Index

Acceptance and commitment therapy,

536, 639

Access, to health care and mental health care

for LGBTQ+ individuals,

330, 501

perinatal period and,

246, 358

prison system and,

689

treatment of PTSD and,

507

Accidental death, and ADHD,

655

Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME),

xxii, xxiv

Activation, as phase of parturition,

16–18

Acupuncture and acupressure

for nausea and vomiting during early pregnancy,

393

for perinatal depression,

391–392

for PMDD,

173

for vasomotor symptoms,

205, 206

Acute stress disorder, and perinatal loss,

134–135

Addiction, definition of,

601

ADHD

. See Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder ADHD Self-Rating Scale for Women,650

Adolescence

. See also Children

eating disorders in LGBTQ+ individuals,

621

puberty and,

xxix, 20, 70, 72–73

sexual experimentation and,

72

Adoption, and parent–infant relationship,

330–332

Adoption and Safe Families Act (1997),

690

Adrenal gland, and pregnancy,

12

Adrenarche, and pubertal maturation,

4

Adult ADHD Rating Scale–IV,

650

Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale,

210, 650

Adult Attachment Interview (AAI),

316

Adult Psychiatric Morbidity survey,

656

Adult Self Report Scale,

649

Adverse Childhood Events Study,

484

Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs)

anxiety disorders and,

531

mental health of infants and,

312–313

as risk factor for mental health of women,

483

Adverse Childhood Experiences Questionnaire,

299

Adverse effects, of medications for insomnia,

543. See also Side effects

Affective denial, of pregnancy,

468, 689

Affective distress, and GPPPD,

57

Affective dysregulation, and reproductive hormones,

11

Affective lability, and ADHD,

652–653

Affective psychosis, and postpartum psychosis,

436

Age, and aging

. See also Adolescence; Age of onset; Children; Infant(s)

cognitive decline and normal symptoms of,

209

cultural views of,

192

eating disorders and,

620, 631

infertility evaluation and,

112

intimate partner violence and,

485

menopause and,

22

prevalence of insomnia and,

541

as risk factor for perinatal depression,

358

as risk factor for treatment plans during pregnancy,

244

Age of onset

of bipolar disorder,

401

of eating disorders,

620

of schizophrenia,

445, 446, 450–451

of vasomotor symptoms,

197

Aggression

differentiation of from agitation,

264

OCD and,

563

Agitated Behavior Scale,

263

Agitation, acute

assessment of,

265

clinical presentation of,

263–264

differential diagnosis of,

264–265

as emergency,

262–263

epidemiology of,

263

management of,

266, 267

pathophysiology of,

264

psychopharmacology for,

267–268, 459

screening for,

263

Agoraphobia,

525

Agranulocytosis, and clozapine,

463, 465

Akathisia, and acute agitation,

265

Alcohol, and alcohol use disorders

. See also Substance use disorders

diagnostic criteria for,

596–597

effects of during pregnancy,

603–604

intoxication and withdrawal as emergency,

269

PMDD and,

163

prevalence of use during pregnancy,

593

risk factors for,

595

treatment of,

610–612

Allopregnanolone

anxiety disorders and,

531–532

OCD and,

569

perimenopausal depression and,

191

perinatal depression and dysregulation of,

356

postpartum depression and,

365

PMDD and,

166, 167, 168

vasomotor symptoms and,

202

Alpha linolenic acid (ALA),

385

Alprazolam,

99, 708

Alternative treatments

. See also specific treatments

considerations for use during pregnancy and lactation,

714–715

for perimenopausal depression,

195

for perinatal depression,

367

for vasomotor symptoms,

204–206

Altruism

gestational surrogacy and,

691

as motive for infanticide,

687

Ambivalent attachment,

315

Amenorrhea

antipsychotics and,

469

breastfeeding and,

242

contraception and,

96

eating disorders and,

118, 629, 633

style factors and,

120

American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP),

256, 329–330, 331, 364, 402, 422, 594, 604, 607

American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG),

11, 31, 40, 47, 51, 104, 158, 193, 240, 246, 256, 298, 299, 344, 382, 383, 389, 390, 402, 484, 522, 594, 607, 612, 689

American Medical Association,

594, 607

American Psychiatric Association,

104, 256, 504, 510, 594, 607. See also DSM-IV-TR; DSM-5

American Psychological Association,

104, 486, 510

American Society of Addiction Medicine,

601, 612

American Society of Reproductive Medicine (ASRM),

125, 126, 128, 201, 692

Amitriptyline

chronic pelvic pain and,

36, 37, 38

considerations for use during pregnancy and lactation,

702

endometriosis and,

44

PMDD and,

171

Amphetamines,

594, 605

Androgen Excess Society,

48, 49

Anhedonia, and perinatal loss,

132

Anorexia nervosa

. See Eating disorders

Anovulatory cycles, and perimenopause,

24

Antenatal depression (AD)

. See Perinatal depression

Antianxiety medications,

99, 709–710. See also specific drugs

Anticonvulsants

. See also Antiepileptic drugs; specific drugs

chronic pelvic pain and,

37, 38

female sexual dysfunction and,

79

OCD and,

576

Antidepressants

. See also specific drugs

considerations for use during pregnancy and lactation,

359, 700–704

contraceptives and,

99

eating disorders and,

633–634

infertility and,

121

PCOS and,

50

perimenopausal depression and,

193

PMDD and,

170–171

St. John’s wort and,

388

sexual function and side effects of,

75, 83–84, 86

Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1986,

606

Antiepileptic drugs

. See also Anticonvulsants; Valproic acid

contraceptives and,

97–98, 99, 100

eating disorders and,

635, 636

Antihistamines

chronic pelvic pain and,

37, 38

diphenhydramine,

268, 467

insomnia and,

543

reproductive safety of,

536

Anti-Müllerian hormone,

193

Anti-NMDA encephalitis,

455

Antipsychotics

. See also specific drugs

acute agitation and,

267–268

anxiety disorders and,

536

bipolar disorder and,

411, 421

considerations for use during pregnancy and lactation,

464–465, 710–713

contraceptives and,

99

eating disorders and,

634–635

infertility and,

121

involuntary treatment with,

683–684

OCD and,

575, 580

postpartum psychosis and,

262, 440

schizophrenia and,

457, 458–466, 467, 469

sexual side effects of,

84, 85–86

Anxiety

. See also Anxiety disorders

anxious distress, and perinatal depression,

351

breastfeeding and,

243

chronic pelvic pain and,

35

endometriosis and,

42

GPPPD and,

57

infertility and,

118

OCD and,

560

perinatal loss and,

136

perinatal period and,

329

prenatal stress and childhood,

291, 296

screening tools for,

525

Anxiety disorders

. See also Anxiety; Generalized anxiety disorder

ADHD and,

658

assessment of,

528

case study of,

520

chronic pelvic pain and,

32

clinical presentation of,

526

diagnostic criteria for,

524–526

differential diagnosis of,

528–530

eating disorders and,

622

epidemiology of,

284, 519, 521–522

impact of on maternal and infant outcomes,

519

infertility and,

122

insomnia and,

540

obstetrical complications and,

353

pathophysiology of,

530–532

perimenopause and,

187

perinatal loss and,

135

PMDD and,

163

psychosocial factors and,

532–533

risk factors for,

521–522, 527

screening for,

522–524

treatment of,

533–537

Aripiprazole

bipolar disorder and,

411

considerations for use during pregnancy and lactation,

711

eating disorders and,

635

OCD and,

575

relative infant dose of,

423

schizophrenia and,

465

sexual dysfunction and,

84, 86, 87

Aromatase inhibitors,

115, 116, 117

ASD

. See Autism spectrum disorders

Asenapine,

711

Asian Americans

. See Race and ethnicity

Assessment

. See also Diagnosis; Evaluation; Laboratory tests

of acute agitation,

265

of ADHD,

657

of anxiety disorders,

528–530

of female sexual dysfunctions,

72, 77–80

of insomnia,

540

of mental disorders during pregnancy,

227

of OCD,

574

of parent–infant relationship,

321–323

of postpartum psychosis,

261

of suicidal behavior,

256, 258

Assisted decision-making, and voluntary termination of pregnancy,

681

Assisted reproductive technology (ART)

. See also Surrogacy; Third-party assisted reproduction

mental health implications of,

111–112

methods of,

114

perinatal loss in LGBTQ+ families,

138

psychopharmacology and,

115–118

Asthma,

243

Atherosclerosis, and hormone therapy,

201

Atomoxetine,

664

Attachment, and parent–infant relationship,

313–320, 329, 331, 563, 564

Attachment and Biobehavioral Catch-up,

326

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

assessment of,

657

characteristics of,

647

clinical presentation of,

653–655

diagnostic criteria for,

650–653

differential diagnosis of,

657–658

eating disorders and,

631–632

effects of prenatal stress on child and,

291, 292, 298

epidemiology of,

648–649

importance of in context of reproductive mental health,

647–648

pathophysiology of,

658–660

perimenopause and undiagnosed,

210

risk factors for,

649

screening for,

649–650

treatment of,

661–664

Auditory Tactile Visual Vestibular Interventions,

328

Augmentation strategies, for antipsychotics,

466, 580

Autism spectrum disorders (ASD)

antidepressant use during pregnancy and,

362

cannabis use during pregnancy and,

604

effects of prenatal stress on child and,

291, 292

folic acid supplementation and,

424

Autoimmune diseases

OCD and,

571

in postpartum period,

16, 436

Avoidance, and PTSD,

134, 496, 497

Avoidant attachment,

315

Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children study,

387

“Baby blues”

perinatal depression and,

352

postpartum psychosis and,

436

Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative,

319

Barbiturates,

99

Barker hypothesis

. See Fetal programming hypothesis

Barrier methods, of contraception,

102

Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development,

463

Beck Depression Inventory,

133, 346, 348

Bed sharing, and sudden infant death syndrome,

422

Behavior

. See also Acute agitation; Aggression; Externalizing behaviors; Hoarding behavior; Internalizing behaviors; Sexual behavior

adverse impact of perinatal anxiety on child,

528

insomnia and maladaptive,

541

long-term effects of antidepressant use during pregnancy on child,

362

repetitive, and OCD,

570–571

schizophrenia and disorganized,

447

Behavioral treatments

. See also Cognitive-behavioral therapy; Dialectical behavior therapy

for mental disorders during pregnancy,

230–231

for vasomotor symptoms,

204–205

Beliefs

OCD and dysfunctional,

577

postpartum psychosis and ego-syntonic,

437

Benzodiazepines

. See also specific drugs

acute agitation and,

268

alcohol withdrawal and,

269, 611

anxiety disorders and,

533, 534–536

catatonia and,

272–273

considerations for use during pregnancy and lactation,

604, 708–709

insomnia and,

543

management of adverse effects,

467

postpartum psychosis and,

262, 267, 440

PTSD and,

503

Benztropine,

467

Beta-adrenergic antagonists, and cocaine or methamphetamine intoxication,

269–270

Beta-blockers, and PTSD,

503

Binge-eating disorder

. See Eating disorders

Bioidentical hormone therapy,

203

Biopsychosocial model

of female sexual functioning,

68–69

treatment plans during pregnancy and,

229–230

Bipolar disorder (BD)

