Skip to main content
Full access
LETTER
Published Online: 1 October 2008

Varenicline, Appetite, and Weight Reduction

Publication: The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences
To the Editor : Nicotine is possibly one of the most prevalent dependence-producing drugs because of the central nicotinic-cholinergic, dopaminergic, serotonergic, and gabaminergic pathways with which it has been associated. 1 Nicotine-dependent behavior may conceivably be reinforced by the drug’s focus and memory enhancing properties, 2 as well as antidepressant, 3 anxiolytic, 4 and appetite-suppressing properties. 5 Nicotine is a unique paradigm in that it suppresses appetite and stabilizes mood. Nicotine withdrawal leads to the emergence of craving in dependent individuals, which can include impaired memory 6 and concentration, depressed mood, anxiety, and increased appetite. 7
Although less clearly understood than nicotine withdrawal, food-seeking behavior also is believed to involve an array of neuropsychiatric reward pathways. Nicotinic-cholinergic, 8 dopaminergic, 9 serotonergic, and GABA-ergic 10 reward systems are among the likely candidates that motivate us to eat. Food-seeking has been associated with depression, stress, and emotional discomfort, 11 and food tasting alone can stabilize mood. 12
Varenicline is a new treatment for nicotine dependence and a nicotinic-cholinergic receptor partial agonist that behaves like nicotine. We report a case of varenicline-associated appetite suppression and weight loss accompanied by improved mood.

Case Report

Ms. A, a 66-year-old white woman, was referred by another patient in November 2006 for alcohol, depression, anxiety, panic, and chronic pain from pedal peripheral neuropathy of unknown etiology. Ms. A met DSM-IV-TR criteria for alcohol dependence and cyclothymic disorder. Duloxetine, 30 mg, was started for depression and pain management, and gabapentin, 900 mg, for alcohol detoxification and craving reduction, as an anxiolytic and mood stabilizer, and for pain. Gabapentin was raised eventually to 1600 mg daily and her level of functioning improved in the face of enormous stress associated with her disabled son and her ex-husband. She relapsed in February 2007 by having a drink of vodka every few days. She was adamantly opposed to Alcoholics Anonymous and residential alcohol detoxification and rehabilitation programs. She stopped drinking by mid-March and remained abstinent for about 3 months. Then, according to Ms. A, overwhelming amounts of stress led her to slip, and by the beginning of July she was consuming six to eight drinks daily. Ms. A was prescribed varenicline, 1 mg twice daily, and was instructed to eat a low-acid meal with an eight-ounce glass of water before taking the medicine, as a means of curtailing her drinking. She returned a week later, with the same magnitude of problems, and proudly reported she had lost five pounds (down to 160, BMI=28); had stopped drinking alcohol; had regained her energy, ambition, focus, memory, and more pleasant mood; no longer had transient facial tics; and had noticeably less tension in her face. The only persistent side effect was mild nausea, which was ever-present but did not discourage her from continuing with the varenicline. A week later, she had lost an additional three pounds, still was not drinking, and was enjoying newly reacquired cognitive and behavioral benefits. Ms. A lost two pounds by the end of the third week, bringing her BMI down to 27.

Comment

Though minimal, the placebo effect cannot be ruled out, nor can the possibility of a synergistic therapeutic benefit among the three medicines. Another possibility is that varenicline works like nicotine to suppress appetite, cause weight loss, and stabilize cognition and mood. This case report does suggest that the new selective alpha4beta2 nicotinic-cholinergic receptor partial agonist is perhaps a more promising clinical psychopharmacologic prototype for appetite suppression and weight reduction because, unlike many other diet pills, varenicline may improve cognition and mood rather than causing disturbances that require discontinuation. The appetite/obesity-varenicline interface warrants further investigation, using larger groups of subjects and more sophisticated study design, not only as a novel treatment but also to help unravel the unsolved neuropsychiatric puzzle behind the brain disease commonly known as obesity.

References

1.
Rosecrans JA: The biobehavioral effects of nicotine: interaction with brain neurochemical systems, in The Clinical Management of Nicotine Dependence. Edited by Cocores JA. New York, Springer-Verlag, 1991, pp 53–65
2.
Levin ED, Rezvani AH: Nicotinic treatment for cognitive dysfunction. Curr Drug Targets CNS Neurol Disord 2002; 4:423–431
3.
Di Matteo V, Pierucci M, Di Giovanni G, et al: The neurobiological bases for the pharmacotherapy of nicotine addiction. Curr Pharm Des 2007; 13:1269–1284
4.
Booker TK, Butt CM, Wehner JM, et al: Decreased anxiety-like behavior in beta3 nicotinic receptor subunit knockout mice. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2007; 87:146–157
5.
Chen H, Hansen MJ, Jones JE, et al: Regulation of hypothalamic NPY by diet and smoking. Peptides 2007; 28:384–389
6.
Mendrek A, Monterosso J, Simon SL, et al: Working memory in cigarette smokers: comparison to non-smokers and effects of abstinence. Addict Behav 2006; 5:833–844
7.
West R, Ussher M, Evans M, et al: Assessing DSM-IV nicotine withdrawal symptoms: a comparison and evaluation of five different scales. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2006; 3–4:619–627
8.
Maier C, Schaller G, Buranyi B, et al: The cholinergic system controls ghrelin release and ghrelin-induced growth hormone release in humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004; 89:4729–4733
9.
Wise RA: Role of brain dopamine in food reward and reinforcement. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2006; 361:1149–1158
10.
Dimitropoulos A, Feurer, Idaho, Roof E, et al: Appetitive behavior, compulsivity, and neurochemistry in Prader-Willi syndrome. Ment Retard Dev Disabil Res Rev 2000; 6:125–130
11.
Gibson EL: Emotional influences on food choice: sensory, physiological, and psychological pathways. Physiol Behav 2006; 89:53–61
12.
Yamamoto T: Neural substrates for the processing of cognitive and affective aspects of taste in the brain. Arch Histol Cytol 2006; 69:243–255

Information & Authors

Information

Published In

Go to The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences
Go to The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences
The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences
Pages: 497 - 498
PubMed: 19196942

History

Published online: 1 October 2008
Published in print: Fall, 2008

Authors

Details

James A. Cocores, M.D.
Nutritional Neuropsychiatry, Southcoast Psychotherapy and Education Associates, Boca Raton, Florida; Visiting Clinical Assistant Professor, University of Florida College of Medicine and McKnight Brain Institute, Gainesville, Florida
Mark S. Gold, M.D.
Eminent Scholar, Distinguished Professor and Chairman, Department of Psychiatry, McKnight Brain Institute; College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida

Metrics & Citations

Metrics

Citations

Export Citations

If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.

For more information or tips please see 'Downloading to a citation manager' in the Help menu.

Format
Citation style
Style
Copy to clipboard

View Options

View options

PDF/EPUB

View PDF/EPUB

Get Access

Login options

Already a subscriber? Access your subscription through your login credentials or your institution for full access to this article.

Personal login Institutional Login Open Athens login
Purchase Options

Purchase this article to access the full text.

PPV Articles - Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences

PPV Articles - Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences

Not a subscriber?

Subscribe Now / Learn More

PsychiatryOnline subscription options offer access to the DSM-5-TR® library, books, journals, CME, and patient resources. This all-in-one virtual library provides psychiatrists and mental health professionals with key resources for diagnosis, treatment, research, and professional development.

Need more help? PsychiatryOnline Customer Service may be reached by emailing [email protected] or by calling 800-368-5777 (in the U.S.) or 703-907-7322 (outside the U.S.).

Media

Figures

Other

Tables

Share

Share

Share article link

Share