Index

Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS),

161

Acamprosate,

211

ACC

. See Anterior cingulate cortex

Acculturative stress,

56, 114

N-acetylcysteine (NAC),

170–171

ACT (assertive community treatment),

251, 252–256, 253, 262

Active-phase syndrome,

44–45

Adherence to treatment,

27, 48, 166, 217

Adolescents

age at onset,

4, 13–14, 35

cannabis use by,

27, 89, 91, 118

cognitive impairment and,

13, 118–119

diagnostic criteria for,

35

pathophysiology of schizophrenia in,

86, 94–95, 118–119, 131–132

psychosocial stressors as risk factor for,

6–7, 117, 119

Adoption studies,

81

Affective flattening (diminished emotional expression),

40, 42, 149, 218

African Americans

depressive symptoms among,

217

quality of mental health care for,

63, 276–277

schizophrenia prevalence,

62–63

symptom manifestation,

61

Age

. See Adolescents; Children; Geriatric patients; Onset; Paternal age

Aggressive behavior (hostility),

149, 153, 158, 168–169, 170

Agitation,

48, 211

Agranulocytosis,

150–151, 153, 167, 170

AIMS (Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale),

161

Akathisia,

158–159

antipsychotics with risk of,

156, 157, 161

defined,

150, 158

differential diagnosis,

220

management of,

158–159

monitoring for,

158

suicidal behavior and,

158

Akinesia,

218

AKT1 (AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 gene),

89, 91

Alcohol use

. See Substance use disorders

Alogia,

40, 42, 149, 218

α-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptors,

92

American Psychiatric Association,

67, 164

Amisulpride,

160, 163, 164–165

Amotivation,

41, 42, 218

Anandamide,

112–113

Anergia,

218

Anhedonia,

40–41, 47, 149, 218

Anterior cingulate cortex (ACC)

dopamine system and,

135

neuronal distribution in,

129

neuronal somal size in,

131

pathophysiology of,

42, 115, 116

Antiadrenergic side effects

antipsychotics with high risk of,

151, 152, 153, 155, 156, 157

antipsychotics with low risk of,

152, 156

Anticholinergic agents,

158–159

Anticholinergic side effects,

151, 152, 153, 157

Antidepressants,

169

as adjunctive treatment,

149, 169

for cocaine use disorder,

210

for depressive disorders,

206, 218–219

for panic disorder,

221

for posttraumatic stress disorder management,

206, 224

for social phobia,

206

for tobacco use disorder,

213

Antiepileptic drugs,

149, 169–170

Anti-inflammatory drugs,

172–173

Antipsychotic medications,

150–168. See alsospecific drugs

adherence to treatment,

27, 48, 166, 217

adverse effects of,

47, 151, 152, 153, 158–163. See also Antiadrenergic side effects; Anticholinergic side effects; Cardiovascular effects; Diabetes; Extrapyramidal side effects; Prolactin elevation; Weight gain