ADHD and,

656, 657–658

breastfeeding and need for sleep,

242–243

characteristics of,

401

clinical presentation of,

404–405

diagnosis of,

403, 404

differential diagnosis of,

409, 499

endometriosis and,

43

epidemiology of,

402

pathophysiology of,

409–410

perimenopause and,

187, 188

perinatal depression and,

352–353

perinatal loss and,

135

postpartum psychosis and,

436, 566

PMDD and,

163, 164, 175

risks of untreated during pregnancy,

408

SAM-e and,

385

screening for,

402–403

treatment of,

410–426

Bipolar Spectrum Diagnostic Scale,

403

Birth

. See Parturition

Birth weight

. See also Preterm birth

antidepressant use during pregnancy and,

360, 361

antipsychotics and,

460

carbamazepine and reductions in,

420

nutritional supplements and,

385

prenatal stress and,

286

Black cohosh,

206, 714

Black women

. See also Race and ethnicity; Systemic racism

access to mental health care,

358

incarceration of,

689

maternal mortality rates for,

247

menopause and,

24, 25

mental health of during pregnancy,

228

perinatal depression and,

344, 358

perinatal loss and,

137

postpartum weight loss and,

19

rates of cardiovascular diseases in,

13

sleep patterns during pregnancy,

9–10

trauma exposure and PTSD in,

501

vasomotor symptoms and,

197

Blaming, of mother for prenatal stress,

300

Blood levels, and dosage of medications during pregnancy,

233

Blood pressure, and pregnancy,

13

Body image

eating disorders and,

622, 631

PCOS and,

49

sexual function and,

75

Body mass index (BMI), and pregnancy,

9, 537

Body temperature, and vasomotor symptoms,

197–198

Bonding

. See Attachment

Bone fractures, in postmenopausal women,

25

Borderline personality disorder,

230–231, 291, 658

Brain, and brain development

ADHD and dysfunction of,

659

cannabis use during pregnancy and,

389

pregnancy and changes in structure of,

13

prenatal stress and,

317

Breast, anatomy and development of,

20, 21

Breast cancer,

200, 201, 242, 243

Breastfeeding

. See also Lactation

benzodiazepines and,

535

cannabis use and,

604

GnRH expression and,

10

milk let-down reflex and,

23

opioids and,

605

postpartum period and decisions on,

239, 241–242

postpartum psychosis and,

441–442

prevalence of,

241

prisons and,

690

St. John’s wort and,

388

stimulants and,

605

tobacco use and,

603

Bremelanotide,

80, 81

Brexanolone,

202, 356, 365

Brief Profile of Female Sexual Dysfunction,

79

Brief psychodynamic psychotherapy, for alcohol use disorder,

611

Brief psychotic disorder,

260, 434, 447–448

Brief Sexual Symptom Checklist–Women’s Version,

79

Brief supportive therapy, and infertility,

124

Bright light therapy

bipolar disorder and,

425

perinatal depression and,

231, 367, 392, 393

Bromocriptine,

116, 117–118, 172–173

Brown Attention-Deficit Disorder Scale,

210, 650

Bulimia nervosa

. See Eating disorders

Buprenorphine,

270, 612

Bupropion

ADHD and,

663–664

considerations for use during pregnancy and lactation,

365, 704

eating disorders and,

634

female sexual dysfunctions and,

81, 82, 84, 85, 86, 87

nicotine use disorders and,

609, 610

perinatal depression and,

364

Buspirone

considerations for use during pregnancy and lactation,

536, 709

female sexual dysfunctions and,

81, 82, 85, 87

PTSD and,

503

Brown Attention-Deficit Disorder Rating Scale,

649

Cabergoline,

116, 117, 172–173

Caffeine,

212, 388

Calcium supplements, and PMDD,

173–174

Calendar of Premenstrual Experiences,

157

California, and legal questions on surrogacy and parenting,

692–693

Canada, effects on children of cannabis use during pregnancy,

604

Cancer

. See also Breast cancer; Ontological disorders

hormonal treatments and,

199, 200, 201, 202

ovum cryopreservation and,

126

Cannabis

. See also Substance use disorders

diagnostic criteria for cannabis use disorder,

597–598

impact of use during pregnancy,

604

ovulatory dysfunction and,

119

perinatal depression and,

389

prevalence of use during pregnancy,

593

risk factors for schizophrenia and,

447

treatment for,

611

Carbamazepine

bipolar disorder and,

420–421, 423–424

considerations for use during pregnancy and lactation,

233, 420, 703

hormonal contraceptives and,

97, 99

lactation and,

423–424

relative infant dose of,

423

Cardiovascular system

. See also Blood pressure; Heart rate

cocaine toxicity and,

269

female sexual dysfunctions and disorders of,

79

hormone therapy and diseases of,

200–201, 202

insomnia and,

539

pregnancy and,

13–14

Carolina Premenstrual Assessment Scoring System,

157

Case studies

of acute agitation,

264

of ADHD,

648

of anxiety disorder,

520

of bipolar disorder,

404–405, 412

of chronic pelvic pain,

31–32

of contraception,

98, 102, 104

of eating disorders,

621–622, 630–631

of endometriosis,

39–40

of GPPPD,

52–53

of impact of fertility on mental health,

121–122

of infertility,

121–122, 124

of insomnia,

537

of parent–infant relationship,

317, 324–325

of perimenopausal depression,

189

of perinatal depression,

349, 352

of perinatal loss,

127

of PCOS,

45–46

of postpartum psychosis,

260, 436, 441

of PMDD,

158, 160–162, 163–164

of reproductive loss and traumatic delivery,

488, 495

of schizophrenia,

450, 453–454, 472

of substance use disorders,

607–608

Catatonia,

270–273

CBT

. See Cognitive-behavioral therapy

C-C motif chemokine 3 (CCL3), and prenatal stress,

295

Celiac disease,

571

Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale,

133, 634

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,

241, 320, 484, 594, 661, 680

Central nervous system, changes in during pregnancy,

13. See also Neurodegenerative effects; Neurodevelopment

Cervix, and phases of parturition,

16–17, 18

Cesarean sections

GPPPD and,

56

traumatic delivery and,

496

Chasteberry

. See Vitex agnus-castus

Checking compulsions, and OCD,

563

Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act (1974),

607, 686

Childbirth

. See Obstetrical complications; Parturition

Childhood Symptom Scale,

640, 650

Child-Parent Security Act (2020),

692

Child protective services

mandated reporting of child abuse,

686–687

OCD and,

563

postpartum psychosis and,

440

schizophrenia and,

472, 473

Children

. See also Adolescence; Adoption; Adverse childhood experiences; Age; Cognitive functions; Custody; Externalizing behaviors; Foster care; Infant(s); Internalizing behaviors; Parent(s)

abuse of and duty to report as legal issue,

685–687

adverse impact of perinatal anxiety on,

528

antidepressant use during pregnancy and cognition or behavior of,

362

cannabis use during pregnancy and,

604

communication between incarcerated women and,

691

diagnostic criteria for PTSD in,

493

disclosure of assisted reproductive technology to,

125

early positive experiences of parenting and,

321

intimate partner violence and,

498

postpartum depression and,

227

predictors of adult ADHD,

649

prenatal stress and,

283, 287–292

Chlordiazepoxide,

99

Chlorpromazine,

99, 464, 465, 710

Chocolate,

388

Chromium, and binge-eating disorder,

635, 637

Chronic pelvic pain (CPP)

and functional impairment,

36

case study of,

31–32

clinical presentation of,

34, 39

diagnostic criteria for,

33–34

differential diagnosis of,

34, 39

epidemiology of,

32–33

pathophysiology of,

34–35

psychological factors and,

35

risk factors for,

33, 39

screening for,

33, 39

social considerations in,

36

treatment of,

36–39

Cigarette smoking

. See Nicotine; Tobacco use

Circadian rhythms, and bright light therapy,

392

Circle of Security Intervention,

326

Citalopram

considerations for use during pregnancy and lactation,

700

OCD and,

575

PMDD and,

175

PTSD and,

502

sexual dysfunctions and,

85

Clinical Global Impressions,

635

Clinical Practice Guideline for the Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) in Adults (American Psychological Association 2017),

486

Clinical presentation

of acute agitation,

263–264

of ADHD,

653–657

of anxiety disorders,

526

of bipolar disorder,

404–405

of chronic pelvic pain,

34, 39

of eating disorders,

626, 628, 629, 639

of endometriosis,

41, 46

of GPPPD,

59

of insomnia,

539

of perimenopausal depression,

188–189

of perinatal loss,

129

of PCOS,

48, 53

of postpartum psychosis,

260–261, 434–438

of PTSD,

497

of schizophrenia,

449–450

Clinician Administered PTSD Scale,

487, 504, 509

Clomiphene,

51, 115, 116

Clomipramine

considerations for use during pregnancy and lactation,

703

OCD and,

575, 576, 579, 580

PMDD and,

170–171

Clonazepam,

709

Clonidine,

37, 38, 204, 206

Close Collaboration With Parents,

328

Clozapine,

99, 462–463, 465, 712

Cocaine

. See also Substance use disorders

effects of during pregnancy,

605

intoxication or withdrawal as emergency,

269–270

prevalence of use during pregnancy,

593–594

Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)

ADHD and,

664

anxiety disorders and,

536

chronic pelvic pain and,

32

eating disorders and,

639

female sexual dysfunctions and,

81, 82, 83

for insomnia (CBT-I),

208, 212, 367, 393, 542, 543

grief after perinatal loss and,

137

infertility and,

124

OCD and,

573, 576–578, 579

perimenopausal depression and,

195

perinatal depression and,

366

PMDD and,

173

schizophrenia and,

468

substance use disorders and,

611

suicidality and,

258

vasomotor symptoms and,

205, 206

Cognitive functions

. See also Memory

ADHD and,

653–654

antidepressant use during pregnancy and child’s,

362

perinatal anxiety and child’s,

528

eating disorders and,

632

folate levels in early pregnancy and child,

383

perimenopause and,

209–210, 211, 212

prenatal stress and adverse outcomes in development of child’s,

288–289, 290

PTSD and styles of,

501

Cognitive processing therapy, for PTSD,

504, 505–506

Colorado, and mandated reporting of child abuse,

687

Combined treatment, for OCD,

577

Comorbidity

ADHD and,

656, 658

of anxiety with other mental health conditions,

521, 527

bipolar disorder and,

403

of depression and anxiety during pregnancy,

284, 352

eating disorders and,

620, 621

of female sexual disorders and mental disorders,

70, 83–86

of gynecological issues with mental disorders,

31

insomnia and,

539

OCD and,

559, 560, 571

opioid use and,

594

of PMDD with psychiatric disorders,

163, 175

of PTSD with major depressive disorder,

135

schizophrenia and,

455–456

Complex bereavement disorder,

132

Complicated grief, and perinatal loss,

131, 132

Compulsions, and OCD,

563, 574

Concealment, and denial of pregnancy,

468

Conduct disorder,

291, 292

Confidentiality

screening for intimate partner violence and,

489

screening for substance use disorders and,

594

Congenital malformations

. See also Fetus; Infant(s)

antipsychotics and,

460

benzodiazepines and,

534

carbamazepine and,

420

lithium and,

412–414, 415

prenatal nicotine exposure and,

603

risk of medication use during pregnancy,

359–360

valproate and,

418

Conners Adult ADHD Rating Scale,

210, 649, 650

Contingency management, for substance use disorders,

610, 611, 613

Contraception, and contraceptives

bipolar disorder and,

407

clinical considerations in,

96

contraindications for,

102

impact of availability on women’s lives,

93

interactions between oral forms of and psychiatric medications,

99

list of options for,

103

mood effects of,

100, 115, 116

PCOS and,

52

PMDD and,

171–172, 175

psychiatrists and access to,

101–104

psychotropic drug interactions and,

97–100, 405

reproductive cycle and,

94–95

St. John’s wort and,

388

schizophrenia and,

452

Contractions, and parturition,

17

Contraindications

for assisted reproductive technology,

126

for contraception,

102

for hormonal therapy for vasomotor symptoms,

202, 203

Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities,

681

Coronary heart disease (CHD),

200

Corpus luteum,

7, 94

Corticosteroids, neuropsychiatric effects of,

116, 118

Cortico-striato-thalamo-cortical circuitry, and OCD,

567–568

Cortisol levels

postpartum depression and,

356

pregnancy and,

12

stress and,

119–120, 287, 293–294

Cost, to society

. See also Financial; Socioeconomic or sociodemographic factors

of ADHD,

649

of untreated perinatal depression,

343

Couples therapy, and chronic pelvic pain,

32

Couvade syndrome, and schizophrenia,

469, 470

COVID-19 pandemic,

320, 347, 692

Crack cocaine,

606

C-reactive protein levels (CRP), and nutritional supplements,

385

Creating Opportunities for Parent Empowerment,

328

“Critically timed wake therapy,”

393

Crohn’s disease,

571

Crowell Parent-Child Interaction Procedure,

322

Culture

eating disorders and,

622, 623

OCD and,

566, 571

perimenopausal depression and,

192

perinatal depression and,

345

perinatal loss and,

133

pseudocyesis and,

470

vasomotor symptoms and,

199

views of menopause and,

22

Current Symptoms Scale,

650

Cushing’s syndrome,

12

Custody, of children

schizophrenia and loss of,

472

substance use disorders and,

603

surrogacy and,

692–693

Cyclothymic disorder,

403

Cyproheptadine,

85

Cytochrome P450 enzymes

carbamazepine and,

420

changes in during pregnancy,

15, 459

contraceptives and,

97

perinatal depression and,

388

Cytokines,

120, 295, 531. See also Inflammation

Daily Record of Severity of Problems,

157

Daily Symptom Rating Scale,

175

Danazol,

172

Davidson Trauma Scale,

487

Daytime sleepiness, and pregnancy,

9

D-cycloserine,

635, 637

Decision making

breastfeeding and,

244

contraception and,

96

infertility and,

123

involuntary medications for schizophrenia and,

471

legal standards for informed consent and,

680–681

Decreased Sexual Desire Screener,

79

Deep brain stimulation, and OCD,

576

De-escalation techniques, for management of agitation,

255, 267

Delayed sleep phase disorder,

571

Delirium

acute agitation and,

265

postpartum psychosis and,

435, 436

Delusion(s)

. See also Hallucinations

OCD and,

563, 574

postpartum psychosis and,

261, 435, 437

schizophrenia and,

447, 454, 469–470

Delusional disorder,

448

Demographics

. See Age; Race and ethnicity; Socioeconomic or sociodemographic factors

Denial, of pregnancy

schizophrenia and,

468–469

violence risk assessments and,

689

Dental erosion, and bulimia nervosa,

629

Depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA)

contraceptive,

96, 98

and endometriosis,

44

Depression

. See also Major depressive disorder; Mood disorders; Perimenopausal depression; Perinatal depression; Postpartum depression

adoptive mothers and,

332

anxiety disorders and,

527

breastfeeding and,

243

chronic pelvic pain and,

34, 35

contraception and,

100

differential diagnosis of PTSD and,

499

endometriosis and,

42

fathers in perinatal period and,

328

GPPPD and,

57

infertility and,

118

insomnia and,

541

OCD and,

565

PCOS and,

48, 50

perinatal loss and,

133, 134, 136

pregnancy and,

226–227

PMDD and,

163, 164

prenatal stress and childhood,

289, 291, 292

sexual function and dysfunction,

77, 83

smoking during pregnancy and,

593

voluntary termination of pregnancy and,

104

Desipramine,

38, 171, 576, 703

Desvenlafaxine,

193, 701

Development

. See also Neurodevelopment

care practices for premature infants and,

328

prenatal stress and adverse outcomes in cognition and,

288–289, 290

Developmental origins of health and disease (DOHaD)

