lapham, Hutcheson); Washington State University Health Sciences Spokane, Spokane (Barbosa-Leiker); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and Addictions, Drug and Alcohol Institute, University of Washington, Seattle (Hatch); Department of Medicine, University of Washington and Harborview Medical Center, Seattle (Tsui); Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, New York City (Arnsten); Department of Family and Community Medicine, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston (Stotts); Department of Public Health Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami (Horigian, Usaga); Hennepin Healthcare and Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis (Bart); Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle (Saxon); Manning College of Nursing and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Boston (Thakral); Kaiser Permanente Southern California Department of Research and Evaluation, Pasadena (Ling Grant); Genentech, Inc., San Francisco (Boudreau).
Gwen T. Lapham, Ph.D., M.P.H.
Center for Health Policy and Health Services Research, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (Braciszewski, Loree); Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute (KPWHRI), Seattle (Idu, Bobb, Bradley, Glass, Matson, Lapham, Madziwa); Kaiser Permanente Northwest Center for Health Research, Portland, Oregon (Yarborough, Stumbo); HealthPartners Institute and Department of Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (Rossom); MultiCare Institute for Research and Innovation, MultiCare Health System, Tacoma, Washington (Murphy, Pflugeisen, Silva); Kaiser Permanente Colorado Institute for Health Research, Colorado Permanente Medical Group, Department of Health System Science, Bernard J. Tyson Kaiser Permanente School of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (Binswanger); Kaiser Permanente Northern California Division of Research, Oakland (Campbell); Department of Health Systems and Population Health, University of Washington, Seattle (Lapham, Hutcheson); Washington State University Health Sciences Spokane, Spokane (Barbosa-Leiker); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and Addictions, Drug and Alcohol Institute, University of Washington, Seattle (Hatch); Department of Medicine, University of Washington and Harborview Medical Center, Seattle (Tsui); Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, New York City (Arnsten); Department of Family and Community Medicine, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston (Stotts); Department of Public Health Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami (Horigian, Usaga); Hennepin Healthcare and Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis (Bart); Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle (Saxon); Manning College of Nursing and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Boston (Thakral); Kaiser Permanente Southern California Department of Research and Evaluation, Pasadena (Ling Grant); Genentech, Inc., San Francisco (Boudreau).
Amy M. Loree, Ph.D.
Center for Health Policy and Health Services Research, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (Braciszewski, Loree); Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute (KPWHRI), Seattle (Idu, Bobb, Bradley, Glass, Matson, Lapham, Madziwa); Kaiser Permanente Northwest Center for Health Research, Portland, Oregon (Yarborough, Stumbo); HealthPartners Institute and Department of Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (Rossom); MultiCare Institute for Research and Innovation, MultiCare Health System, Tacoma, Washington (Murphy, Pflugeisen, Silva); Kaiser Permanente Colorado Institute for Health Research, Colorado Permanente Medical Group, Department of Health System Science, Bernard J. Tyson Kaiser Permanente School of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (Binswanger); Kaiser Permanente Northern California Division of Research, Oakland (Campbell); Department of Health Systems and Population Health, University of Washington, Seattle (Lapham, Hutcheson); Washington State University Health Sciences Spokane, Spokane (Barbosa-Leiker); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and Addictions, Drug and Alcohol Institute, University of Washington, Seattle (Hatch); Department of Medicine, University of Washington and Harborview Medical Center, Seattle (Tsui); Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, New York City (Arnsten); Department of Family and Community Medicine, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston (Stotts); Department of Public Health Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami (Horigian, Usaga); Hennepin Healthcare and Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis (Bart); Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle (Saxon); Manning College of Nursing and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Boston (Thakral); Kaiser Permanente Southern California Department of Research and Evaluation, Pasadena (Ling Grant); Genentech, Inc., San Francisco (Boudreau).
Celestina Barbosa-Leiker, Ph.D.