for attenuated psychosis,

14

breast-feeding precautions,

168

choice of,

96, 164–165

for co-occurring disorder management,

209–210, 220, 221, 222–223, 226

course of schizophrenia with,

20–21

course of schizophrenia without,

15–17, 19

cultural variations in prescribing,

63

development of,

20–23, 150–151, 157–158

dosage of,

152, 154, 165–166

end state of schizophrenia with,

21–23, 22, 24

end state of schizophrenia without,

15, 17–20, 19, 23, 24

for first-episode psychosis,

165, 166, 167

genetic counseling and,

96

maintenance treatment and relapse

prevention with,

28–29, 163–164, 253–254, 258–260

mechanism of action,

150, 151

monitoring of,

161, 161, 253–254

overview,

149, 150–151, 152, 154

patient education on,

28–29

polypharmacy,

165, 218

potency classification,

151–153

pregnancy precautions,

168

prognosis of schizophrenia with,

25–26

response factors,

167

route of administration,

154, 166, 210

targeted, intermittent therapy with,

164

for treatment-resistant schizophrenia,

153, 167–168, 218

treatment targets,

166–167

Anxiety symptoms and disorders,

206, 220–223

detection and management of,

221

management of,

149, 171

overview,

220–221

panic attacks and disorders,

221

prevalence of,

47–48, 220

in prodromal phase,

14

psychopathology of,

47–48

social anxiety disorder,

222–223

Anxiolytics,

149

Apathy,

41, 42, 218

Aripiprazole,

152, 154, 156–157

for cocaine use disorder,

210

for OCD and OCS management,

226

prolactin levels and,

163

weight-gain liability of,

216

Arsenic,

94

Asenapine,

152, 157

Asians,

56, 62

Asociality,

40, 218

Asphyxia,

88

Assertive community treatment (ACT),

251, 252–256, 253, 262

Association studies (genetic),

82

Astrocyte-related genes,

107, 108

Attentional bias,

40

Attenuated psychosis,

14, 36

Auditory hallucinations,

38, 39, 56–57, 173–174

Autoimmune disorders

depressive symptoms and,

47

as environmental risk factor,

38, 89–90, 91–92

Avolition,

40, 149, 218

Basket cells,

132

BDNF (brain-derived neurotrophic factor),

135–136

Beads task,

39–40

Benzodiazepines,

168–169

for akathisia management,

158–159

catatonia and,

173

for neuroleptic malignant syndrome

management,

160

for panic disorder management,

221

precautions with schizophrenia,

159, 169, 174, 211

Benztropine,

159

ß-Blockers

for akathisia management,

158–159

for cardiovascular side effects,

163

Biases

of clinicians,

60, 62, 70

delusions and,

39–40

Bipolar depression,

46–47

Bipolar disorder,

45

Birth risk factors,

6–7, 88, 89–90, 92

Birth weight,

88

Black Caribbeans,

59, 62, 80

Blacks

. See African Americans; Black Caribbeans

Bleuler, Eugen,

15–16, 20, 21, 28

Bleuler, Manfred,

17–18, 23

Bleuler's scale,

21

Blunted affect,

40, 47

Body/mind control delusions,

37

Bradykinesia,

41, 150

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF),

135–136

Breast-feeding,

168

Brexpiprazole,

152, 157

Brief Social Phobia Scale,

222

Bromocriptine,

159–160

Building Recovery of Individual Dreams

and Goals through Education and Support (BRIDGES),

281

Bupropion,

169, 210, 212, 213–214

C4A and C4B (complement component 4 genes),

86

Calcium channel genes,

85, 96, 107, 107

Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia,

218

Canadian Psychiatric Association,

188

Cannabidiol (CBD),

113

Cannabis use

adolescents and,