. See Fetal programming hypothesis

Dextroamphetamine,

663

Diabetes, and PCOS,

47, 48. See also Gestational diabetes

Diagnosis

. See also Assessment; Differential diagnosis; DSM-5; Evaluation

of ADHD,

650–653

of anxiety disorders,

524–526

of bipolar disorder,

403, 404

of chronic pelvic pain,

33–34

of eating disorders,

623–626

of GPPPD,

55–56

of insomnia,

538, 538–539

of intimate partner violence and sexual trauma,

494–495

of mental disorders during pregnancy,

226, 229–230

of OCD,

561, 561–562

of perimenopausal depression,

188

of perinatal depression,

349–351

of PCOS,

48, 49

of postpartum psychosis,

260, 434

of PMDD,

158, 159

of PTSD,

490–491

of schizophrenia,

447–448, 448–449

of substance use disorders,

595–601

of vasomotor symptoms,

196–197

Dialectical behavioral therapy

eating disorders and,

639

for mental disorders during pregnancy,

231

suicidality and,

259

Diazepam,

99, 535, 709

Diet

. See also Calcium; Folic acid; Food cravings; Iron; Nutrition; Nutritional supplements; Vitamins

during pregnancy,

387

nutritional deficiencies in, as risk factor for schizophrenia,

447

perinatal depression and,

382–388

PMDD and,

156, 173–174

vasomotor symptoms and,

199

Differential diagnosis

of acute agitation,

264–265

of acute stress disorder and PTSD associated with perinatal loss,

134–135

of ADHD,

657–658

of anxiety disorders,

528–530

of bipolar disorder,

409

of catatonia,

272

of chronic pelvic pain,

34, 39

of eating disorders,

631–632

of endometriosis,

46

of GPPPD,

59, 173

of grief following perinatal loss,

131–132, 133

of insomnia,

540, 541

of OCD,

565–566

of PCOS,

53

of perimenopausal depression,

189–190

of perinatal depression,

352

of postpartum psychosis,

261, 436–437

of PMDD,

163–165

of PTSD,

498–499

of schizophrenia,

451, 455

of substance use disorders,

606

of suicide or suicidal ideation,

256

of vasomotor symptoms,

197, 198

Dimensional Obsessive-Compulsive Scale,

560

Directed masturbation, and female sexual dysfunctions,

81, 82, 83

Discharge planning, and postpartum psychosis,

440

Discontinuation, of psychiatric medications during pregnancy,

235. See also Tapering

Disenfranchised grief, and perinatal loss,

137

Disorganized attachment,

314

Distress

. See also Anxious distress; Prenatal distress; Psychological distress

female sexual dysfunctions and,

69

infertility and,

120, 123

OCD and,

562

PMDD and,

159

vasomotor symptoms and,

198

DNA methylation, and prenatal stress,

294

Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA),

385

Domestic violence

. See Intimate partner violence

Dong quai (Angelica sinensis),

206

Dopamine hypothesis, for schizophrenia,

456–457

Dopaminergic reward pathway, and parent–infant relationship,

318

Dosages, of medications

. See Relative infant dose; Symptom-onset dosing; Tapering; Withdrawal; specific drugs

Double disenfranchisement, of LGBTQ+ families,

138

Doula care, and support for at-risk populations,

247

Doxepin,

703

Dronabinol,

635, 637

Drospirenone,

101, 103, 171, 175

Drug Abuse Screening Test,

595

DSM-IV-TR, and female sexual dysfunctions,

69, 70

DSM-5 classification or diagnostic criteria for

ADHD,

650–653

anxiety disorders,

525–526

bipolar disorder,

404

catatonia,

271

eating disorders,

623, 624–626

female sexual dysfunctions,

69–70

gender dysphoria,

xxix

GPPPD,

55–56

insomnia disorder,

538–539

major depressive disorder,

349–350

OCD,

561–562

persistent complex bereavement disorder,

131

postpartum psychosis,

260, 434

PMDD,

154, 155, 158

PTSD,

490–491, 491–494

schizophrenia,

447, 448–449

substance use disorders,

595, 596–601

Duloxetine,

37, 38, 170, 702

Dysfunctional beliefs, and OCD,

577

Dysmenorrhea,

37, 41

Dyspareunia

definition of,

69

GPPPD and,

54, 55, 56

perimenopause and,

209

Dysphoric mania,

435

Early childhood intervention programs,

472

Early Relational Assessment,

322

Early Versus Late Intervention Trial,

201

“Early wake therapy,”

393

Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire,

623

Eating Disorder Inventory–2,

635

Eating disorders

alternative disordered eating behaviors,

626, 627

anorexia nervosa

atypical,

627

clinical features of,

626, 628, 629

diagnostic criteria for,

623, 624

genetics and,

632

infertility and,

118

premature birth and,

630

binge-eating disorder

clinical features of,

628

diagnostic criteria for,

623, 625–626

infertility and,

118–119, 629

menopause and,

631

prevalence of,

620

bulimia nervosa

clinical features of,

628, 629

diagnostic criteria for,

623, 624–625

fertility and,

118, 629

PMDD and,

163

prevalence of,

620

characteristics of,

619

clinical presentation of,

626, 628, 629, 639

diagnostic criteria for,

623–626

differential diagnosis of,

499, 631–632

disordered eating and PCOS,

49, 119

epidemiology of,

619–622

infertility and,

118–119

andnutrition,

626, 629, 630, 638

pathophysiology of,

632–633

perimenopause and,

188

prenatal stress and childhood,

291, 292

risk factors for,

622, 623

screening for,

622–623

treatment of,

633–641

Eating Disorder Screen for Primary Care,

622–623

Eating Disorders Examination,

634

Ebstein’s anomaly, and lithium,

413

Eclampsia, and catatonia,

272. See also Preeclampsia

Ectopic pregnancy, and benzodiazepines,

534

Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale,

133, 227, 256, 257, 332, 346, 347, 348, 386, 403, 434, 523–524, 525, 560, 561

Education

. See also Psychoeducation

alcohol use disorder and,

611

on intimate partner violence for mental health professionals,

488

of patient on risk of untreated illness versus medications during pregnancy,

683

on postpartum psychosis,

441

pregnancy-related in prisons,

690

on sleep, sexual functioning, and cognition during perimenopause,

212

treatment of mental illness during pregnancy and,

234

Eflornithine, and PCOS,

51–52

Ego-syntonic beliefs, and postpartum psychosis,

437

Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA),

385

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

bipolar disorder and,

424

catatonia and,

273

informed consent for,

683

mood symptoms during pregnancy and,

365–366

OCD and,

576

postpartum psychosis and,

262, 440

PTSD and,

504

schizophrenia and,

468

Electronic cigarette use,

593

Emergencies, psychiatric

. See also Suicide

acute agitation as,

262

catatonia as,

270–273

contraception and,

96, 101, 103, 104

postpartum psychosis as,

259–260, 408, 433

substance intoxication or withdrawal as,

268–270

Emetophobia,

525

Emotion(s)

. See also Fear; Mood; Worry

ADHD and regulation of,

653, 654

dysfunctional responses to in PMDD,

169

PTSD and regulation of,

504, 505

Emotional abuse, definition of,

685

Empowerment, and trauma-informed care,

502

“Empty nest psychosocial stress,”

192

Endocrine disorders, and female sexual function,

79

Endocrine Society,

11, 113, 201, 203

Endocrine system, and pregnancy,

10–13

Endometriosis

case study of,

39–40

diagnosis of,

41

differential diagnosis of,

46

epidemiology of,

40–41

infertility and,

113

multidisciplinary teams for management of,

38

pathophysiology of,

42–44

risk factors for,

45

screening for,

46

sexual trauma and,

498

treatment of,

44–45

viscerovisceral convergence and,

35

Endometrium, and menstrual cycle,

8

Environmental factors

ADHD and,

660

anxiety disorders and,

531

eating disorders and,

622, 623

OCD and,

559

schizophrenia and,

446

Epidemiology

of ADHD,

648–650

of anxiety disorders,

521–522

of bipolar disorder,

402

of chronic pelvic pain,

32–33

of eating disorders,

619–622

of endometriosis,

40–41

of GPPPD,

54

of infertility,

112–113

of insomnia,

537

of OCD,

559–560

of PCOS,

47

of perimenopausal depression,

186, 187

of perinatal depression,

344–345

of perinatal loss,

128–129

of postpartum psychosis,

433–434

of PMDD,

154–157

of schizophrenia,

446–447

of substance use disorders,

591–594

of suicide,

254–255

of trauma,

484–486

of vasomotor symptoms,

196

Epidural anesthesia,

18

Epigenetics

. See also Genetics

anxiety disorders and,

531

prenatal stress and,

317

PTSD and,

501

Escitalopram,

194, 575, 700

Estrogen, and estrogen therapy

. See also Hormones

contraception and,

95–96

GPPPD and,

58

menopause and reduced production of,

25

menstrual cycle and,

5, 7–8

OCD and,

569

perimenopausal depression and,

194

postpartum depression and,

365

pregnancy and,

10

protective hypothesis, and schizophrenia,

450–452, 453, 456

schizophrenia and,

445

substance use disorders and,

608

vasomotor symptoms and,

198, 199–203

withdrawal hypothesis for perimenopausal depression,

191

Eszopiclone,

208

Ethics, and treatment of schizophrenia,

470–471

Ethinyl estradiol, and PMDD,

171

Ethnicity

. See Race and ethnicity

Etonogestrel,

98, 103

European Medicine Agency,

418

Evaluation

. See also Assessment

of infertility,

114

of OCD,

565

of ovum donors,

125–126

of parenting capacity,

684–685

of perimenopausal depression,

192–193

Excited catatonia,

271

Executive functions

. See also Cognitive functions

ADHD and,

653

perimenopause and,

210

Exercise

insomnia and,

537

perimenopausal depression and,

195

perinatal depression and,

391

vasomotor symptoms and,

204, 206

Exposure therapy

. See also Imaginal exposure; Prolonged exposure

for female sexual dysfunctions,

82, 83

for OCD,

577

Externalizing behaviors, of children

antidepressant use during pregnancy and,

362

cannabis use during pregnancy and,

604

prenatal distress and,

290, 291

Extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS), and antipsychotics,

460, 462, 467

Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR), and PTSD,

504, 506

Face-to-Face Still-Face Procedure,

322

Failure to treat, as legal issue,

683

Fair Sentencing Act (2010),

606

Family

. See also Parent(s) history

of bipolar disorder,

434

of OCD,

559, 574

of perinatal depression,

345

of postpartum psychosis,

408

intergenerational patterns of substance use,

609

meetings, and treatment of mental illness during pregnancy,

234

therapy

for alcohol use disorder,

611

for eating disorders,

639

for OCD,

573, 577

Family Medical Leave,

500

Family Nurture Intervention,

328

Fathers, and parent–infant relationship,

328–329. See also Parent(s)

Federal Bureau of Prisons,

689

Female

genital arousal disorder,

71

orgasmic disorders,

69, 71

orgasmic illness syndrome,

71

sexual arousal disorder (FSAD),

69, 71

sexual dysfunctions (FSDs)

. See also Sexual functioning

assessment of,

72, 77–80

comorbid psychiatric illness and,

83–86

definition of and diagnostic criteria for,

69–70

management of,

72, 83–86

treatment of,

80–83

Female Sexual Distress Scale–Revised,

79

Female Sexual Function Index,

77, 79

Fertility

. See Assisted reproductive technology; Infertility

Fetal

alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD),

602, 603

alcohol syndrome,

603

programming hypothesis, and studies of prenatal stress,

281–282, 286

Fetus

. See Congenital malformations; Infant(s); Perinatal loss; Spontaneous abortion

antidepressant use during pregnancy and neurodevelopment of,

360–362

anxiety disorders and neurodevelopment of,

527–528

descent of and delivery,

18

effects of prenatal stress on,

283, 285–286

lithium use during pregnancy and,

414

nutrients and development of,

383, 385

Fibroids, and GnRH agonists,

117

Filicide, and violence risk assessment,

687–689

Financial

incentives, and contingency management for nicotine use disorder,

610

resources, and expense of infertility treatments,

123. See also Cost

Finasteride, and PCOS,

51

Firearms, and violence risk assessments,

688

First Step Act,

606

Flibanserin,

80, 81

Floppy infant syndrome,

463

Florida, and mandated reporting of child abuse,

687

Fluoxetine

considerations for use of during pregnancy and lactation,

700

eating disorders and,

634

infertility and,

124

OCD and,

575

PMDD and,

173

premenstrual mood syndrome and,

167

PTSD and,

502

sexual dysfunctions and,

85

Fluphenazine,

710

Flurazepam,

99

Flutamide, and PCOS,

51

Fluvoxamine,

85, 575, 576, 700

Folic acid, supplementation during pregnancy,

14, 382, 424

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and menstrual cycle,

4–5, 6, 8, 24

Follicular phase, of menstrual cycle,

4–6, 7

Folliculogenesis,

94

Follow-up care, for suicidal patients,

259

Food cravings

. See also Diet

eating disorders during pregnancy and,

621

PMDD and,

159

Food and Drug Administration (FDA),

203, 232, 362, 364, 383

Forensic psychiatry

. See also Legal issues

child abuse and duty to report,

685–687

evaluations of parenting capacity and,

684–685

infanticide and violence risk assessment,

687–689

informed consent for voluntary termination of pregnancy,

679, 680–682

involuntary treatment and,

683–684

pregnancy and mothering in corrections system and,

689–691

Formula-feeding, and sleep deprivation,

422

Foster care

adoptions and,

330–331

for children of incarcerated women,

690

4P’s, for substance use screening,

596

Fourth Trimester Project,

246

“Friedman criteria,”