Center for Health Policy and Health Services Research, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (Braciszewski, Loree); Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute (KPWHRI), Seattle (Idu, Bobb, Bradley, Glass, Matson, Lapham, Madziwa); Kaiser Permanente Northwest Center for Health Research, Portland, Oregon (Yarborough, Stumbo); HealthPartners Institute and Department of Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (Rossom); MultiCare Institute for Research and Innovation, MultiCare Health System, Tacoma, Washington (Murphy, Pflugeisen, Silva); Kaiser Permanente Colorado Institute for Health Research, Colorado Permanente Medical Group, Department of Health System Science, Bernard J. Tyson Kaiser Permanente School of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (Binswanger); Kaiser Permanente Northern California Division of Research, Oakland (Campbell); Department of Health Systems and Population Health, University of Washington, Seattle (Lapham, Hutcheson); Washington State University Health Sciences Spokane, Spokane (Barbosa-Leiker); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and Addictions, Drug and Alcohol Institute, University of Washington, Seattle (Hatch); Department of Medicine, University of Washington and Harborview Medical Center, Seattle (Tsui); Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, New York City (Arnsten); Department of Family and Community Medicine, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston (Stotts); Department of Public Health Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami (Horigian, Usaga); Hennepin Healthcare and Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis (Bart); Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle (Saxon); Manning College of Nursing and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Boston (Thakral); Kaiser Permanente Southern California Department of Research and Evaluation, Pasadena (Ling Grant); Genentech, Inc., San Francisco (Boudreau).
Mary A. Hatch, Ph.D.
Center for Health Policy and Health Services Research, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (Braciszewski, Loree); Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute (KPWHRI), Seattle (Idu, Bobb, Bradley, Glass, Matson, Lapham, Madziwa); Kaiser Permanente Northwest Center for Health Research, Portland, Oregon (Yarborough, Stumbo); HealthPartners Institute and Department of Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (Rossom); MultiCare Institute for Research and Innovation, MultiCare Health System, Tacoma, Washington (Murphy, Pflugeisen, Silva); Kaiser Permanente Colorado Institute for Health Research, Colorado Permanente Medical Group, Department of Health System Science, Bernard J. Tyson Kaiser Permanente School of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (Binswanger); Kaiser Permanente Northern California Division of Research, Oakland (Campbell); Department of Health Systems and Population Health, University of Washington, Seattle (Lapham, Hutcheson); Washington State University Health Sciences Spokane, Spokane (Barbosa-Leiker); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and Addictions, Drug and Alcohol Institute, University of Washington, Seattle (Hatch); Department of Medicine, University of Washington and Harborview Medical Center, Seattle (Tsui); Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, New York City (Arnsten); Department of Family and Community Medicine, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston (Stotts); Department of Public Health Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami (Horigian, Usaga); Hennepin Healthcare and Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis (Bart); Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle (Saxon); Manning College of Nursing and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Boston (Thakral); Kaiser Permanente Southern California Department of Research and Evaluation, Pasadena (Ling Grant); Genentech, Inc., San Francisco (Boudreau).
Judith I. Tsui, M.D., M.P.H.
Center for Health Policy and Health Services Research, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (Braciszewski, Loree); Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute (KPWHRI), Seattle (Idu, Bobb, Bradley, Glass, Matson, Lapham, Madziwa); Kaiser Permanente Northwest Center for Health Research, Portland, Oregon (Yarborough, Stumbo); HealthPartners Institute and Department of Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (Rossom); MultiCare Institute for Research and Innovation, MultiCare Health System, Tacoma, Washington (Murphy, Pflugeisen, Silva); Kaiser Permanente Colorado Institute for Health Research, Colorado Permanente Medical Group, Department of Health System Science, Bernard J. Tyson Kaiser Permanente School of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (Binswanger); Kaiser Permanente Northern California Division of Research, Oakland (Campbell); Department of Health Systems and Population Health, University of Washington, Seattle (Lapham, Hutcheson); Washington State University Health Sciences Spokane, Spokane (Barbosa-Leiker); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and Addictions, Drug and Alcohol Institute, University of Washington, Seattle (Hatch); Department of Medicine, University of Washington and Harborview Medical Center, Seattle (Tsui); Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, New York City (Arnsten); Department of Family and Community Medicine, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston (Stotts); Department of Public Health Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami (Horigian, Usaga); Hennepin Healthcare and Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis (Bart); Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle (Saxon); Manning College of Nursing and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Boston (Thakral); Kaiser Permanente Southern California Department of Research and Evaluation, Pasadena (Ling Grant); Genentech, Inc., San Francisco (Boudreau).
Julia H. Arnsten, M.D., M.P.H.