27, 89, 91, 118

as co-occurring substance use disorder,

206, 207, 260. See also Substance use

disorders

disorganization symptom and,

44

endocannabinoid models on,

113

management of,

209, 211

prevalence of,

49

prognosis and,

27, 49, 113

as risk factor,

8–9, 27, 49, 89, 91

CAPS (Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale),

223

Carbamazepine,

169–170

Cardiovascular effects,

152, 162–163

antipsychotics with high risk of,

153, 155, 156, 157

antipsychotics with low risk of,

153, 157

hypotension,

151, 153, 155, 157

management of,

163

monitoring,

161, 162–163

QT prolongation,

156, 157

Cariprazine,

152, 157, 210

CASPR2 (contactin-associated protein-like 2) receptors,

92

Catatonia,

45, 160, 173

CATIE (Clinical Antipsychotic Trials of

Intervention Effectiveness) study,

50, 151–152

Causes

. See Etiology

CBD (cannabidiol),

113

CBT

. See Cognitive-behavioral therapy

CBTp

. See Cognitive-behavioral therapy for psychosis

CDC42 effector protein (CDC42EP),

130

Celiac disease,

91

Cesarean section (emergency),

88

CFI

. See DSM-5 Cultural Formulation Interview

Chandelier cells,

132, 133

Children

adoption studies,

81

age at onset,

35–36

birth and place of residence as risk factor,

6–7, 92–93

cognitive symptoms for,

13, 46

conduct problems during childhood, as risk factor,

50

diagnostic criteria for,

35–36

infection and inflammation during childhood, as risk factor,

6, 89–90, 90–91, 119

migration status as risk factor,

117, 119

nutrition as risk factor,

117

pathophysiology of schizophrenia in,

94–95, 111, 117

premorbid phase of schizophrenia and,

13

socioeconomic status as risk factor,

59, 92, 119

trauma during childhood, as risk factor,

3, 7, 90, 92, 117, 119, 223

twin studies,

81

Chlorpromazine,

20, 150, 151, 152

Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs),

131

Choreoathetoid movements

. See Tardive dyskinesia

Circuit models,

106, 113–117, 115

for cognitive deficits,

116–117

for negative symptoms,

116

for psychosis,

114–116

CIT (Crisis Intervention Team) mode,

265

Citalopram,

218

Clinical Antipsychotic Trials of Intervention Effectiveness (CATIE) study,

50, 151–152

Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS),

223

Clinician bias,

60, 62, 70

Clomipramine,

226

Clonazepam,

160

Clozapine,

152, 153–155

adverse effects of,

150–151, 153–155, 163, 164, 165, 214

agranulocytosis risk and,

150–151, 153, 167, 170

antidepressants and,

169

contraindications,

165, 167

ECT and,

173

efficacy of,

150–151, 153, 164–165

neuroleptic malignant syndrome incidents and,

160

for OCD and OCS management,

226

for social anxiety disorder management,

222

substance use disorder management,

209–210

suicidal behavior management with,

153, 220

for tardive dyskinesia treatment,

160

for treatment-resistant schizophrenia,

153, 167–168, 218

Clozapine-refractory schizophrenia,

173

Clozapine Risk Evaluation and Mitigation

Strategy (REMS) Program,

153

CNS viral infections,

6

Cocaine use disorder,

48–49, 207, 210. See also Substance use disorders

Coercion,

61–62

Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT),

218–219

for OCS or OCD,

226

for panic disorder management,

221

for posttraumatic stress disorder management,

224

for social anxiety disorder management,

222

Cognitive-behavioral therapy for psychosis (CBTp)