17

Frontal cortex, and premenstrual mood syndrome,

168

Functional hypothalamic amenorrhea (FHA),

113

Gabapentin

alcohol withdrawal and,

269

chronic pelvic pain and,

36–37, 38

considerations for use during pregnancy and lactation,

706

endometriosis and,

44

vasomotor symptoms and,

204, 206

GABA system

menstrual cycle and,

4

OCD and,

567–568

pregnancy and,

10

PMDD and,

166

Galactopoiesis, and lactation,

22

Galactorrhea, and antipsychotics,

469

Gamete donation, and third-party assisted reproduction,

124–126

Gastroesophageal reflux disease,

15

Gastrointestinal system, and pregnancy,

14–15

Gaze, and assessment of parent–infant relationship,

323

Gender

. See also Gender identity; Sex differences; Men; Women

ADHD and,

648, 654, 655, 656

anxiety disorders and,

521

bipolar disorder and,

401, 405

dysphoria,

xxix

eating disorders and,

620

effects of prenatal stress on children and,

289, 292, 296–297

identity

. See also Sexual identity

and psychological reactions to infertility,

122

LGBTQ+ youth and development of,

73

PMDD and,

165

use of term,

xxviii

inclusive language and special

considerations for diversity,

xxviii

PTSD and,

485

schizophrenia and,

446

substance use disorders and,

591, 601, 606

use of terms,

xxviii

view of as culturally constructed category,

xxvii

Gender-affirming therapy, criteria for recommendation of,

xxix

Generalized anxiety disorder

. See also Anxiety disorders

clinical presentation of,

526

diagnostic criteria for,

524, 525

differential diagnosis of,

499, 565

major depressive episode and,

521

perinatal loss and,

135

postpartum psychosis and,

436–437

PMDD and,

163

treatment of,

533

Generalized Anxiety Disorder–7,

525

Genetics

. See also Epigenetics

ADHD and,

659–660

anxiety disorders and,

531

bipolar disorder and,

409–410

eating disorders and,

632

OCD and,

566–568, 567

perimenopausal depression and,

191

postpartum depression and,

354–355

postpartum psychosis and,

438

PMDD and,

156

prenatal stress and,

294

PTSD and,

500

schizophrenia and,

446

Genetics of Recurrent Early Onset Depression study,

567

Genito-pelvic pain/penetration disorder (GPPPD)

case study of,

52–53

clinical presentation of,

59, 71

diagnosis of,

55–56, 69

differential diagnosis of,

59

epidemiology of,

54

folate supplementation during pregnancy and,

383–384

pathophysiology of,

56–57

preparation for delivery,

58

risk factors for,

54, 59

screening for,

54–55, 59

treatment of,

58

Genitourinary syndrome of menopause (GSM),

68, 72, 75–76

Genitourinary system, and pregnancy,

15

Gestational diabetes

antipsychotics and,

461, 463

eating disorders and,

630

race and risk of,

13

risk of Type II diabetes following,

354

vitamin D supplementation and,

384

Gestational trophoblastic disease,

470, 496

Ghrelin, and eating disorders,

633

Ginkgo biloba, and PMDD,

174

Glomerular filtration rate, and metabolism of medications during pregnancy,

15, 415

Glucose metabolism, during pregnancy,

12–13

Glutamate system, and influence of estrogen on schizophrenia,

457–458

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

endometriosis and,

44

menstrual cycle and,

3–4

neuropsychiatric effects of,

115, 116, 117

pregnancy and,

10

PMDD and,

172, 175

Goodness of fit, between parent and infant,

314

GPPPD

. See genito-pelvic pain/penetration disorder

Greene Climacteric Scale (GCS),

183

Grief

infertility and,

122

perinatal loss and,

131–133, 136–137

Grief Counselling and Grief Therapy (Worden 2013),

510

Guanfacine,

664

Guardians, and decision making on voluntary termination of pregnancy,

681

Guidelines

. See also American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists

for assisted reproductive technology,

125, 126

for treatment of PTSD,

504

Guillain-Barré syndrome,

571

Gut microbiome, and prenatal stress,

295

Gynecological conditions

chronic pelvic pain,

31–45

endometriosis,

39–45

GPPPD,

52–58, 59

PCOS,

45–52

Hallucinations

. See also Delusion(s)

postpartum psychosis and,

261, 435

schizophrenia and,

447

Haloperidol

acute agitation and,

267, 268

bipolar disorder and,

411

considerations for use during pregnancy and lactation,

710

OCD and,

575

schizophrenia and,

459, 460, 464, 465

Hamilton Depression Rating Scale,

44

Harvard Study of Moods and Cycles,

154–155, 186

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis,

571

Health care

. See also Access; Integrated medicine; Medical conditions; Mental health care; Physicians; Surgery

annual well-woman visits and,

31

barriers to for LGBTQ+ individuals,

330

eating disorders and,

638–639

fragmented and unequal system of,

246

medical interventions for chronic pelvic pain,

37–38

substance use during pregnancy and,

607

Heart rate

antidepressant use during pregnancy and fetal,

360

pregnancy and increase in,

13

prenatal stress and fetal

neurodevelopment,

285–286, 290

Hematological system, and pregnancy,

14

Hepatic dysfunction, and carbamazepine,

423–424

Hepatitis C, and substance use disorders,

602

Herbal medications

. See also Alternative treatments; specific medications

perinatal depression and,

388–389

PMDD and,

174

vasomotor symptoms and,

205–206

High-tone pelvic floor dysfunction, and chronic pelvic pain,

37

Hispanic women

. See Race and ethnicity

Hoarding behavior, and OCD,

559

Homicidal thoughts, and postpartum psychosis,

435. See also Infanticide

Hormones, and hormone replacement therapy

. See also Allopregnanolone; Estrogen; Gonadotropin-releasing hormone; Oxytocin; Progesterone

ADHD and,

660

anxiety disorders and,

531–532

eating disorders and,

632–633

female sexual dysfunction and,

79, 209

OCD and,

569

perimenopausal depression and,

190–191, 194–195

postpartum depression and,

365

PMDD and,

171–173

schizophrenia and,

466–468

vasomotor symptoms and,

199–203

Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS),

523, 525

Hospitalization

eating disorders and,

623, 639, 640

lactation and,

421

OCD and,

574

postpartum psychosis and,

262, 440

suicidality and,

258, 259

Hot flashes, and menopause,

24, 193, 207. See also Vasomotor symptoms

Hot Flash Related Daily Interference Scale (HFRDIS),

193, 196

Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG),

10

Hydroxyzine,

38, 503, 710

Hyperactivity, and ADHD,

653

Hyperandrogenism, and PCOS,

48, 51

Hyperarousal

insomnia and,

541

PTSD and,

134, 497

Hypercortisolemia,

12

Hyperemesis gravidarum,

14, 621

Hyperphagia, and PMDD,

159

Hyperprolactinemia,

470

Hyperresponsibility, and OCD,

570

Hypnosis

nausea and vomiting during early pregnancy and,

393

vasomotor symptoms and,

205

Hypnotic benzodiazepine receptor agonists (HBRAs),

542–544

Hypoactive sexual desire disorder (HSDD)

definition of,

71, 72

DSM-5 and,

69

neurobiology of,

68

surgical menopause and,

76

treatment of,

80–82

Hypoestrogenism, and schizophrenia,

456

Hypoglycemia,

13

Hypomania Checklist,

403

Hypophosphatemia,

638

Hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis (HPG)

bipolar disorder and,

406

effects of antidepressant use during pregnancy on fetus,

361–362

menstrual cycle and,

3–4, 5

prenatal stress and,

287, 293, 317

PTSD and,

500

Hypoxia, and fetal development,

447

Hysterectomy

chronic pelvic pain and,

37

PMDD and,

174–175

sexual functioning and,

209

Hysterosalpingography,

114

Imaginal exposure, and PTSD,

504, 505. See also Exposure therapy

Imipramine,

703

Immobility, and catatonia as risk during pregnancy,

272

Immune system

. See also Autoimmune diseases

anxiety disorders and,

531

OCD and,

569

perinatal depression and,

356–357

postpartum psychosis and,

438

pregnancy and,

15–16

prenatal stress and,

294–295

PTSD and,

500–501

Impact of Event Scale–Revised,

487, 509

Implicit bias, in health care providers,

248

Impulse-control disorders, and dopamine agonists,

117

Impulsivity, and ADHD,

653, 656

Incredible Years curriculum,

326

India, schizophrenia in postpartum period and,

454

Infant(s)

. See also Birth weight; Breastfeeding; Children; Fetus; Infanticide; Parent–infant relationship; Preterm birth

adverse reactions to lamotrigine exposure,

423

antidepressant use during pregnancy and,

360

antipsychotics for schizophrenia during pregnancy and,

463

definition of mental health in,

312–313

eating disorders during pregnancy and,

630

maternal alcohol use and,

604

methamphetamine exposure during pregnancy and,

605

OCD and,

562–563, 564, 565, 570, 572

postpartum depression and,

227

prenatal exposure to buprenorphine,

612

safe sleep practices for,

544

Infanticide

OCD and,

563, 565–566

postpartum psychosis and,

261, 262, 435

violence risk assessments and,

258, 687–689

Infections, prenatal as risk factor for schizophrenia,

447

Infertility

. See also Assisted reproductive technology

case studies of,

121–122, 124

definition of,

112

eating disorders and,

629

epidemiology of,

112–113

evaluation of,

114, 127

impact of mental health disorders on,

118–121

mental health professionals and,

127

trauma associated with,

496

treatment of,

121, 123–124, 127

Inflammation, and inflammatory mediators

. See also Cytokines

ADHD and,

660

anxiety disorders and,

531

endometriosis and,

42

Informed consent

for electroconvulsive therapy,

683

for voluntary termination of pregnancy,

679, 680–682

Inhibin, and menstrual cycle,

6, 8, 24

Insecure attachment,

314, 315, 316, 362

Insight, and OCD,

562, 565–566

Insomnia

. See also Sleep

anxiety disorders and,

532

assessment of,

540

clinical presentation of,

539

clomipramine and,

115

CBT for,

208, 212, 367, 393, 542, 543

detrimental effects of perinatal,

520

diagnostic criteria for,

538, 538–539

differential diagnosis of,

540, 541

epidemiology of,

537

impact of during pregnancy,

9

pathophysiology of,

540–542

risk factors for,

537

screening for,

538

treatment of,

542–544

Institutional barriers, to prenatal care in prisons,

689

Insulin, and pregnancy,

12–13

Integrative medicine, for perinatal depression,

381, 382–388

Intellectual disability, and FASD,

603

Intensive outpatient care, for eating disorders,

641

Interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-15, and prenatal stress,

295

Internalizing behaviors

ADHD and,

654

effects on children of antidepressant use during pregnancy,

362

effects of prenatal distress on children,

290, 291

Internal working models, and parent–infant relationship,

321

International adoptions, and parent–infant relationship,

330, 331–332

International Association for Women’s Mental Health,

xxi

International Classification of Diseases,

434

International Consultation on Sexual Medicine (ICSM),

70, 71

International OCD Foundation,

574

International Pelvic Pain Society (IPPS),

33

International Register of Lithium Babies,

412–413

International Society for Study of Women’s Sexual Health,

69–70, 71, 77, 78, 79, 80, 82

International Society of Traumatic Stress Studies,

502

Internet-based interventions

. See also Computer programs

for anxiety disorders,

536

for eating disorders,

639

for PMDD,

173

for PTSD,

506

Interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT)

alcohol use disorder and,

611

anxiety disorders and,

536

chronic pelvic pain and,

39

eating disorders and,

639

infertility and,

124

perinatal depression and,

366

perinatal loss and,

137

Interpersonal relationships

. See also Family; Intimate partner violence; Marriage; Social Networks

attachment patterns and,

316

PMDD and,

163

Interstitial cystitis,

37

Intimate partner violence (IPV)

course and prognosis of trauma from,

497–498

diagnosis of,

494–495

female sexual dysfunctions and,

78

as risk factor for PTSD,

485–486

screening for,

78, 487–488, 489

trauma during pregnancy and,

484, 485

Intrahepatic cholestasis,

384

Intrauterine

device (IUD),

95, 96, 98, 101

fetal demise (IUFD),

128, 129

growth restriction,

602

insemination (IUI),

114

Intrusive thoughts

anxiety disorders and,

529

OCD and,

562, 563–564, 565, 570–571, 688

PTSD and,

497

In vitro fertilization (IVF),

114–115, 117–118

Involuntary treatment

forensic psychiatry and,

683–684

hospitalization for suicidality and,

258

medications for schizophrenia and,

471

Involution, and parturition,

17, 19

Iron, and iron deficiency

eating disorders in peripartum period and,

622

requirements for during pregnancy,

14

restless legs syndrome and,

540

Italy, and international adoptions,

332

Japan, chocolate consumption by pregnant women,

388

Johnson v. Calvert (1993),

692–693

Joint Commission,

xxviii

Jordan, prevalence of perimenopausal depression in,

156

Judicial bypass, of parental consent for voluntary termination of pregnancy,

682

Kangaroo Care, and parent–infant relationship,

319

Keeping Children and Families Safe Act (2003),

607

Kidneys, enlargement of during pregnancy,

15

Kornstein, Susan,

xxi

Kronos Early Estrogen and Prevention Study,

201

Labor, and parturition,

17–18

Laboratory tests

anxiety disorders and,

528

postpartum psychosis and,

261, 437

Lactation

. See also Breastfeeding

alcohol use during,

603–604

bipolar disorder and,

421–424

mood disorders and,

364–365

sexual functioning and,

74

stages of,

20–22

use of psychotropic medications during,

421–424, 464–465, 662–664, 700–715

Lactobacillus rhamnosus,

386

Lactogenesis,

20

Lamotrigine

bipolar disorder and,

406, 411, 415, 417–418, 419, 423

considerations for use during pregnancy and lactation,

707

contraceptives and,

97, 98, 99

folic acid supplementation and,

424

PMDD comorbid with bipolar disorder and,

175

relative infant dose of,

423

Late luteal phase dysphoric disorder,

154

“Late wake therapy,”

393

Least restrictive settings, for treatment

of OCD,

574

of schizophrenia,

471

Legal issues

. See also Forensic psychiatry

infertility and,

691–693

involuntary hospitalization and,

258

involuntary medications for schizophrenia and,

471

psychopharmacology and malpractice concerns,

679, 682–683

screening for intimate partner violence and,

489

substance use disorders and,

594, 606–608

Leptin, and eating disorders,

632–633

Letrozole,

51, 115, 116, 117

Levonorgestrel,

44, 103, 104, 171

LGBTQ+ individuals

. See also Transgender individuals

assessment of sexual functioning in,

xxix

barriers to health care for,

330

eating disorders in adolescents and,

621

inclusive language and special considerations for,

xxviii

intimate partner violence and,

487–488

menopause and,

xxx

parent–infant relationship and,

329–330

perinatal loss and,

138

pregnancy and,

xxx

PTSD and,

505

sexual identity development in youth,

73

structural stigma in health care systems and,

501

Lifestyle factors

. See also Diet; Exercise

bipolar disorder and,

425–426

infertility and,

120–121

PMDD and,

156, 173

vasomotor symptoms and,

199

Lisdexamfetamine,

635

Lithium

bipolar disorder and,

411, 412–15, 416, 422

considerations for use during pregnancy and lactation,

705

folic acid supplementation and,

424

infertility and,

121

OCD and,

575

postpartum psychosis and,

262, 440, 441

relative infant dose of,

423

sexual dysfunctions as side effect of,

86

Liver, changes in during pregnancy,

15. See also Hepatic dysfunction

Long-acting injections (LAI), and antipsychotic use during pregnancy,

463–464

Lorazepam,

99, 273, 535, 709

L-tryptophan,

576

L-type calcium channel genes, and bipolar disorder,

410

Lurasidone,

423, 464, 712

Luteal phase, of menstrual cycle,

7–8, 170

Luteinizing hormone (LH), and menstrual cycle,

4, 5, 6, 8

Lybrido/Lybridos,

81, 82

Magical thinking, and OCD,

577

Magnesium, and PMDD,

174

Major depressive disorder (MDD)