Center for Health Policy and Health Services Research, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (Braciszewski, Loree); Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute (KPWHRI), Seattle (Idu, Bobb, Bradley, Glass, Matson, Lapham, Madziwa); Kaiser Permanente Northwest Center for Health Research, Portland, Oregon (Yarborough, Stumbo); HealthPartners Institute and Department of Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (Rossom); MultiCare Institute for Research and Innovation, MultiCare Health System, Tacoma, Washington (Murphy, Pflugeisen, Silva); Kaiser Permanente Colorado Institute for Health Research, Colorado Permanente Medical Group, Department of Health System Science, Bernard J. Tyson Kaiser Permanente School of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (Binswanger); Kaiser Permanente Northern California Division of Research, Oakland (Campbell); Department of Health Systems and Population Health, University of Washington, Seattle (Lapham, Hutcheson); Washington State University Health Sciences Spokane, Spokane (Barbosa-Leiker); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and Addictions, Drug and Alcohol Institute, University of Washington, Seattle (Hatch); Department of Medicine, University of Washington and Harborview Medical Center, Seattle (Tsui); Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, New York City (Arnsten); Department of Family and Community Medicine, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston (Stotts); Department of Public Health Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami (Horigian, Usaga); Hennepin Healthcare and Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis (Bart); Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle (Saxon); Manning College of Nursing and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Boston (Thakral); Kaiser Permanente Southern California Department of Research and Evaluation, Pasadena (Ling Grant); Genentech, Inc., San Francisco (Boudreau).
Angela Stotts, Ph.D.
Center for Health Policy and Health Services Research, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (Braciszewski, Loree); Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute (KPWHRI), Seattle (Idu, Bobb, Bradley, Glass, Matson, Lapham, Madziwa); Kaiser Permanente Northwest Center for Health Research, Portland, Oregon (Yarborough, Stumbo); HealthPartners Institute and Department of Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (Rossom); MultiCare Institute for Research and Innovation, MultiCare Health System, Tacoma, Washington (Murphy, Pflugeisen, Silva); Kaiser Permanente Colorado Institute for Health Research, Colorado Permanente Medical Group, Department of Health System Science, Bernard J. Tyson Kaiser Permanente School of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (Binswanger); Kaiser Permanente Northern California Division of Research, Oakland (Campbell); Department of Health Systems and Population Health, University of Washington, Seattle (Lapham, Hutcheson); Washington State University Health Sciences Spokane, Spokane (Barbosa-Leiker); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and Addictions, Drug and Alcohol Institute, University of Washington, Seattle (Hatch); Department of Medicine, University of Washington and Harborview Medical Center, Seattle (Tsui); Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, New York City (Arnsten); Department of Family and Community Medicine, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston (Stotts); Department of Public Health Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami (Horigian, Usaga); Hennepin Healthcare and Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis (Bart); Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle (Saxon); Manning College of Nursing and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Boston (Thakral); Kaiser Permanente Southern California Department of Research and Evaluation, Pasadena (Ling Grant); Genentech, Inc., San Francisco (Boudreau).
Viviana Horigian, M.D., M.H.A.
Center for Health Policy and Health Services Research, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (Braciszewski, Loree); Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute (KPWHRI), Seattle (Idu, Bobb, Bradley, Glass, Matson, Lapham, Madziwa); Kaiser Permanente Northwest Center for Health Research, Portland, Oregon (Yarborough, Stumbo); HealthPartners Institute and Department of Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (Rossom); MultiCare Institute for Research and Innovation, MultiCare Health System, Tacoma, Washington (Murphy, Pflugeisen, Silva); Kaiser Permanente Colorado Institute for Health Research, Colorado Permanente Medical Group, Department of Health System Science, Bernard J. Tyson Kaiser Permanente School of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (Binswanger); Kaiser Permanente Northern California Division of Research, Oakland (Campbell); Department of Health Systems and Population Health, University of Washington, Seattle (Lapham, Hutcheson); Washington State University Health Sciences Spokane, Spokane (Barbosa-Leiker); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and Addictions, Drug and Alcohol Institute, University of Washington, Seattle (Hatch); Department of Medicine, University of Washington and Harborview Medical Center, Seattle (Tsui); Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, New York City (Arnsten); Department of Family and Community Medicine, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston (Stotts); Department of Public Health Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami (Horigian, Usaga); Hennepin Healthcare and Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis (Bart); Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle (Saxon); Manning College of Nursing and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Boston (Thakral); Kaiser Permanente Southern California Department of Research and Evaluation, Pasadena (Ling Grant); Genentech, Inc., San Francisco (Boudreau).