ABC model of,

186

description,

186

goals and treatment principles,

185, 186–187, 187

illness management and recovery (IMR) and,

196

implications for clinical practice,

188

intervention rationale,

186

research support,

187–188

Cognitive remediation (CR),

188–191

description,

188–189

goals and treatment principles,

185, 187, 189, 190

implications for clinical practice,

190–191

intervention rationale,

188

research support,

189–190

for social-cognitive deficits,

190

Cognitive Remediation Expert Working

Group (CREW),

188–189

Cognitive symptoms

during adolescents,

13, 118–119

dopamine system and,

134

employment and,

193–195

functional outcomes for,

46

OCS and OCD correlations,

225

pathophysiological theories on,

113–114, 115, 116

pharmacological management of,

149, 167

posttraumatic stress disorder and,

48

in prodromal phase,

14

psychopathology of,

45–46

psychosocial therapies for,

188–190, 191–193

social skills and,

191–193

suicide risk and,

48

Community navigation models,

252, 264

Community support teams (CSTs),

252, 264

Comorbidity

. See Co-occurring disorders and conditions

Complexin I,

130

Complexin II,

130

COMT (catechol O-methyltransferase),

91

Congenital malformations,

88

Contactin-associated protein-like 2 (CASPR2) receptors,

92

Co-occurring disorders (CODs) and conditions,

46–50, 205–249, 206

anxiety symptoms and disorders,

46–48, 220–223. See also Anxiety symptoms and disorders

depressive symptoms and disorders,

46–47, 217–220. See also Depressive symptoms and disorders

management of,

168–173, 209, 209, 260–262, 262

obesity,

8, 214–217

obsessive-compulsive disorder,

48, 205, 206

obsessive-compulsive symptoms and disorder,

224–226

overview,

7–8, 205, 206, 260–261

posttraumatic stress disorder,

47–48, 223–224

substance use disorders,

8–9, 49, 206–214. See also Substance use disorders

suicidal behavior,

8, 48–49, 219–220. See also Suicidal behavior

tobacco use disorder,

207, 211–214, 260

violence,

9, 49–50

Coordinated specialty care (CSC),

26, 252, 258–260, 259

Copy number variations (CNVs),

83, 84, 86, 87, 107

Core symptoms,

37–44

after first episode,

15, 113, 114, 118

disorganization,

42–44, 45, 149–150

negative symptoms,

40–42, 45. See also Negative symptoms

positive symptoms,

37–40. See also Positive symptoms

Cortical gene expression,

107–108, 107

Cortical interneurons,

86

Course

. See Natural history

Coxsackie B5,

6

CpG islands,

94–95

CR

. See Cognitive remediation

Creatine kinase,

159

CREW (Cognitive Remediation Expert Working Group),

188–189

Criminal justice collaborations,

252, 264–265

Crisis Intervention Team (CIT) mode,

265

Critical time intervention (CTI),

251–252, 256–258, 257

Cross-cultural variations

. See Cultural assessments; Cultural variations

Cross-national variations,

57–58, 60–61

CTI (critical time intervention),

251–252, 256–258, 257

Cultural assessments

about,

63–64

DSM-5 Cultural Formulation Interview (CFI),

63–71, 64–67, 69

importance of,

53–54

methodological concerns,

57

patient-centered approaches to,

55

symptom evaluation,

55–58

Cultural Formulation Interview (CFI). See DSM-5 Cultural Formulation Interview

Cultural psychiatry,

54–55, 61

Cultural variations,

53–75

about,

53–54

assessment of,

53–58. See also Cultural assessments

diagnosis considerations,

57, 60, 61, 62–63

epidemiological estimates and,

57–58

further recommendations,

55, 71

illness manifestations attributed to,

54–55

mental health care delivery and,

61–62, 63

outcomes and,

55–56, 58

as risk factor,

4–5, 59–63. See also Migration status; Race and ethnicity

symptom evaluation and,

55–58

Culture, defined,

53, 55

Culture, Medicine, and Psychiatry (journal),

55

D-cycloserine,

170

Cytochrome P450 enzymes,

156, 211

Cytomegalovirus,

6, 219

Dantrolene,

160