. See also Depression

ADHD and,

657

comorbidity of anxiety disorders with,

521

DSM-5 criteria for,

349–350

fertility and,

118, 122

perinatal loss and,

130, 133, 134

prevalence of during pregnancy,

284

reproductive life cycle and,

343

risk of perinatal OCD and,

559

Malignant catatonia,

271

Malpractice, and prescription of medications during pregnancy,

679, 682–683

Mammary gland,

20, 21

Mammogenesis,

20

Management

. See also Treatment

of acute agitation,

266, 267

of bipolar disorder during pregnancy,

415, 417–418, 420–421

of catatonia,

272–273

of female sexual disorders in context of comorbid psychiatric illness,

83–86

of insomnia,

544

of perinatal depression,

362, 364–365, 392–393

of perinatal loss,

130

of postpartum psychosis,

262

of suicidality,

258–259

Mania

. See also Dysphoric mania

bipolar disorder and episodes of,

403, 411

dopamine agonists and,

117–118

perinatal loss and,

135

sleep disruption and,

426

Manualized phone approach, to therapy for grief after perinatal loss,

137. See also Smart phones; Telemedicine

Marcé of North America,

xxiii

Marijuana

. See Cannabis

Marriage, and postpartum psychosis,

435. See also Couples therapy; Intimate partner violence

Marschak Interaction Method,

322

Massachusetts, and evaluations of parental capacity,

684–685

Massachusetts Child Psychiatry Access Project for Moms,

246

Maternal filicides, and postpartum psychosis,

435. See also Infanticide Maternal sensitivity, and international adoptions, 331–332

McGill Pain Questionnaire,

33, 79

Medical conditions

. See also Autoimmune diseases; Cancer; Diabetes; Infections; Inflammation; Metabolic syndrome

ADHD and,

658

agitation in perinatal patients and,

265

anxiety disorders and,

529

catatonia and,

272

eating disorders and,

631

female sexual dysfunction and,

76, 79

infertility and,

113

intimate partner violence/sexual trauma and,

495

OCD and,

571

parent–infant relationship and,

325, 328

perinatal depression and,

352

PTSD and,

499

schizophrenia and,

455–456

treatment of during pregnancy,

234

Medically assisted withdrawal, from opioids,

270

Medroxyprogesterone acetate,

117

Melatonin

considerations for use during pregnancy and lactation,

386–387, 715

contraceptives and,

99

insomnia and,

543–544

sleep disturbance and,

208

Memory

. See also Cognitive functions; Working memory

perimenopause and,

209, 210

pregnancy and,

654–655

Men, and responses to perinatal loss,

138. See also Fathers; Gender

Menarche,

3

Menopausal hormone therapy (MHT)

. See Hormones, and hormonal therapy Menopause. See also Perimenopause; Vasomotor symptoms

bipolar disorder and,

406–407

eating disorders and,

631

LGBTQ+ individuals and,

xxx

medical,

23

reproductive life cycle and,

22–25

sexual functioning and,

75–77

surgical,

76, 207

Menopause Rating Scale (MRS),

193, 212

Menstrual cycle

. See also Amenorrhea

bipolar disorder and,

405–406

eating disorders and,

629

hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis and,

3–4

perimenopause and,

24

phases of,

4–8

postpartum period and,

10–11

schizophrenia and,

451

tracking of as contraceptive method,

101–102

Mental disorders

. See also Comorbidity; Diagnosis; Treatment; specific disorders

assessment of during pregnancy,

227

catatonia and,

271–272

female sexual dysfunctions and,

78, 79

impact of on infertility,

118–121

PTSD and preexisting,

501

risk of unplanned pregnancy and,

683

risks of during pregnancy compared to SSRI use,

363

sleep difficulties and,

541

voluntary termination of pregnancy and,

104–105

Mental health

breastfeeding and mother’s need for sleep,

242–244

child maltreatment and,

686

of infant,

312

parenting capacity and,

684–685

perinatal loss and,

130–136

postpartum period as time of vulnerability,

240–241

prenatal stress and child,

290–292

representations, of infant,

321

substance use disorders and,

602

trauma as critical aspect of women’s,

483

Mental health care

. See also Psychiatry; Psychopharmacology; Psychotherapy; Treatment

barriers to treatment for perinatal women,

347

postpartum period and systems of,

245–248

system barriers and treatment of PTSD,

507

Mental health professionals

access to contraceptives and,

101–104

decision-making on voluntary termination of pregnancy and,

682

education for on intimate partner violence,

488

evaluation and treatment of infertility,

127

role of in decisions on contraception,

101–104

shortage of with expertise in reproductive psychiatry,

xix–xx

Mentalization, and schizophrenia,

471

Metabolic syndrome

adverse effects of antipsychotics and,

467

insomnia and,

539

PCOS and,

52

PMDD and,

156

Metformin,

51, 52, 116, 117, 467

Methadone,

270, 605–606, 612

Methamphetamines,

269–270, 594, 605

Methylated folate,

384

Methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR),

383

Micronutrients, and alcohol use disorder,

602

Mifepristone,

130

Mind-body practices, and perinatal depression,

389–392

Mindfulness-based therapies

anxiety disorders and,

536

chronic pelvic pain and,

32, 38

female sexual dysfunctions and,

81, 82, 83

GPPPD and,

58

infertility and,

124

perinatal depression and,

390

PMDD and,

173

vasomotor symptoms and,

205, 206

Mini-Mental State Examination,

212

Mirtazapine

considerations for use during pregnancy and lactation,

704

OCD and,

575, 580

perinatal depression and,

364

sexual dysfunctions and,

85, 86, 87

Miscarriage

. See also Perinatal loss; Spontaneous abortion

benzodiazepines and,

534

clinical presentation of,

129

definition of,

128

PTSD after,

134

Mismatches, and parent–infant relationship,

322

Misoprostol,

130

Missouri, and termination of parental rights,

684

Modafinil, and contraception,

97

Mom Power,

325

Monitoring, of psychoactive medications during pregnancy,

412, 415, 422

Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs),

576, 634

Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA),

193, 210, 212

Mood

. See also Emotions; Premenstrual mood syndrome

charts, and PMDD,

158, 164

disorders

. See also Depression

discontinuation of contraception and,

96

eating disorders and,

631

electroconvulsive therapy for during pregnancy,

365–366

insomnia and,

540

premenstrual exacerbation of,

153

effects of contraception on,

100–101

features of PMDD and,

158

Mood stabilizers

. See also Carbamazepine; Gabapentin; Lamotrigine; Lithium; Oxcarbazepine; Topiramate; Valproic acid

considerations for use during pregnancy and lactation,

705–708

contraceptives and,

99

postpartum psychosis and,

262

sexual dysfunctions as side effect of,

86

Mood Disorder Questionnaire,

256, 257, 403

Mood Swings Questionnaire,

403

Morning sickness,

14, 621

Morphine sulfate,

575–576

Mortality

. See also Infanticide; Perinatal death; Sudden infant death syndrome; Suicide

ADHD and,

655

breastfeeding and infant,

242

cardiovascular complications and pregnancy-related,

13

eating disorders and rate of,

620

insomnia and,

539

mental health conditions during pregnancy and,

227

opioid-related during pregnancy,

594

Mother–baby units, in prisons,

690

Mother–child relationship

. See also Parent(s); Parent–infant relationship

schizophrenia and,

473

substance use disorders and,

602–603

Mother–infant bonding, and OCD,

563, 564

Mother–Infant Therapy Group (M-ITG),

325

Mother–Infant Transaction Program,

328

Motivational

enhancement therapy, for alcohol use disorder,

611

interviewing

OCD and,

577

substance use disorders and,

610, 611

Motor activity, and motor development

. Seealso Vasomotor symptoms

effects of prenatal stress on fetus and child,

285–286, 288, 290

infants exposed to antipsychotics and,

460

Munich Grief Scale,

490

Myocardial infarction, and hormone therapy,

200

Myometrial contractions,

16

Naloxone,

612

Naltrexone,

610

Narrative therapy, and perinatal loss,

137

National Commission on Correctional Health Care,

689

National Curriculum on Reproductive Psychiatry (NCRP),

xix, xxii

National Health Interview Survey,

389

National Institute on Aging,

212

National Institute on Drug Abuse Quick Screen,

595

National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence,

502

National Institute of Mental Health Genetics Initiative Bipolar Disorder project,

567

National Institutes of Health,

xxi, 48

National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey (2010),

484

National Sleep Foundation,

212

National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH),

269, 592, 593

National Task Force on Women’s Reproductive Mental Health,

xx, xxii

Natural disasters, and effects of prenatal stress on children,

287, 288, 289, 290–291, 296

Nausea, and pregnancy,

14, 393

Nebraska, and termination of parental rights,

684

Necrotizing enterocolitis,

242, 243

Nefazodone,

85

Negative

birth outcomes, lawsuits related to,

683

symptoms, of schizophrenia,

447

Neonatal

abstinence syndrome,

605

adaptation syndrome,

361–362

death, definition of,

128

intensive care unit (NICU),

325, 328

opioid withdrawal syndrome,

612

Neonaticide

. See also Infanticide

schizophrenia and risk of,

469

violence risk assessments and,

688–689

Nerve growth factor, and endometriosis,

42

Netherlands

incidence of traumatic delivery in,

498

international adoptions and,

332

Neural tube defects,

383, 424

Neurobehavioral disturbance, and cannabis use during pregnancy,

604

Neurobiology, of attachment and parent–infant relationship,

317–320

Neurodegenerative effects

of bipolar disorder,

410

of schizophrenia,

456

Neurodevelopment, of fetus

antidepressant use during pregnancy and,

360–361

antipsychotic use during pregnancy and,

463

anxiety disorders and,

527–528

benzodiazepines and,

535

cannabis exposure during pregnancy and,

604

Neuroimaging studies

ADHD and,

658

perinatal depression and,

357

substance use disorders and,

608

Neurokinin B, and vasomotor symptoms,

198

Neuroleptic malignant syndrome,

272

Neurological disorders, and female sexual dysfunction,

79

Neuromodulation, and medical interventions for PTSD,

504

Neuropsychiatric syndromes, and postpartum psychosis,

436

Neurosurgery, and OCD,

576

Neuroticism, and PMDD,

169

Neurotransmitter systems

. See also GABA system; Serotonin

acute agitation and,

264

OCD and,

567

schizophrenia and,

456–457

Newborn Individualized Developmental Care and Assessment Program,

328

Nicotine

. See also Tobacco use

OCD and transdermal,

576

PMDD and,

156, 163

prenatal exposure to,

603

replacement therapy,

459, 609, 610

treatment for abuse of,

609–610

NICU Family Support Core Curriculum,

328

Night eating syndrome,

627

Night sweats, and menopause,

24

19-nortestosterone,

171

NMDA encephalitis,

272

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications, and lithium,

415

Norelgestromin,

103

Norethindrone acetate,

44, 103

North American Antiepileptic Pregnancy Registry,

417

North American Menopause Society,

201, 212

Nortriptyline,

38, 703

Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study,

532

NR3C1 regulation, and prenatal stress,

294

Nutrition, integrated approach to perinatal depression and,

382–383. See also Calcium; Diet; Folic acid; Iron; Micronutrients; Vitamins

Nutritional supplements

. See also Alternative treatments

perinatal depression and,

382–387

PMDD and,

173–174

vasomotor symptoms and,

205

Obesity

infertility and,

121

PCOS and,

48, 49

postpartum depression and,

247

preterm birth and,

9

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

anxiety disorders and,

529

characteristics of,

557

diagnostic criteria for,

561, 561–562

differential diagnosis of,

499, 565–566

eating disorders and,

631

epidemiology of,

559–560

maternal filicide and,

688

pathophysiology of,

566–572

perinatal loss and,

135

postpartum psychosis and,

437

PMDD and,

163

psychosocial factors and,

570–572

risk factors for,

559–560

schizophrenia and,

454

screening for,

560–561

suicidal behavior and,

256

treatment of,

572–580

Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory–Revised,

560

Obstetrical complications

. See also Parturition

antipsychotics for schizophrenia and,

461–462, 463

OCD and,

559

opioid use during pregnancy and,

605

stimulants for ADHD and,

662

substance use disorders and,

602

Obstructive sleep apnea,

207, 208, 212, 540

OCD

. See Obsessive-compulsive disorder

Olanzapine

acute agitation and,

267, 268

considerations for use during pregnancy and lactation,

712

eating disorders and,

634, 635

OCD and,

575

relative infant dose of,

423

schizophrenia and,

459, 461, 464, 465

sexual dysfunction and,

84, 87

Oligomenorrhea,

118, 405

Omega-3 fatty acids,

367, 385–386, 714

Oncological disorders, and female sexual dysfunction,

79

On Death and Dying (Kübler-Ross 1969),

510

Oophorectomy

PMDD and,

174–175

sleep disturbance and,

207

Opioids, and opioid use disorder

. See also Substance use disorders

diagnostic criteria for,

598–600

effects of use during pregnancy,

227, 605–606

intoxication and withdrawal as emergency,

270

perimenopause and,

188

prevalence of use during pregnancy,

594

treatment for,

612

Oral contraceptives

. See Contraception Orlistat,637

Ospemifene, and GPPPD,

58

Osteoporosis,

25, 629

Other specified feeding and eating disorder,

627

Ovulation

menstrual cycle and,

7, 94

physiological effects of suppression,

95–96

reinstitution of and breastfeeding,

10

Ovum

cryopreservation,

126

donation, and third-party assisted reproduction,

124–126

Oxazepam,

99

Oxcarbazepine,

97, 99, 707

Oxytocin

anxiety disorders and,

531

lactation and,

22, 23, 242

OCD and,

568–569

parent–infant relationship and,

318

postpartum depression and,

356

pregnancy and,

10

Paced breathing, and vasomotor symptoms,

205

Pain

. See also Chronic pelvic pain

catastrophizing of and quality of life,

35

transition from acute to chronic,

34–35

medications, and female sexual dysfunction,

79. See also Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications; Opioids

Panic attacks,

525

Panic disorder

definition of,

525

postpartum psychosis and,

436–437

PMDD and,

163

pulmonary function during pregnancy and,

14

vasomotor symptoms and,

199

Parent(s), and parenting

. See also Mother–child relationship; Parent–infant relationship

ADHD and,

664

consent for voluntary termination of pregnancy by,

682

evaluations of capacity for,

679, 684–685

postpartum depression and impaired attachment,

362

postpartum psychosis and,

440

prison system and,

689–691

progressive psychological changes and,

321

schizophrenia and,

468, 471–473

use of term,

311

Parental representational mind, and parental reflective functioning,

320

Parent-Child Interaction Therapy,

326

Parent–infant relationship

. See also Mother–child relationship; Parent(s)