Rebecca Hutcheson, M.S.W.
Center for Health Policy and Health Services Research, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (Braciszewski, Loree); Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute (KPWHRI), Seattle (Idu, Bobb, Bradley, Glass, Matson, Lapham, Madziwa); Kaiser Permanente Northwest Center for Health Research, Portland, Oregon (Yarborough, Stumbo); HealthPartners Institute and Department of Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (Rossom); MultiCare Institute for Research and Innovation, MultiCare Health System, Tacoma, Washington (Murphy, Pflugeisen, Silva); Kaiser Permanente Colorado Institute for Health Research, Colorado Permanente Medical Group, Department of Health System Science, Bernard J. Tyson Kaiser Permanente School of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (Binswanger); Kaiser Permanente Northern California Division of Research, Oakland (Campbell); Department of Health Systems and Population Health, University of Washington, Seattle (Lapham, Hutcheson); Washington State University Health Sciences Spokane, Spokane (Barbosa-Leiker); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and Addictions, Drug and Alcohol Institute, University of Washington, Seattle (Hatch); Department of Medicine, University of Washington and Harborview Medical Center, Seattle (Tsui); Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, New York City (Arnsten); Department of Family and Community Medicine, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston (Stotts); Department of Public Health Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami (Horigian, Usaga); Hennepin Healthcare and Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis (Bart); Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle (Saxon); Manning College of Nursing and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Boston (Thakral); Kaiser Permanente Southern California Department of Research and Evaluation, Pasadena (Ling Grant); Genentech, Inc., San Francisco (Boudreau).
Gavin Bart, M.D., Ph.D.
Center for Health Policy and Health Services Research, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (Braciszewski, Loree); Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute (KPWHRI), Seattle (Idu, Bobb, Bradley, Glass, Matson, Lapham, Madziwa); Kaiser Permanente Northwest Center for Health Research, Portland, Oregon (Yarborough, Stumbo); HealthPartners Institute and Department of Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (Rossom); MultiCare Institute for Research and Innovation, MultiCare Health System, Tacoma, Washington (Murphy, Pflugeisen, Silva); Kaiser Permanente Colorado Institute for Health Research, Colorado Permanente Medical Group, Department of Health System Science, Bernard J. Tyson Kaiser Permanente School of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (Binswanger); Kaiser Permanente Northern California Division of Research, Oakland (Campbell); Department of Health Systems and Population Health, University of Washington, Seattle (Lapham, Hutcheson); Washington State University Health Sciences Spokane, Spokane (Barbosa-Leiker); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and Addictions, Drug and Alcohol Institute, University of Washington, Seattle (Hatch); Department of Medicine, University of Washington and Harborview Medical Center, Seattle (Tsui); Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, New York City (Arnsten); Department of Family and Community Medicine, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston (Stotts); Department of Public Health Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami (Horigian, Usaga); Hennepin Healthcare and Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis (Bart); Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle (Saxon); Manning College of Nursing and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Boston (Thakral); Kaiser Permanente Southern California Department of Research and Evaluation, Pasadena (Ling Grant); Genentech, Inc., San Francisco (Boudreau).
Andrew J. Saxon, M.D.
Center for Health Policy and Health Services Research, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (Braciszewski, Loree); Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute (KPWHRI), Seattle (Idu, Bobb, Bradley, Glass, Matson, Lapham, Madziwa); Kaiser Permanente Northwest Center for Health Research, Portland, Oregon (Yarborough, Stumbo); HealthPartners Institute and Department of Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (Rossom); MultiCare Institute for Research and Innovation, MultiCare Health System, Tacoma, Washington (Murphy, Pflugeisen, Silva); Kaiser Permanente Colorado Institute for Health Research, Colorado Permanente Medical Group, Department of Health System Science, Bernard J. Tyson Kaiser Permanente School of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (Binswanger); Kaiser Permanente Northern California Division of Research, Oakland (Campbell); Department of Health Systems and Population Health, University of Washington, Seattle (Lapham, Hutcheson); Washington State University Health Sciences Spokane, Spokane (Barbosa-Leiker); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and Addictions, Drug and Alcohol Institute, University of Washington, Seattle (Hatch); Department of Medicine, University of Washington and Harborview Medical Center, Seattle (Tsui); Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, New York City (Arnsten); Department of Family and Community Medicine, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston (Stotts); Department of Public Health Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami (Horigian, Usaga); Hennepin Healthcare and Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis (Bart); Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle (Saxon); Manning College of Nursing and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Boston (Thakral); Kaiser Permanente Southern California Department of Research and Evaluation, Pasadena (Ling Grant); Genentech, Inc., San Francisco (Boudreau).