Day treatment models,

252, 262–263

Deficit syndrome,

40–41

Delusions

. See alsospecific delusions

as active-phase symptom,

45

as antipsychotic response factor,

167

defined,

225

differential diagnosis for,

38

epidemiology,

37–38

etiology,

39–40

management of,

149, 150

obsessions versus,

225

pathophysiological theories on,

40, 115

suicidal behavior and,

219

Dendritic spine density,

86, 91, 129–131

De novo mutations,

86

Dentate gyrus,

115

Depot antipsychotics (LAI antipsychotics),

154, 166, 210

Depressive symptoms and disorders,

206, 217–220

as antipsychotic side effect,

47

as co-occurring disorder,

41, 46–47, 206, 217–220

cross-cultural presentation of,

54–55

detection of,

217–218

diagnosis criteria for,

46–47

differential diagnosis,

41, 47, 218

management of,

169, 173, 206, 217–220

OCS and OCD correlations,

224, 225

overview,

217

pathophysiological theories on,

217

prevalence of,

46, 217

in prodromal phase,

14

psychopathology of,

46–47

suicidal behavior and,

47, 48, 217–218, 219–220

Desipramine,

210

Determinants of Outcome Study,

58

Deutetrabenazine,

160

Developmental risk factors,

117–119

Diabetes

as antipsychotic medication side effect,

162

as environmental risk factor,

91–92

gestational,

88

management of,

162, 168

monitoring for,

162, 168

Diagnosis

for adolescents,

35

for children,

35–36

clinician bias and,

60, 62, 70. See also DSM-5 Cultural Formulation Interview

cultural considerations for,

57, 60, 61, 62–63

disorganization symptom and,

44

DSM-5 criteria for,

35–36, 44–45, 173

prior to antipsychotic medication era,

15–16, 18–20

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

. See DSM-IV; DSM-5

Digit Symbol Coding test,

46

Diminished emotional expression (affective flattening),

40, 42, 149, 218

Dipeptidyl peptidase-like protein 6 (DPPX) receptors,

92

Diphenhydramine,

159

Disorganization,

42–44

as active-phase symptom,

45

description,

40, 42–43

epidemiology,

43–44

etiology,

43

functional outcomes,

44

management of,

149, 150

Disorganized speech,

45

Disorganized thinking (formal thought disorder),

43

Disulfiram,

210

Dizziness,

157. See also Orthostatic hypotension

DNA methylation,

94–95, 108

DNA sequencing studies,

82–83, 94

DOPA decarboxylase,

110

Dopamine D₂ receptors

antipsychotics and,

151, 156, 157, 210

autoimmune disorders and,

92

DRD2,

83, 85, 96, 106, 107

obesity and,

215

pathophysiology of,

108–110, 109, 134–135

Dopamine D₃ receptors,

82, 109–110, 157

Dopamine system

antipsychotics and,

150, 151

depressive symptoms and,

47

negative symptoms and,

42, 116, 134

neurobiology of,

134–135

pathophysiological theories on,

114, 115–116

positive symptoms and,

40, 115, 134

risk genes and,

82

substance use disorders and,

208

Dorsal prefrontal cortex (DPFC),

129, 130, 131, 134–136

DPPX (dipeptidyl peptidase-like protein 6) receptors,

92

Drug-induced parkinsonism,

159

Drugs

. See Antipsychotic medications; specific drugs

Drug use

. See Cannabis use; Substance use disorders

DSM-IV,

54

DSM-5

on active-phase symptoms,

44–45

catatonia diagnostic criteria,

173

on cultural influence,

53

on cultural risk factors,

5

on culture, definition of,

53

on disorganization as symptom,

42–43

on negative symptoms,

40

schizophrenia diagnostic criteria,

35–36, 44–45, 173

tardive dyskinesia (TD) diagnostic criteria,

160

DSM-5 Cultural Formulation Interview (CFI),

64–67, 67–71

about,

63–64

design of,

67–68

domains of,

68–70

supplementary modules,

68, 69

versions of,

68, 70–71

DSM-5 Gender and Cross-Cultural Issues

Study Group,

67

Dyslipidemia,

151, 162

Dystonias,

158, 159, 161. See also Tardive dystonia

Early-onset (acute) schizophrenia,

14–15, 44

Early Psychosis Prevention and Intervention Centre (EPPIC) study,

22, 23

Economic risk factors,