adoptive parents and,

330–332

assessment of,

321–323

attachment and,

313–320

case studies of,

312, 324–325

fathers and,

328–329

LGBTQ+ parents and,

329–330

observable and unobservable interactions,

320–321

premature or medically ill infants and,

325, 328

treatment of impaired,

323–325, 326–327

Paroxetine

considerations for use during pregnancy and lactation,

359, 364, 701

OCD and,

575, 578

perimenopausal depression and,

193

PTSD and,

502

sexual dysfunctions and,

85

Partial hospitalization, and eating disorders,

640

Parturition

. See also Cesarean sections; Obstetrical complications; Preterm birth

antipsychotics for schizophrenia and,

462, 463

depression as most common complication of,

343

OCD and complications of,

559

phases of,

16–19

prenatal stress and,

286–287

PTSD and traumatic experience of,

485, 486, 487, 488, 490, 496, 498

Pathophysiology

of acute agitation,

264

of ADHD,

658–660

of anxiety disorders,

530–532

of bipolar disorder,

409–410

of chronic pelvic pain,

34–35

of eating disorders,

632–633

of endometriosis,

42–44

of GPPPD,

56–57

of insomnia,

540–542

of OCD,

566–572

of PCOS,

48–50

of perinatal depression,

354–358

of perimenopausal depression,

190–192

of postpartum psychosis,

438

of PMDD,

165–169

of PTSD,

500–501

of schizophrenia,

456–458

of substance use disorders,

608–609

of vasomotor symptoms,

197–199

Patient Health Questionnaire–9,

133, 256, 257, 348, 560

PCOS

. See Polycystic ovary syndrome

Peer support, and bipolar disorder during pregnancy,

425. See also Social networks Pelvic anatomy, and postpartum period, 19

Pelvic floor physical therapy,

82, 83

Pelvic Pain Assessment Form,

33

Pelvic Pain and Urgency/Frequency Patient Symptom Scale,

33

Penn Ovarian Aging Study,

185, 186, 197, 198, 210

Perfectionism, and OCD,

570, 577

Perimenopausal depression (PAD)

. See also Depression

clinical presentation of,

188–189

diagnostic criteria for,

188

differential diagnosis of,

189–190

epidemiology of,

186, 187

pathophysiology of,

190–192

treatment of,

192–196

Perimenopause

. See also Perimenopausal depression

bipolar disorder and,

406

cognitive dysfunction and,

209–210

eating disorders and,

631

mental illnesses during,

187–188

PMDD and,

159, 163

processing speed in,

210

reproductive life cycle and,

24

schizophrenia and,

451

sexual functioning and,

75, 77, 208–209

sleep disturbance and,

207–208

suicidal ideation and,

186

Perinatal Anxiety Screening Scale (PASS),

227, 524, 560

Perinatal Bereavement Grief Scale,

490

Perinatal death, and anorexia nervosa,

630

Perinatal depression

. See also Depression

clinical presentation of,

351–352

course and prognosis of,

353–354

diagnosis of,

349–351

differential diagnosis of,

352–353

epidemiology of,

344–345

herbal products for,

388–389

management of,

362, 364–365, 392–393

mind-body practices and,

389–392

neuroimaging studies of,

357

postpartum psychosis and,

436

prevalence of,

343

psychosocial factors in,

357–358

screening for,

246, 256

sexual functioning and,

75

treatment of,

358–362, 363

Perinatal distress, transient versus enduring,

526

Perinatal loss

. See also Reproductive loss; Spontaneous abortion

case study of,

127

clinical presentation of,

129

definition of,

128

epidemiology of,

128–129

in LGBTQ+ families,

138

medical management of,

130

mental health and,

130–136

treatment of grief,

136–137

Perinatal period

eating disorders and,

621–622

rates of suicide and,

254

Perinatal Grief Scale,

131, 490, 509

Perinatal Obsessive Compulsive Scale (POCS),

560

Perinatal Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Questionnaire,

134

Perphenazine,

711

Persistent complex bereavement disorder,

131

Persistent genital arousal disorder (PGAD),

54, 70, 71

pulmonary hypertension,

360

Personality

disorders

. See also Borderline personality disorder PMDD and,164, 169

prevalence of during pregnancy,

284

types

. See also Temperament

eating disorders and,

632

and,

559–560

Pervasive denial, of pregnancy,

468, 689

Phentermine,

635, 636

Phobias

. See Social phobia; Specific phobia

Phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors,

81, 87

Phosphorus, and refeeding syndrome,

638

Physical abuse

. See also Sexual abuse

ADHD and,

656

chronic pelvic pain and,

33

definition of,

685

GPPPD and,

54

postpartum depression and,

357

PTSD and,

484–485

Physical contact, and parent–infant relationship,

318–320, 322–323

Physical therapy (PT)

for chronic pelvic pain,

37–38

for female sexual dysfunctions,

82

for GPPPD,

58

Physicians, and treatment of PTSD,

507

Phytoestrogens,

99, 199, 205, 714

Pica,

621, 622, 627

Pindolol,

575

Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PESCI),

193, 208, 212

Pituitary gland, and pregnancy,

12

Placenta, crossing of by antipsychotics,

459

Placental oxidative stress, and melatonin,

386–387

Placental separation, and delivery,

18

Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pennsylvania v. Casey (1992),

681

PMDD

. See premenstrual dysphoric disorder

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)

antiandrogen therapies for,

51

case study of,

45–46

clinical presentation of,

48, 53

diagnosis of,

48, 49, 53

eating disorders and,

49, 119, 629

epidemiology of,

47

infertility and,

113

pathophysiology of,

48–50

risk factors for,

47, 53

screening for,

47, 53

treatment of,

50–52, 117

Polyhydramnios, and lithium,

414

Polypharmacy

anxiety disorders during pregnancy and,

536

OCD and,

580

schizophrenia during pregnancy and,

459, 462

use of antidepressants during pregnancy and,

364

Polysomnography,

540

Polysubstance use, and substance use disorders,

591

Positive symptoms, of schizophrenia,

447

Postabortion stress syndrome,

510

Postpartum

autoimmune thyroiditis,

12, 455

delirium,

499

Postpartum depression (PPD)

. See also Depression

adverse effects of on infants and children,

227

anxiety symptoms and,

521

bipolar disorder and,

402–403

breastfeeding and,

243–244

contraception and,

100

maternal filicide and,

687

obesity and rates of,

247

OCD and,

565

pathophysiology of,

354–358

SAM-e supplements and,

384

treatment of,

365

underdiagnosis of,

344

Postpartum Depression: Action Towards Causes and Treatment (PACT),

352

Postpartum period

. See also Postpartum depression; Postpartum psychosis

bipolar disorder and,

407–408

decisions on breastfeeding,

239

dyspareunia and,

56

eating disorders and,

631

general treatment principles for,

240–245

OCD and,

559–560

prevalence of substance use during,

592

schizophrenia and,

453–454

sleep deprivation during,

239–240, 244–245

systems of perinatal mental health care and,

245–248

thyroid dysfunction and,

12

Postpartum psychosis (PPP)

assessment of,

261, 262

clinical presentation of,

260, 434–438

definition of,

259–260

diagnostic criteria for,

434

differential diagnosis of,

261, 353, 436–437, 529

epidemiology of,

433–434

infanticide and,

687

insomnia and,

539

management of,

262

OCD and,

565

as psychiatric emergency,

259–260, 408, 433

pathophysiology of,

438

risk factors for,

260

sociodemographic considerations and,

437–438

suicidal ideation and,

256

treatment of,

328–442

Postpartum PTSD (PP-PTSD),

485, 490

Postpartum Specific Anxiety Scale,

524

Postpartum Worry Scale–Revised,

524

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

. See also Postpartum; Trauma

clinical presentation of,

487

diagnostic criteria for,

490–491, 491–494

differential diagnosis of,

498–499, 529

female sexual dysfunction and,

80

pathophysiology of,

500–501

perinatal loss and,

133, 134–135

PMDD and,

156

prevalence of during pregnancy,

284, 484–485

and reexperiencing,

134, 505

risk factors for,

485, 486

screening for,

486, 487

sexual trauma and,

484

treatment of,

501–507

voluntary termination of pregnancy and,

508

Practical Resources for Effective Postpartum Parenting,

299

Prasterone, and GPPPD,

58

Prazosin, and PTSD,

502–503

Preconception planning

. See also Contraception; Unplanned pregnancy

bipolar disorder and,

407

schizophrenia and,

452, 455

Prednisone, and prednisolone,

118

Preeclampsia

cocaine toxicity and,

269

traumatic delivery and,

485

vitamin D supplements and,

384

Prefrontal cortex (PFC), and dopamine hypothesis for schizophrenia,

457

Pregabalin,

204

Pregnancy

. See also Perinatal period; Postnatal period; Preconception planning; Prenatal distress; Prenatal stress; Unplanned pregnancy; Voluntary termination of pregnancy

cognitive functions and,

654–655

considerations for use of psychotropic medications during,

359–360, 410–421, 700–715

denial or concealment of,

468–469, 689

eating disorders and,

629–631

GPPPD and,

56, 58

LGBTQ+ individuals and,

xxx

mental health impact of perinatal loss in subsequent,

135–136

perinatal anxiety and issues related to,

522

perinatal depression and morbidities,

354

physiological changes by organ system,

10–16

prevalence of substance use during,

592

prison system and,

689–691

risks of untreated bipolar disorder during,

408

schizophrenia and,

452–454, 468–470

sexual functioning and,

73–75

sleep disturbance during,

541–542

systemic physiological changes and,

9–10

treatment of mental disorders during,

226–235

yoga modified for,

390

Pregnancy Anxiety Scale, Pregnancy-Related Anxiety Questionnaire, and Pregnancy-Related Anxiety Scale,

523

Pregnancy-specific anxiety,

525–526

Premature birth

. See Preterm birth Premature ovarium insufficiency,24

Premenstrual Assessment Form,

157

Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD)

bipolar disorder and,

405–406

clinical presentation of,

158–163

contraception and,

100–101

diagnostic criteria for,

155, 158

differential diagnosis of,

163–165

epidemiology of,

154–157

pathophysiology of,

165–168

psychological factors in,

168–169

recognition of as formal diagnosis,

153–154

remission of,

159

screening for,

157

sociodemographic considerations,

165, 169

treatment of,

169–175

Premenstrual exacerbation (PME),

153, 159, 164

Premenstrual mood syndrome (PMS),

115

clomiphene citrate and,

115

definition and types of,

153–154

serotonin and pathogenesis of,

166–168

Premenstrual Symptoms Screening Tool,

157

Premenstrual Tension Syndrome Rating Scales,

157

Prenatal

distress

distinction between prenatal stress and,

281, 296

types of and differential impact of,

289, 285, 318

stress

. See also Stress

biological mechanisms of,

283, 292–295

birth outcomes and,

286–287

child neurodevelopment and psychopathology,

287–292, 317–328

distinction between prenatal distress and,

281

fetal neurobehavior and,

285–286

fetal programming hypothesis and,

281–282, 286

increased risk of mental health problems and disorders,

282

moderating factors for,

295–298

prevention of,

299

screening for,

298–299

treatment of,

299

types of,

284, 285

Preterm birth, and premature infants

. See also Birth weight

anorexia nervosa and,

630

antidepressant use during pregnancy and,

361

obesity and,

9

omega-3

fatty acids and,

385

parent–infant relationship and,

325, 328

prenatal stress and risk of,

286–287

Prevalence

. See Epidemiology

Prevention

of postpartum psychosis,

441

of prenatal stress,

299

Primary caregivers, use of term,

311

Primary Care–PTSD Scale,

509

Primary infertility,

112

Prisons, reproductive issues for women in,

689–691

Probiotics,

386

Progestins, and contraception,

94–95

Progesterone

. See also Hormones

luteal phase of menstrual cycle and,

7–8

neuropsychiatric effects of,

116, 117

OCD and,

569

perimenopausal depression and,

191

pregnancy and,

10

PMDD and,

167

schizophrenia and,

458

sleep disturbance and,

541

substance use disorders and,

608

vasomotor symptoms and,

201–202

Prolactin,

10, 12, 22

Proliferative phase, of uterine cycle,

5–6

Prolonged exposure, and PTSD,

504, 505. Seealso Exposure therapy

Promoting First Relationships,

326

Prophylactic pharmacological treatment, for postpartum psychosis,

440–441

Propranolol,

467, 503

Protective factors, and parenting capacity,

684

Protoconversations, and parent–infant relationship,

323

Pseudocyesis,

470

Psychiatry

. See Emergencies; Forensic psychiatry; Referrals; Reproductive psychiatry

Psychoeducation

. See also Education

bipolar disorder and,

425

grief after perinatal loss and,

137

insomnia and,

543

nicotine use disorder and,

610

OCD and,

572–574

postpartum psychosis and,

442

PTSD and,

504, 505

suicidal perinatal patients and,

259

Psychological distress, and voluntary terminations of pregnancy,

508–510

Psychological factors

chronic pelvic pain and,

35

eating disorders and,

623

endometriosis and,

42–43

GPPPD and,

57

infertility and,

122–123

perimenopausal depression and,

191–192

PCOS and,

48–49

PMDD and,

168–169

PTSD and,

501

substance use disorders and,

609

vasomotor symptoms and,

198

Psychopharmacology

. See also Antidepressants; Antipsychotics; Anticonvulsants; Augmentation; Discontinuation; Monitoring; Polypharmacy; Tapering; Withdrawal; Side effects; specific medications

