Gaps in Use of Antipsychotics After Discharge by First-Admission Patients With Schizophrenia, 1989 to 1996

The data were drawn from the Suffolk County (New York) Mental Health Project. The design of the project has been described in detail elsewhere (7). Briefly, first-admission patients with a psychotic disorder who were admitted to one of the 12 psychiatric facilities in Suffolk County and who met the criteria for the study and agreed to participate were recruited. The inclusion criteria were age between 15 and 60 years, residency in the county, and clinical evidence of psychosis. The exclusion criteria were a psychiatric hospitalization more than six months before the current admission, moderate or severe mental retardation, and inability to speak English.

Overall, 674 (72 percent) of the patients who met the inclusion criteria agreed to participate and were interviewed at baseline. Written informed consent was obtained after the procedures had been fully explained. After the baseline interview, participants were interviewed by telephone every three months and through face-to-face contacts after six, 24, and 48 months. The Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R (SCID) was administered at these interviews. On the basis of information from interviews with the participants, with their relatives, and from medical records, consensus research DSM-IV diagnoses were formulated. Institutional review board approval was obtained for the study.

A total of 581 participants (84 percent) completed the 24-month follow-up interview. Of these, 189 (33 percent) had a 24-month DSM-IV diagnosis of schizophrenia and were included in the analyses. Medication use data were recorded from available sources, including medical records, inpatient discharge summaries, and interviews with the participants or their significant others. The reliability of the participants' reports was established in a study that compared these reports with information from medical records (8). A manual with detailed guidelines for coding the medication data is available from the first author.

The mean±SD age of the 189 participants was 28.8±8.9 years. Most were male (127 patients, or 68 percent), non-Hispanic white (134 patients, or 71 percent), and never married (148 patients, or 78 percent) and had an educational level of high school or above (141 patients, or 75 percent). The median delay from the appearance of the first psychotic symptoms to hospitalization was 289 days; for 85 patients (45 percent of the sample), the delay was one year or longer. At the time of the baseline interview, 83 patients (44 percent) had a lifetime SCID diagnosis of a substance use disorder. Seventy-six participants (40 percent) were discharged from state facilities, 62 (33 percent) from university-affiliated facilities, 42 (22 percent) from community facilities, and nine (5 percent) from other inpatient facilities.

According to hospital records, antipsychotic medications were not prescribed for seven of the 189 participants. The hospital diagnoses for these patients were psychotic disorder not otherwise specified (three patients), brief reactive psychosis (one patient), substance-induced delusional disorder (one patient), bipolar disorder (one patient), and schizophrenia (one patient). Since the focus of the study was on gaps in antipsychotic medication use after discharge, these seven patients were not included in the analysis.

Of the remaining 182 participants, ten did not take any antipsychotic medications during the year after discharge. Among the 172 who were using antipsychotic medications after discharge, 158 (92 percent) used conventional oral antipsychotics, 41 (24 percent) used depot agents, and 24 (14 percent) used atypical agents, with 47 (27 percent) using more than one type. For these 172 participants, the mean±SD dosage during the one-year period after discharge was 360±273 mg a day in chlorpromazine-equivalent units.

Sixty-eight (37 percent) of the 182 participants used antipsychotic medications throughout the one-year period without any gaps. Eighty-six participants (47 percent) had only one gap, and 28 (15 percent) had more than one gap. The total number of gaps was 147. Among participants with gaps, the mean±SD cumulative number of days spent without taking any antipsychotic medication was 170±125. Some of the gaps were brief: 39 lasted less than 30 days, and 15 of these lasted less than a week. For the 93 participants who had gaps of 30 days or longer, the mean±SD number of days without taking an antipsychotic medication in the one-year period was 204±112.

The time to the first gap of 30 days or longer is depicted in Figure 1. The upward concave shape of the survival curve indicates that the risk of gaps was higher during the earlier part of the follow-up period and declined over time. Fifty-six (60 percent) of the 93 patients who had any gaps of 30 days or longer had them during the first three months after discharge; 37 patients (40 percent) had them in the first month.

A total of 108 gaps were 30 days or longer, and information on who initiated the gap was available for 91 (84 percent) of them. Of these, 66 (73 percent) were initiated by the patient, 15 (16 percent) were initiated by the physician, and 10 (11 percent) were jointly initiated by the patient and the physician.

The finding of pervasive patient-initiated treatment gaps indicates that nonadherence was widespread in this group of patients. Most gaps occurred during the first few months after discharge, which points to the transition from inpatient to outpatient care as a period of high risk of discontinuation of treatment. There is some evidence that the risk of treatment discontinuation after discharge is higher among first-admission patients (9)—perhaps because they do not perceive a need to continue treatment as strongly as patients who have a longer history of illness.

Also, adverse effects of medications may be more common at the start of treatment. One of the major advantages of atypical agents is their favorable side effect profile, and there is some evidence from randomized clinical trials that the use of these medications may improve treatment continuation (10). The impact of atypical agents on continuity of treatment for first-admission patients in usual practice settings has yet to be assessed. Findings from this study may serve as a historical benchmark against which future studies may evaluate the benefits of new medication.

Our findings also highlight the need for implementation of linkage mechanisms to facilitate the transition from inpatient care to aftercare in the community (9). These strategies may involve connecting patients with aftercare services while they are still in the hospital as well as improving communication between inpatient staff and outpatient clinicians about discharge plans. Involving the patients' families in aftercare could also improve continuity of care in these critical early stages of illness.

The Suffolk County Mental Health Project is supported by grant MH-44801 from the National Institute of Mental Health. The medication chronology study is supported by a grant from Eli Lilly and Company. Dr. Mojtabai's work is supported in part by grant K01-MH-01754 from the National Institute of Mental Health and by a Young Investigator Award from the National Alliance for Research on Schizophrenia and Depression.

Dr. Mojtabai is affiliated with the department of psychiatry at Columbia University and the New York State Psychiatric Institute in New York City. Ms. Lavelle, Dr. Carlson, and Dr. Bromet are with the department of psychiatry and behavioral science at the State University of New York at Stony Brook. Dr. Gibson is with Eli Lilly and Company in Indianapolis. Dr. Sohler is with the Institute for Health, Health Care Policy, and Aging Research at Rutgers University in New Brunswick, New Jersey. Dr. Craig is with the Department of Veterans Affairs Veterans Integrated Service Network 3 in the Bronx, New York. Send correspondence to Dr. Mojtabai at 200 Haven Avenue, Apartment 6P, New York, New York 10033 (e-mail, [email protected]). An earlier version of this paper was presented as a poster at the annual meeting of the American Psychiatric Association held May 13-18, 2000, in Chicago.