Manu Thakral, Ph.D., R.N.
Center for Health Policy and Health Services Research, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (Braciszewski, Loree); Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute (KPWHRI), Seattle (Idu, Bobb, Bradley, Glass, Matson, Lapham, Madziwa); Kaiser Permanente Northwest Center for Health Research, Portland, Oregon (Yarborough, Stumbo); HealthPartners Institute and Department of Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (Rossom); MultiCare Institute for Research and Innovation, MultiCare Health System, Tacoma, Washington (Murphy, Pflugeisen, Silva); Kaiser Permanente Colorado Institute for Health Research, Colorado Permanente Medical Group, Department of Health System Science, Bernard J. Tyson Kaiser Permanente School of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (Binswanger); Kaiser Permanente Northern California Division of Research, Oakland (Campbell); Department of Health Systems and Population Health, University of Washington, Seattle (Lapham, Hutcheson); Washington State University Health Sciences Spokane, Spokane (Barbosa-Leiker); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and Addictions, Drug and Alcohol Institute, University of Washington, Seattle (Hatch); Department of Medicine, University of Washington and Harborview Medical Center, Seattle (Tsui); Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, New York City (Arnsten); Department of Family and Community Medicine, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston (Stotts); Department of Public Health Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami (Horigian, Usaga); Hennepin Healthcare and Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis (Bart); Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle (Saxon); Manning College of Nursing and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Boston (Thakral); Kaiser Permanente Southern California Department of Research and Evaluation, Pasadena (Ling Grant); Genentech, Inc., San Francisco (Boudreau).
Deborah Ling Grant, Ph.D., M.B.A.
Center for Health Policy and Health Services Research, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (Braciszewski, Loree); Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute (KPWHRI), Seattle (Idu, Bobb, Bradley, Glass, Matson, Lapham, Madziwa); Kaiser Permanente Northwest Center for Health Research, Portland, Oregon (Yarborough, Stumbo); HealthPartners Institute and Department of Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (Rossom); MultiCare Institute for Research and Innovation, MultiCare Health System, Tacoma, Washington (Murphy, Pflugeisen, Silva); Kaiser Permanente Colorado Institute for Health Research, Colorado Permanente Medical Group, Department of Health System Science, Bernard J. Tyson Kaiser Permanente School of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (Binswanger); Kaiser Permanente Northern California Division of Research, Oakland (Campbell); Department of Health Systems and Population Health, University of Washington, Seattle (Lapham, Hutcheson); Washington State University Health Sciences Spokane, Spokane (Barbosa-Leiker); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and Addictions, Drug and Alcohol Institute, University of Washington, Seattle (Hatch); Department of Medicine, University of Washington and Harborview Medical Center, Seattle (Tsui); Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, New York City (Arnsten); Department of Family and Community Medicine, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston (Stotts); Department of Public Health Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami (Horigian, Usaga); Hennepin Healthcare and Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis (Bart); Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle (Saxon); Manning College of Nursing and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Boston (Thakral); Kaiser Permanente Southern California Department of Research and Evaluation, Pasadena (Ling Grant); Genentech, Inc., San Francisco (Boudreau).
Chaya Mangel Pflugeisen, M.S., M.Ed.