for ADHD,

661–664

for agitation,

267–268

for alcohol use disorder,

610–611

for anxiety disorders,

533–536

assisted reproductive technology and,

115–118

for bipolar disorder,

410–424

for chronic pelvic pain,

36–37, 38

considerations for during pregnancy and lactation,

226–235, 421–424, 700–715

contraception and interactions with,

97–100

for eating disorders,

633–638

for endometriosis,

44

for GPPPD,

58

infertility and,

121, 123

for insomnia,

542–544

legal and malpractice concerns in,

679, 682–683

for OCD,

575–576, 579–580

for perimenopausal depression,

193–194

for perinatal depression,

358–365

for PCOS,

50–51

for postpartum psychosis,

440–441

pregnancy and changes in pharmacokinetics,

8–9

PMDD and,

169–173

for PTSD,

502–503

for schizophrenia,

458–468, 471

sexual dysfunction and,

79

sleep problems in perimenopause and,

208

suicidality and,

258, 259

vasomotor symptoms and,

199, 206

Psychosis

. See also Brief psychotic disorder; Postpartum psychosis

clomipramine and transient,

115

dopamine agonists and,

117–118

maternal filicide and,

687, 688

PMDD and,

164

suicidality and,

256, 258

Psychotic denial,

468–469

Psychosocial factors

. See also Stress

OCD and,

570–572

perinatal anxiety and,

522, 532

perinatal depression and,

345, 357–358

postpartum psychosis and,

442

schizophrenia and,

468

sleep needs during postpartum period and,

245

Psychotherapy

. See also Cognitive-behavioral therapy; Family therapy; Interpersonal psychotherapy; Mindfulness-based therapies; Supportive therapy

anxiety disorders and,

536

bipolar disorder and,

425–426

eating disorders and,

639

female sexual dysfunctions and,

82

infertility and,

123–124

parent–infant relationship and,

321–322, 324–325, 326

perimenopausal depression and,

195

perinatal depression and,

366–367

perinatal grief and,

137

pregnancy and,

231

PTSD and,

502

suicidal perinatal patients and,

259

Psychotic denial, of pregnancy,

689

PTSD Checklist,

504

PTSD Coach,

507

PTSD Symptom Scale Interview,

487

Puberty

mammogenesis and,

20

sexual functioning and,

70, 72–73

sexual identity and,

xxix

Public health

insomnia and,

537

suicidality and,

254

Public Health Service,

xxi

Public policy

initiatives on reproductive psychiatry,

xxi–xxii

prenatal stress and,

297

Puerperium

. See Postpartum period Pulmonary embolus,14

Pulmonary system, and pregnancy,

14

Purging disorder,

627

Quality of life (QoL)

endometriosis and,

42, 43

insomnia and,

539

Quetiapine

acute agitation and,

267, 268

bipolar disorder and,

411

considerations for use during pregnancy and lactation,

713

OCD and,

575, 576

relative infant dose of,

423

schizophrenia and,

459, 461, 464, 465

sexual dysfunction as side effect of,

86

Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology,

348

Quick Start Algorithm,

101

Quiescence, and parturition,

16

Race and ethnicity

. See also Asian Americans; Black women; Hispanic women; Systemic racism

adoptive children and,

331

breastfeeding and,

241

disparities in women’s health care and,

247–248

eating disorders and,

620–621

gestational diabetes and,

13

intimate partner violence and,

485, 487

lack of diversity in research on prenatal stress,

300

mental health during pregnancy and,

227–228

perimenopausal depression and,

186

perinatal depression and,

345, 352

perinatal loss and,

129, 137

PCOS and,

47

postmenopausal bone fractures and,

25

postpartum weight loss and,

19

PMDD and,

165

prison system and,

689

psychosocial stress and,

533

PTSD and,

505

rates of infertility and,

112

sleep patterns during pregnancy and,

9–10

substance use disorders and,

606

trauma exposure and,

501

vasomotor symptoms of menopause and,

24

Raloxifene,

466

Rapid eye movement sleep disturbance,

571

Recurrence, of postpartum psychosis,

436. See also Relapse

Recurrent perinatal loss (RPL),

128

Refeeding syndrome,

638

Referrals

eating disorders and,

623

female sexual dysfunctions and,

78

OCD and,

565

suicidality and,

258, 259

Reinforcement-based treatment, for stimulant abuse,

611

Relapse

of bipolar disorder during pregnancy,

408

bulimia nervosa and rates of,

620

mental disorders during pregnancy and risk of,

231, 233

of OCD,

578

of preexisting depression during pregnancy,

344

of schizophrenia in postpartum period,

453

of substance use disorders,

601

Relative infant dose (RID), and medications during lactation,

422, 423, 465

Relaxation techniques

infertility and,

124

insomnia and,

543

vasomotor symptoms and,

205

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)

PTSD and,

504

safety and efficacy of during pregnancy,

366

Reporting, mandated

child abuse and,

685–687

substance use during pregnancy and,

607

Reproductive Health Access Project,

101

Reproductive life cycle

contraception and,

94–95

eating disorders and,

629–631

major depressive disorder and,

343

menopause and,

22–25

menstrual cycle and,

3–8

parturition and,

16–19

postpartum period and,

19

pregnancy and,

8–16

psychiatric treatment and,

229

sexual functioning across,

70, 72–77

Reproductive loss, and trauma,

485, 486, 488, 490, 495–496, 498. See also Miscarriage; Perinatal loss; Spontaneous abortion

Reproductive psychiatry

. See also Case studies; Diagnosis; Mental health care; Treatment; specific disorders

future directions in,

xxiii–xxiv

intersections with forensic psychiatry and legal system,

679

knowledge areas for specialists in,

xxii

shortage of psychiatrists with expertise in,

xix–xx

use of term,

xxvii

Reproductive trauma,

111

Resilience factors, and perimenopausal depression,

192

Restless legs syndrome,

208, 212, 244, 540

Restraints

acute agitation and,

266, 267

pregnant women in prisons and,

690

Retained placental fragments, and lactation,

21–22

Retarded catatonia,

271

Riluzole,

575

Risk factors

for acute agitation,

263

for ADHD,

649

for alcohol use during pregnancy,

593

for anxiety disorders,

521–522, 527

for bipolar disorder,

402

for child maltreatment by parents,

684

for chronic pelvic pain,

33, 39

for eating disorders,

622, 623

for endometriosis,

40–41, 46

for GPPPD,

54, 59

for infertility,

112–113

for insomnia,

537

for OCD,

559–560

for perimenopausal depression,

186, 187

for perinatal depression,

345

for perinatal loss,

129, 134

for PCOS,

47, 53

for postpartum depression,

355

for postpartum psychosis,

260, 434

for PMDD,

156–157

for PTSD after voluntary termination of pregnancy,

509

for schizophrenia,

446–447

for substance use disorders,

594, 595

for suicide,

255

for vasomotor symptoms,

196

Risk-risk analysis, and treatment of mental disorders during pregnancy,

226–228, 578

Risperidone

acute agitation and,

268

considerations for use during pregnancy and lactation,

713

OCD and,

575

relative infant dose of,

423

schizophrenia and,

459, 464, 465

sexual side effects of,

84

Roe v. Wade (1973),

680

Role transitions, and perimenopause,

76, 192

Rotterdam criteria, for diagnosis of PCOS,

48, 49

Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists,

33–34

Rumination disorder,

627

S-adenosyl-methionine (SAM-e),

364–365, 714

Safety

acute agitation and,

264

catatonia and,

272

of estrogen treatments for vasomotor symptoms,

203

management of suicidality and,

258

of medications during pregnancy,

226–235, 421–424, 710–715

perinatal OCD and infant harm,

572

sleep practices for infants and,

544

trauma-informed care and,

502

Saffron, and PMDD,

174

SAM-e

. See S-adenosyl-methionine

St. John’s wort,

99, 174, 388–389, 714

Sandoz registry,

465

Schema, and perinatal loss,

132

Schizoaffective disorder,

448

Schizophrenia

characterization of,

445

clinical presentation of,

449–450

denial or delusions of pregnancy,

468–470

diagnostic criteria for,

447–448, 448–449

differential diagnosis of,

451, 455

epidemiology of,

446–447

estrogen protective hypothesis and,

450–452, 453, 456

ethics of treatment for,

470–471

parenting and,

471–473

pathophysiology of,

456–458

perimenopause and,

187

prenatal stress and risk of in children,

291, 292

treatment of,

458–468, 470–471

Schizophreniform disorder,

447–448

SCOFF (screening tool),

622–623

Screening, and screening methods

for acute agitation,

263

for ADHD,

649–650

for anxiety disorders,

522–524, 525

for bipolar disorder,

402–403

for chronic pelvic pain,

33, 39

for depression after perinatal loss,

131, 133

for domestic violence,

78

for eating disorders,

622–623

for endometriosis,

41, 46

for female sexual dysfunctions,

77

for GPPPD,

54–55, 59

for intimate partner violence,

487–488, 489

for OCD,

560–561

for PCOS,

47, 53

for perinatal depression,

256, 346–347, 348

for perinatal mental health disorders,

246

for postpartum psychosis,

434

for PMDD,

157

for prenatal stress,

298–299

for PTSD,

134, 486, 487

for sleep problems in perimenopause,

208

for substance use disorders,

594–595, 595, 611

for suicidality,

255–257, 256

for thyroid dysfunction during pregnancy,

11–12

for vasomotor symptoms,

196

Screening, Brief intervention, and Referral to Treatment (SBIRT),

595

Seattle Midlife Women’s Health Study (SMWHS),

185, 186, 191

Secondary amenorrhea,

470

Secondary gain, and simulated pregnancy,

469

Secondary infertility,

112

Secretory initiation and activation, and lactation,

20–22

Secretory phase, of uterine cycle,

8

Sedation, and side effects of antipsychotics,

466

Sedative(s), and sleep deprivation during lactation,

422

Sedative-hypnotics, effects of use during pregnancy,

604

Seizures, exposure of infants to antipsychotics and risk of,

463

Self-help, for alcohol use disorder,

611

Self-hypnosis, and hyperemesis gravidarum,

393

Selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)

. See also Antidepressants; specific drugs

anxiety disorders and,

533–534

chronic pelvic pain and,

38

considerations for use during pregnancy and lactation,

363, 364, 365, 700–701

eating disorders and,

633–634

fetal neurodevelopment and,

360–362

lactation and,

365

OCD and,

573, 575, 576, 577, 576, 579–580

perinatal depression and,

358

PMDD and,

164, 166, 168, 170, 175

sexual dysfunctions and,

85, 86, 87

spontaneous abortions and,

130

suicidality and,

258

Self-care, and sleep needs during postpartum period,

245

Self-criticism, and perimenopausal depression,

192

Self-guided CBT, for vasomotor symptoms,

205

Self-regulation, and parent–child relationship,

314

Sequenced Treatment Alternatives to Relieve Depression study,

164

Serotonin

OCD and,

567

PMDD and,

166–168

schizophrenia and,

457

vasomotor symptoms and,

198

Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs)

. See also specific drugs

anxiety disorders and,

533, 534

chronic pelvic pain and,

37, 38

considerations for use during pregnancy and lactation,

364, 701

FDA warning on use during pregnancy,

361–362

OCD and,

576

PMDD and,

170, 175

PTSD and,

502

sexual side effects of,

86, 87

Sertraline

chronic pelvic pain and,

38

considerations for use during pregnancy and lactation,

234, 364, 701

endometriosis and,

44

OCD and,

575

PTSD and,

502

sexual dysfunctions and,

85

Severe and enduring EDs (SEEDs),

641

Severity of illness, and treatment of mental disorders during pregnancy,

230. See also Symptom severity

Sex differences

. See also Gender

eating disorders and,

619

HBRAs for insomnia and,

543

schizophrenia and,

450

substance use disorders and,

608

Sex therapy, for female sexual dysfunctions,

81, 82–83

Sexual abuse

. See also Physical abuse

ADHD and,

656

chronic pelvic pain and,

33, 35

definition of,

685

GPPPD and,

54

as risk factor for eating disorders,

622

Sexual aversion disorder,

69

Sexual behavior, and bipolar disorder,

407

Sexual distress,

69

Sexual functioning

. See also Female sexual dysfunctions

biopsychosocial model of,

68–69

endometriosis and,

43–44

infertility and,

123

menopause and,

25

perimenopause and,

208–209, 211, 212

PCOS and,

50

reproductive lifespan and,

70, 72–77

sexual trauma and,

498

Sexual identity, definition of, xxviii

. See also Gender identity

Sexual orientation, definition of,

xxviii

Sexual trauma

. See Intimate partner violence

Shadow grief, and perinatal loss,

132

Short PTSD Rating Interview,

487

Side effects, of medications

. See also Adverse effects

ADHD symptoms and,

658

of antidepressants for perimenopausal depression,

194

of antipsychotics for acute agitation,

268

of antipsychotics for schizophrenia,

462, 466

of aromatase inhibitors,

115, 116, 117

of danazol,

172

of oral contraceptives,

171–172

of SAM-e,

384–385

sexual function and,

75, 83–84

of tricyclic antidepressants,

36

Sildenafil,

82, 87

Sjogren’s syndrome,

571

Skin-to-skin contact (SSC), of parent and infant,

319, 322, 328

Sleep, and sleep disturbance

. See also Insomnia; Obstructive sleep apnea; Sleep aids; Sleep restriction therapy