7, 58, 59–61, 68, 90, 92, 119

Efference copy system,

39

eHealth,

279

Elderly patients,

128, 160, 161

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT),

160, 168, 173, 218

Emergency cesarean section,

88

Employment

. See Supported employment

Endophenotypes,

82

Entorhinal cortex,

114, 129, 133–134, 135

Environmental risk factors,

87–93, 89–90

autoimmune disorders,

38, 91–92

childhood trauma,

3, 7, 92, 117, 223

epigenetics versus,

94

genetic factors versus,

80–82, 87–88, 91, 93, 97

infections and,

5–6, 88, 90–91, 119

malnutrition (maternal),

88, 91

migration status,

5, 59–61, 93, 117

obstetric complications,

88, 94, 167

paternal age,

5, 93

pathophysiological theories for,

106, 117–119

posttraumatic stress disorder and,

47–48, 223

prenatal stress and exposures,

5–6, 88–90

prognosis and,

27

race and ethnicity,

4–5, 59–61, 93

socioeconomic status and disparities,

7, 58, 59–61, 68, 92

substance use,

8–9, 27, 91

urban birth and residence,

6–7, 92

Epidemiology,

3–11

cross-cultural variations,

56–57

cross-national variations,

57–58

descriptive epidemiology,

3–4

of disorganization,

43–44

further recommendations,

9

of negative symptoms,

41

outcomes,

7–9, 79

overview,

3, 79–80

of positive symptoms,

37–38

risk factors,

4–7. See alsospecific risk factors

risk factors versus risk indicators,

80

Epigenetics,

81, 93–96, 107–108, 107

EPPIC (Early Psychosis Prevention and Intervention Centre) study,

22, 23

Errorless learning,

194

Estrogen,

163

Ethnicity

. See Race and ethnicity

Etiology,

79–104. See also Neurobiology; Pathophysiological theories

cross-cultural variations,

53–75. See also Cultural variations

delusions,

39–40

disorganization,

43

environmental risk factors,

87–93, 89–90. See also Environmental risk factors

epigenetics and,

81, 93–96, 107–108, 107

future promises and challenges,

96–97

future research,

97

genetic factors,

80–87, 96–97

hallucinations,

38–39

for negative symptoms,

42

for positive symptoms,

38–40

Evidence-based models of service delivery,

251–271, 280–283

approaches to,

251–252

assertive community treatment,

252–256, 253, 262

community navigation models,

264

community support teams,

264

coordinated specialty care,

26, 258–260, 259

critical time intervention,

256–258, 257

cultural considerations,

61–62, 63

day treatment models,

262–263

family-centered,

281–283. See also Family-centered care

further recommendations,

265–266

integrated dual disorder treatment,

209, 209, 254, 260–262, 262

intensive case management,

263–264

law enforcement/criminal justice collaborations,

264–265

partial hospitalization programs,

262–263

patient-centered,

280–281. See also Patient-centered care

Exome sequencing,

82–83

Extrapyramidal side effects (EPS),

152, 158–161. See also Akathisia; Dystonias; Neuroleptic malignant syndrome; Parkinsonism; Tardive dyskinesia; Tardive dystonia

as antipsychotic response factor,

167

antipsychotics with high risk of,

151, 153, 157

antipsychotics with low risk of,

150–151, 155, 156, 157

depression differential,

218

monitoring for,

161

negative symptom resemblance of,

41

onset of,

158

Familial studies,

80–82, 81, 207

Family-centered care (FCC),

273–287

balancing patient and family needs,

277

defined,

273

family involvement planning,

283

family-led groups,

283

family psychoeducation,

199–200, 281–282

historical and sociopolitical context of,

276–277

involuntary treatment decisions,

278

levels of,

274

peer support and peer-led interventions,

254, 280–283

performance monitoring and evaluation,

279

principles, values, and best practices for,

273–276, 274–275

shared decision making (SDM),

277–279

Family psychoeducation,

199–200, 281–282

Family-to-Family program,

283

Famines,

88, 89, 91

First-episode psychosis (FEP)