Center for Health Policy and Health Services Research, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (Braciszewski, Loree); Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute (KPWHRI), Seattle (Idu, Bobb, Bradley, Glass, Matson, Lapham, Madziwa); Kaiser Permanente Northwest Center for Health Research, Portland, Oregon (Yarborough, Stumbo); HealthPartners Institute and Department of Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (Rossom); MultiCare Institute for Research and Innovation, MultiCare Health System, Tacoma, Washington (Murphy, Pflugeisen, Silva); Kaiser Permanente Colorado Institute for Health Research, Colorado Permanente Medical Group, Department of Health System Science, Bernard J. Tyson Kaiser Permanente School of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (Binswanger); Kaiser Permanente Northern California Division of Research, Oakland (Campbell); Department of Health Systems and Population Health, University of Washington, Seattle (Lapham, Hutcheson); Washington State University Health Sciences Spokane, Spokane (Barbosa-Leiker); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and Addictions, Drug and Alcohol Institute, University of Washington, Seattle (Hatch); Department of Medicine, University of Washington and Harborview Medical Center, Seattle (Tsui); Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, New York City (Arnsten); Department of Family and Community Medicine, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston (Stotts); Department of Public Health Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami (Horigian, Usaga); Hennepin Healthcare and Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis (Bart); Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle (Saxon); Manning College of Nursing and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Boston (Thakral); Kaiser Permanente Southern California Department of Research and Evaluation, Pasadena (Ling Grant); Genentech, Inc., San Francisco (Boudreau).
Ingrid Usaga, M.S.W.
Center for Health Policy and Health Services Research, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (Braciszewski, Loree); Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute (KPWHRI), Seattle (Idu, Bobb, Bradley, Glass, Matson, Lapham, Madziwa); Kaiser Permanente Northwest Center for Health Research, Portland, Oregon (Yarborough, Stumbo); HealthPartners Institute and Department of Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (Rossom); MultiCare Institute for Research and Innovation, MultiCare Health System, Tacoma, Washington (Murphy, Pflugeisen, Silva); Kaiser Permanente Colorado Institute for Health Research, Colorado Permanente Medical Group, Department of Health System Science, Bernard J. Tyson Kaiser Permanente School of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (Binswanger); Kaiser Permanente Northern California Division of Research, Oakland (Campbell); Department of Health Systems and Population Health, University of Washington, Seattle (Lapham, Hutcheson); Washington State University Health Sciences Spokane, Spokane (Barbosa-Leiker); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and Addictions, Drug and Alcohol Institute, University of Washington, Seattle (Hatch); Department of Medicine, University of Washington and Harborview Medical Center, Seattle (Tsui); Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, New York City (Arnsten); Department of Family and Community Medicine, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston (Stotts); Department of Public Health Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami (Horigian, Usaga); Hennepin Healthcare and Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis (Bart); Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle (Saxon); Manning College of Nursing and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Boston (Thakral); Kaiser Permanente Southern California Department of Research and Evaluation, Pasadena (Ling Grant); Genentech, Inc., San Francisco (Boudreau).
Lawrence T. Madziwa, M.S.
Center for Health Policy and Health Services Research, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (Braciszewski, Loree); Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute (KPWHRI), Seattle (Idu, Bobb, Bradley, Glass, Matson, Lapham, Madziwa); Kaiser Permanente Northwest Center for Health Research, Portland, Oregon (Yarborough, Stumbo); HealthPartners Institute and Department of Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (Rossom); MultiCare Institute for Research and Innovation, MultiCare Health System, Tacoma, Washington (Murphy, Pflugeisen, Silva); Kaiser Permanente Colorado Institute for Health Research, Colorado Permanente Medical Group, Department of Health System Science, Bernard J. Tyson Kaiser Permanente School of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (Binswanger); Kaiser Permanente Northern California Division of Research, Oakland (Campbell); Department of Health Systems and Population Health, University of Washington, Seattle (Lapham, Hutcheson); Washington State University Health Sciences Spokane, Spokane (Barbosa-Leiker); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and Addictions, Drug and Alcohol Institute, University of Washington, Seattle (Hatch); Department of Medicine, University of Washington and Harborview Medical Center, Seattle (Tsui); Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, New York City (Arnsten); Department of Family and Community Medicine, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston (Stotts); Department of Public Health Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami (Horigian, Usaga); Hennepin Healthcare and Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis (Bart); Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle (Saxon); Manning College of Nursing and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Boston (Thakral); Kaiser Permanente Southern California Department of Research and Evaluation, Pasadena (Ling Grant); Genentech, Inc., San Francisco (Boudreau).
Angela Silva, D.B.A., M.A.O.L.