anxiety disorders and,

532

bipolar disorder and,

426

decisions on breastfeeding and,

242–244, 421

OCD and,

571–572

perimenopausal depression and,

188

perimenopause and disturbances of,

207–208, 211, 212, 407

perinatal depression and,

358, 367, 392–393

postpartum period and,

239–240, 244–245

postpartum psychosis and,

438

pregnancy and,

9–10, 541–542

PMDD and,

158

racial disparities in rates of disruption,

247

sleep diaries and,

212

sleep history and,

540

sleep hygiene and,

212, 393

Sleep aids, and considerations for use during pregnancy and lactation,

715. See also Melatonin; Trazodone; Zolpidem

Sleep-disordered breathing, and sleep-related breathing disorder,

208, 540

Sleep restriction therapy,

543

Smart phones, and applications for treatment of PTSD,

507. See also Telemedicine

Smoking

. See Tobacco use Social anxiety disorder,525

Social determinants of health, racial and ethnic disparities in,

227–228

Social networks, and social support

. See also Peer support; Socioeconomic or sociodemographic factors

breastfeeding and,

243–244

perimenopausal depression and,

189, 192

perinatal depression and,

345

perinatal loss and,

131

pregnancy and,

231

prenatal stress and,

298

substance use disorders and,

609

vasomotor symptoms and,

198–199

Social phobia, and perinatal loss,

135

Society for Assisted Reproductive Technology,

125

Socioeconomic or sociodemographic factors

. See also Psychosocial factors; Social networks

breastfeeding and,

241

chronic pelvic pain and,

36

eating disorders and,

622, 623, 632

endometriosis and,

43–44

GPPPD and,

57

legal considerations and,

606–608

OCD and,

566

perinatal loss and,

129

PCOS and,

49–50

postpartum psychosis and,

437–438

PTSD and,

499–500, 501

PMDD and,

165, 169

prenatal stress and,

297

stress and trauma disorders after voluntary termination of pregnancy,

509–510

substance use disorders and,

606

Somatic

pain syndromes, and chronic pelvic pain,

34

symptom disorder, and pseudocyesis,

470

Somatovisceral convergence,

35

Soy isoflavones,

195, 205, 206, 714

Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC),

241

Specific phobia,

525

Sperm donation, and third-party assisted reproduction,

124–126

Spironolactone,

50, 51, 172

Spontaneous abortion

. See also Miscarriage; Perinatal loss; Reproductive loss

definition of,

128

previous perinatal loss and,

136

psychopharmacology and increased rates of,

360, 414

psychotherapy for,

137

risk factors for,

129, 130

trauma and,

485

Standardized mortality ratio (SMR), and eating disorders,

620

Starvation-related medical symptomatology, and anorexia nervosa,

626, 629

State(s), and legal issues

evaluations of parental capacity and,

684–685

mandated child abuse reporting statutes,

686

substance use during pregnancy and,

606–607

voluntary termination of pregnancy and,

680, 681–682

State anxiety, and pregnancy-specific anxiety,

526

State-Trait Anxiety Index (STAI),

523

Stellate ganglion block, for vasomotor symptoms,

205

Stigma

decisions on breastfeeding and,

244

psychiatric illness during pregnancy and,

234

voluntary termination of pregnancy and,

104, 105

Stillbirth,

128, 136

Stimulants

abuse of during pregnancy,

605

ADHD and,

657, 661–663

eating disorders and,

635

Stimulation as phase of parturition,

17–18

Stimulation control therapy,

543

Strange Situation Protocol (SSP),

314

Stress

. See also Acute stress disorder; Prenatal stress

anxiety disorders and,

527, 531, 533

infertility and,

119–120

pervasive racism and,

248

postnatal period and,

298

response system, and OCD,

568

Stress-diathesis model

of PTSD,

500

of schizophrenia,

447

Stroop color-word task,

285

Structured Clinical Interview PTSD module, and Structured Interview for PTSD,

487

Study of Women’s Health Across the Nation (SWAN),

185, 191, 198, 199

Substance use disorders (SUDs), and substance abuse

. See also Alcohol; Cannabis; Cocaine; Methamphetamines; Opioids; Tobacco

ADHD and,

656, 658

benzodiazepines and,

535

child custody and,

469

chronic pelvic pain and,

36

diagnosis criteria for,

595–601

differential diagnosis of,

499, 606

epidemiology of,

591–594

infertility and,

119

insomnia and,

540

intoxication and withdrawal as emergency,

268–270

legal considerations and,

606–608

pathophysiology of,

608–609

perimenopause and,

187–188, 189

perinatal depression and,

352

pregnancy and,

233

risk factors for,

594, 595

schizophrenia and,

456

screening for,

594–595, 595, 611

sociodemographic considerations in,

606

treatment of,

609–613

Substance Use Risk Profile–Prognosis,

595

Sudden infant death syndrome,

242, 243, 422, 603

Suicidal Behaviors Questionnaire–Revised,

122

Suicide, and suicidal ideation

anxiety disorders and,

527

assessment of,

256, 258, 351

bipolar disorder and,

405

differential diagnosis of,

256

eating disorders and,

620

epidemiology of,

254–255

GPPPD and,

57

infertility and,

122

“informed consent” laws on voluntary termination of pregnancy and,

682

management of,

258–259

perimenopause and,

186

perinatal depression and,

351

perinatal loss and,

135

postpartum psychosis and,

261, 262, 435

PMDD and,

163

risk factors for,

255, 256

screening for,

255–257, 256

violence risk assessments and,

687–688

Supportive therapy

. See also Brief supportive therapy

for ADHD,

664

for OCD,

577

Surgery

. See also Hysterectomy; Neurosurgery; Oophorectomy

chronic pelvic pain and,

39

perinatal loss and,

130

PMDD and,

174–175

Surrogacy

and assisted reproductive technology,

126, 691–693

commercial,

691

and custody of children,

692–693

laws,

691–692

gestational,

126, 691–693

role of mental health professionals in,

692

Survivor guilt, and trauma,

496

Sympathetic pregnancy,

470

Symptom-onset dosing, of SSRIs for PMDD,

170

Symptom severity, of OCD,

574. See also Severity of illness

Systemic racism, in medical and mental health care,

247–248, 488, 501

T-ACE, and screening for substance use,

595

Tapering, of dosages

benzodiazepines and,

536

pregnancy and,

231–232, 235, 362, 364

Tardive dyskinesia, and antipsychotics,

467

Telemedicine, for mental health care,

347, 507. See also Manualized phone approach; Smart phones

Temperament

. See also Personality types

infertility and traits of,

113

parent–child relationship and,

314, 331

prenatal stress and difficult child,

287–288, 290

Temazepam,

99, 709

Testosterone, and female sexual dysfunctions,

80–82, 87

Texas Grief Inventory,

509

Therapeutic alliance

grief after perinatal loss and,

137

intimate partner violence and,

488

OCD and,

572

Therapeutic index, of lithium,

415

Theraplay,

327

Thiamine deficiency, and eating disorders,

638

Third-party assisted reproduction,

124–126. See also Assisted reproductive technology; Surrogacy

Thromboembolic disease,

14

Thyroid-stimulating hormone, and pregnancy,

11, 12

Thyroid system, and thyroid disorders

infertility and,

113

OCD and,

568

perimenopausal depression and,

190

pregnancy and changes in,

11–12

PMDD and,

164–165

vasomotor symptoms and,

197

Thyroxine,

11, 12

Tibolone,

81

Tobacco use

. See also Nicotine

ADHD and,

657, 660

adverse pregnancy outcomes of,

603

diagnostic criteria for tobacco use disorder,

600–601

infertility and,

119

prevalence of during pregnancy,

593

schizophrenia and,

456, 459

Tokophobia,

525

Topiramate,

97, 99, 635, 636, 707

Touch, and assessment of parent–infant relationship,

322–323

Toxicity, lamotrigine and symptoms of,

418

Trait anxiety,

526

Tramadol,

576

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), and OCD,

576

Transgender individuals

. See also LGBTQ+ individuals

assisted reproductive technology and,

112, 126

counseling of on reproductive health,

xxx

genitourinary syndrome of menopause and,

76

standards of care for,

xxviii–xxix

Trauma

. See also Posttraumatic stress disorder

as critical aspect of women’s mental health,

483

depression during pregnancy and,

284

epidemiology of,

484–486

female sexual dysfunction and,

80

intergenerational transmission of,

317

PMDD and,

156–157, 169

prenatal stress and,

297–298, 299

schizophrenia and,

447

substance use disorders and history of,

602, 609

voluntary terminations of pregnancy and,

508–510

Trauma-focused CBT,

327

Trauma-informed care (TIC), for PTSD,

483–484, 502, 507

Trauma Symptom Checklist,

509

Trazodone

anxiety disorders and,

536

chronic pelvic pain and,

37, 38

considerations for use during pregnancy and lactation,

715

insomnia and,

543

sexual dysfunctions as side effect of,

85

Treatment

. See also Alternative treatments; Combined treatment; Contraindications; Emergencies; Hospitalization; Involuntary treatment; Least restrictive setting; Management; Mental health care; Physical therapy; Psychopharmacology; Psychotherapy; Therapeutic alliance; specific disorders

of ADHD,

661–664

of anxiety disorders,

533–537

of bipolar disorder,

408, 410–426

for changes in sleep, sexual function, and cognition during perimenopause,

211, 212

of chronic pelvic pain,

36–39

of eating disorders,

633–641

of endometriosis,

44–45

of female sexual dysfunctions,

80–83, 87

of GPPPD,

58

of infertility,

121, 123–124

of insomnia,

542–544

of OCD,

572–580

parent–child relationship and,

323–325, 326–327

of PCOS,

50–52

of perimenopausal depression,

192–196

of perinatal depression,

358–367

of perinatal loss and grief,

136–137

postpartum period and,

240–245

of postpartum psychosis,

262, 438–442

of PMDD,

169–175

of prenatal stress,

299

of PTSD,

501–507, 510

of schizophrenia,

458–468, 470–471

of substance use disorders,

609–613

of vasomotor symptoms,

199–206, 207

plans, for mental illness during pregnancy

diagnosis and,

226

risk-risk analysis and,

226–228

support for parenting and,

472

resistance, and PMDD,

175

Triazolam,

99

Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs)

. See also specific drugs

chronic pelvic pain and,

36, 38

considerations for use during pregnancy and lactation,

702–703

contraceptives and,

99

eating disorders and,

634

insomnia and,

543, 544

lactation and,

365

PMDD and,

170–171

Triiodothyronine,

11, 12

Tryptophan,

387

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-a, and prenatal stress,

295

Turnaway Study,

682

United Kingdom, and perinatal anxiety,

533, 534

United Kingdom Confidential Enquiries Into Maternal Death,

255

U.S. Department of Defense,

501–502, 503, 504

U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs,

501–502, 503, 504

U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF),

256, 299, 344, 383, 402, 424, 484, 487

Unplanned pregnancy

. See also Contraception

ADHD and,

656

bipolar disorder and,

407

incarcerated women and,

689

mental health disorders and risk of,

93

PCOS and risk of,

52

prescription of medications and risk of,

683

schizophrenia and,

452

treatment of mental health issues during pregnancy and,

228–229, 234–235

Uridine 5´-diphospho-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) isoenzymes,

15

Urine and blood drug testing, for substance abuse,

595

Uterine contractions, and parturition,

17

Vaginal

atrophy, and menopause,

24–25

dryness, and perimenopause,

209

Vaginismus,

54, 55, 69

Valbenazine,

467

Valproic acid (valproate)

bipolar disorder and,

406, 411, 418, 420, 423

considerations for use of during pregnancy,

229, 233, 418, 423, 708

contraceptives and,

97, 98

folic acid supplementation and,

424

relative infant dose of,

423

Varenicline,

610

Vasomotor symptoms (VMS)

. See also Hot flashes

antidepressants and,

194

cooling techniques for,

204, 206

diagnostic criteria for,

196–197

differential diagnosis and,

197, 198

epidemiology of,

186

pathophysiology of,

197–199

race and prevalence of,

24

somatic anxiety and,

187

treatment of,

199–206, 207

Venlafaxine

chronic pelvic pain and,

37, 38

considerations for use during pregnancy and lactation,

701

OCD and,

575, 580

PMDD and,

170

sexual dysfunctions and,

85

Verbal memory, and perimenopause,

209, 210

Videoconferencing, and communication between incarcerated mothers and children,

691

Video-Feedback Intervention to Promote Positive Parenting in Adoption and Foster Care,

332

Vilazodone,

85, 86, 701

Violence, and violence risk assessments,

687–689. See also Homicidal thoughts; Infanticide; Intimate partner violence Viscerovisceral convergence, and viscerosomatic convergence, 35

Visual analog scale, and chronic pelvic pain,

33

Visual Analogue Scales for Premenstrual Mood Symptoms,

157

Vitamins, and nutritional supplementation during pregnancy,

14, 174, 384, 421

Vitex agnus-castus (chaste tree extract),

99, 174, 715

Vocalizations, and assessment of parent–infant relationship,

323

Voluntary termination of pregnancy (VTOP) legal requirements on informed consent for,

679, 680–682

mental health disorders and,

104–105

prisons and,

690

trauma and psychological distress related to,

508–510

Vomiting, and pregnancy,

14, 393

Vortioxetine,

86, 87, 193, 364, 701

Vulvodynia,

32, 54

Watch, Wait, and Wonder,

327

Waxing and waning nature, of postpartum psychosis,

261, 435

Weight gain or loss

. See also Birth weight; Obesity

antipsychotics and,

461

eating disorders and,

623, 638–639

PCOS and,

52

postpartum period and,

19

pregnancy and,

9

Wender-Reimherr Adult Attention Deficit Disorder Scale,

650

Wender-Utah Rating Scale,

649, 650

Withdrawal

antipsychotics and symptoms of in newborns,

460, 462

benzodiazepines and,

536, 604, 611

from opioids,

270, 605, 612–613

from substance abuse as emergency,

268–270

Women

. See also Black women; Gender; Hispanic women

definitions of,

xxvii

impact of contraception on lives of,

93

inclusion of in clinical research,

xxi

reasons for importance of current volume,

xix

sexual health as part of health and well-being of,

67

trauma as critical aspect in mental health of,

483

Women’s Health Initiative (WHI),

200, 201

Women’s mental health, use of term,

xxvii

Women’s Preventive Services Initiative,

522

Working memory, in children exposed to prenatal stress,

289

World Health Organization,

32, 255, 256, 319, 320, 393, 594, 601, 612

World Professional Association for Transgender Health,

xxviii–xxix

Worry, and anxiety disorders,

526, 528–529

Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS),

560, 634

Yoga

perinatal depression and,

367, 390, 393

vasomotor symptoms and,

204–205

Young Mania Rating Scale,

434

Ziprasidone,

423, 465, 713

Zolpidem,

542–543, 715

Zonisamide,

635, 636

Zung Anxiety Inventory scores,

634

Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale,

346, 348