depression and,

217

mortality risk,

15, 24

neuropathology of,

128, 134, 136

obesity and,

214

overview,

14

pathophysiological theories on,

15, 113, 114, 118

pharmacological therapies,

165, 166, 167

prognosis for,

15–20, 19, 21–23, 25–26, 164

psychosocial therapies,

187

service delivery for,

61–62, 63, 251–252, 258–260, 259

substance use and,

49, 207–208, 209

symptoms of,

15, 41, 46, 217

First-rank symptoms,

37

Fluoxetine,

226

Fluphenazine,

150, 152, 154, 221

Fluvoxamine,

169, 226

Folate,

89, 91, 119, 171

Forensic Assertive Community Treatment teams,

254

Formal thought disorder (disorganized thinking),

43

Fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP),

107

Frontal cortex,

114, 129

Functional candidate genes,

82

Functional recovery,

23–24

GABA (γ-Aminobutyric acid) system autoantibodies and,

92

dysregulation of,

106, 109, 111–112, 114

neuropathology of,

129, 130, 132–133, 135–136

NMDA and,

133

GABA_A (type A),

92, 132

GABA membrane transporter (GAT-1),

130, 132

GAF (Global Assessment of Functioning) Scale,

21

Gender differences

age at onset,

4, 15

as antipsychotic response factor,

167

anxiety symptoms and,

220

genetic epidemiology,

5

prevalence of schizophrenia and,

3, 4

suicide risk and,

48, 219

tardive dyskinesia and,

160

violent behavior and,

9

Gene annotation,

88

Genetic counseling,

96

Genetic factors,

80–87, 93–97

adoption studies,

81

endophenotypes,

82

environmental risk factors versus,

80–82, 87–88, 91, 93, 97

epigenetics,

81, 93–96, 107–108, 107

familial studies,

80–82, 81, 207

genome-wide association studies,

82, 83–88, 85, 94–97, 106–107

for obesity,

215

paternal age,

5, 93

pathophysiological theories on,

83–87, 84–85, 106–108, 107

postmortem studies of,

107–108, 107

risk genes,

82–83, 96–97, 118

of substance use disorders,

207

twin studies,

80–82, 81, 106–107, 207

Genetic loci,

82, 83–84, 94–95, 106–107

Genome-wide association studies (GWAS),

82, 83–88, 85, 94–97, 106–107

Geriatric patients,

128, 160, 161

Gestational diabetes,

88, 168

Glia and glial markers,

127–128

Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP),

127–128

Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) Scale,

21

Glucose abnormalities (side effect),

155, 156, 157, 161

Glutamate system

circuit models and,

106, 111–112

dendritic spine density and,

130

drugs targeting,

14, 170–171

environmental risk factors for,

92, 117–118

genetic models and,

106, 107

molecular models and,

111–112

neuropathology of,

133–134

risk genes of,

83, 85, 96

Glutamic acid decarboxylase 67 (GAD₆₇),

132, 136

Glutathione,

170–171

Glycine,

170

Grandiose delusions,

37

GRIN2A (glutamate ionotropic receptor NMDA type subunit 2A gene),

96

Grooved Pegboard test,

46

Guanine,

94–95

Guilt, delusions of,

37

Gustatory hallucinations,

37

GWAS (genome-wide association studies),

82, 83–88, 85, 94–97, 106–107

Hallucinations

acculturative stress and,

56

as active-phase symptom,

45

as antipsychotic response factor,

167

differential diagnosis for,

38

epidemiology of,

37–38

etiology for,

38–39

management of,

149, 173–174

pathophysiological theories on,

115

suicidal behavior and,

219

treatment of,

150

Haloperidol,

150, 152, 154

adverse effects of,

153, 167

dopamine system and,

134–135

for dystonia management,

159

neurobiological effects of,

134–135

for women of reproductive age,

168

HCN1 (hyperpolarization activated cyclic nucleotide gated potassium channel 1 gene),