Center for Health Policy and Health Services Research, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (Braciszewski, Loree); Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute (KPWHRI), Seattle (Idu, Bobb, Bradley, Glass, Matson, Lapham, Madziwa); Kaiser Permanente Northwest Center for Health Research, Portland, Oregon (Yarborough, Stumbo); HealthPartners Institute and Department of Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (Rossom); MultiCare Institute for Research and Innovation, MultiCare Health System, Tacoma, Washington (Murphy, Pflugeisen, Silva); Kaiser Permanente Colorado Institute for Health Research, Colorado Permanente Medical Group, Department of Health System Science, Bernard J. Tyson Kaiser Permanente School of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (Binswanger); Kaiser Permanente Northern California Division of Research, Oakland (Campbell); Department of Health Systems and Population Health, University of Washington, Seattle (Lapham, Hutcheson); Washington State University Health Sciences Spokane, Spokane (Barbosa-Leiker); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and Addictions, Drug and Alcohol Institute, University of Washington, Seattle (Hatch); Department of Medicine, University of Washington and Harborview Medical Center, Seattle (Tsui); Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, New York City (Arnsten); Department of Family and Community Medicine, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston (Stotts); Department of Public Health Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami (Horigian, Usaga); Hennepin Healthcare and Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis (Bart); Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle (Saxon); Manning College of Nursing and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Boston (Thakral); Kaiser Permanente Southern California Department of Research and Evaluation, Pasadena (Ling Grant); Genentech, Inc., San Francisco (Boudreau).
Denise M. Boudreau, Ph.D.
Center for Health Policy and Health Services Research, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (Braciszewski, Loree); Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute (KPWHRI), Seattle (Idu, Bobb, Bradley, Glass, Matson, Lapham, Madziwa); Kaiser Permanente Northwest Center for Health Research, Portland, Oregon (Yarborough, Stumbo); HealthPartners Institute and Department of Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (Rossom); MultiCare Institute for Research and Innovation, MultiCare Health System, Tacoma, Washington (Murphy, Pflugeisen, Silva); Kaiser Permanente Colorado Institute for Health Research, Colorado Permanente Medical Group, Department of Health System Science, Bernard J. Tyson Kaiser Permanente School of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (Binswanger); Kaiser Permanente Northern California Division of Research, Oakland (Campbell); Department of Health Systems and Population Health, University of Washington, Seattle (Lapham, Hutcheson); Washington State University Health Sciences Spokane, Spokane (Barbosa-Leiker); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and Addictions, Drug and Alcohol Institute, University of Washington, Seattle (Hatch); Department of Medicine, University of Washington and Harborview Medical Center, Seattle (Tsui); Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, New York City (Arnsten); Department of Family and Community Medicine, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston (Stotts); Department of Public Health Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami (Horigian, Usaga); Hennepin Healthcare and Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis (Bart); Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle (Saxon); Manning College of Nursing and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Boston (Thakral); Kaiser Permanente Southern California Department of Research and Evaluation, Pasadena (Ling Grant); Genentech, Inc., San Francisco (Boudreau).
Notes
Send correspondence to Dr. Braciszewski ([email protected]).
Data from this study were presented at the annual meeting of the College on Problems of Drug Dependence, San Diego, June 9–14, 2018.
Competing Interests
Drs. Braciszewski, Yarborough, Campbell, Loree, and Ling Grant and Mr. Stumbo have received support through their institution from the Industry PMR Consortium. Dr. Binswanger has received royalties from UpToDate, Inc. Dr. Bart has received honoraria from the American Academy of Addiction Psychiatry for participating in the Providers Clinical Support System Exchange. Dr. Saxon has received consulting fees and travel support from Alkermes, Inc.; consulting fees from Indivior, Inc.; and royalties from UpToDate, Inc. While employed at KPWHRI and conducting work for this study, Dr. Boudreau received funding from pharmaceutical companies that manufacture extended-release/long-acting opioids through a contract between KPWHRI and Syneos Health. The other authors report no financial relationships with commercial interests.
Funding Information
This study was sponsored by the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) through the following nodes and awards of the NIDA Clinical Trials Network: Health Systems Node (UG1 DA-040314), Northstar Node (UG1 DA-040316), Pacific Northwest Node (UG1 DA-013714), Florida Node Alliance (U10 DA-13720), Big South-West Node (UG1 DA-020024), and New York Node (UG1 DA-013035). Dr. Glass is supported by the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (award K01 AA-023859).The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health.
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