96

Headaches,

157

Head circumference,

88

Hepatic impairment,

155

Herpes simplex virus (HSV),

5, 89, 91, 219

High-potency antipsychotics,

153, 159

Hippocampus,

114, 115–116, 129, 130, 131

Histone modification,

94, 95, 107, 107

Histopathology,

127–132

glia and glial markers,

127–128

neuronal somal size,

131

neurons and neuronal distribution,

128–129

neuropil markers,

129–131

perineuronal nets (PNNs),

131–132

synaptic markers,

129–131. See also Synaptic transmission

HLA (human leukocyte antigen) locus,

82, 85, 86

Homelessness,

251, 254, 255–258, 264

Homocysteine,

89, 91, 171

Homovanillic acid,

42

Hopelessness, feelings of,

48

Hormone replacement therapy,

163

Hospitalization

alternatives to,

252–255, 262–263

clozapine efficacy and reduction of,

153

posttraumatic stress disorder and,

48

substance use and,

27

for suicidal behavior,

220

as suicide risk factor,

48

symptoms related to,

44

transitioning from,

256–258

Hostility,

149, 153, 158, 168–169, 170

HSV (herpes simplex virus),

5, 89, 91, 219

Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) locus,

82, 85, 86

Hyaluronan,

131

Hyperdopaminergia,

134–135

Hyperprolactinemia

. See Prolactin elevation

Hyperthermia,

159–160

Hypodopaminergia,

134–135

Hypoglutamatergia,

134

Hypotension (side effect),

151, 152, 153, 155, 157

IAP2 (International Association for Public Participation),

274, 275

Iatrogenic negative symptoms,

41

ICM (intensive case management),

252, 263–264

IDDT (integrated dual disorder treatment),

209, 209, 252, 254, 260–262, 262

Illness management and recovery (IMR),

195–197

description,

195–196

goals and treatment principles,

185, 196

implications for clinical practice,

197

intervention rationale,

195

research support,

196–197

Iloperidone,

152, 157, 210, 214

Imipramine,

42, 210, 221, 226

Immigrants

. See Migration status

Indigenous populations,

55

Individual placement support,

193–195

Infections,

5–6, 88, 89, 90–91, 119

Inflammation

as environmental risk factor,

5–6, 90, 119

management of,

172–173

negative symptoms and,

42

pathophysiological theories on,

111–113

Influenza virus,

5, 90–91

Insomnia,

156, 157

Institutionalization,

256–258

Integrated dual disorder treatment (IDDT),

209, 209, 252, 254, 260–262, 262

Intensive case management (ICM),

252, 263–264

Interleukin 6,

118

International Association for Public

Participation (IAP2),

274, 275

Interviews,

63–71, 64–67, 69

Involuntary treatment decisions,

278

IQ,

13, 46

IREB2 (iron-responsive element–binding protein 2 gene),

85

Iron,

6, 85, 89, 91

“Jumping-to-conclusions” bias,

39–40

Ketamine,

111

Kraepelin, Emil

on course of schizophrenia,

16, 28

on cross-cultural variation,

54–55

on diagnosis of schizophrenia,

15, 17, 20

on end state of schizophrenia,

17

on full recovery,

24

on prognosis of schizophrenia,

18, 20

“Vergleichende Psychiatrie” “Comparative Psychiatry,”

54

Kynurenic acid,

111–112, 118

LAI (long-acting injectable) antipsychotic medications,

154, 166, 210

Lamotrigine,

226

Late-onset schizophrenia,

4, 44

Latinos

acculturative stress and,

56–57

diagnosis rates and,

62–63

quality of care and,

63

symptom manifestation and,

61

Latitude of birth, as risk factor,

6, 89

Law enforcement collaborations,

252, 264–265

Lecticans,

131

Leucine-rich, glioma inactivated 1 (LGI1) receptor,

92

Life expectancy,

8

Linkage studies,

82

Link proteins,

131

Lipid abnormalities (side effect),

155, 156, 157, 161, 162

Liraglutide,

216

Lithium,

149, 169

Liver disease,

155

Living arrangements,

48, 50, 192, 252, 256–257

Locus coeruleus,

115–116

Long-acting injectable (LAI) antipsychotic medications,

154, 166, 210

Lorazepam,

160

Low birth weight,

88

Low-potency antipsychotics,

151

Loxapine (oral),

152

Lurasidone,

152, 156

Major depressive disorder

as co-occurring disorder,

217–218

differential diagnosis,

36, 38, 45

Malnutrition (maternal),

88, 89, 91, 94

Manic-depressive insanity,

15

MAPK3 (mitogen-activated protein kinase 3 gene),

85

Marijuana

. See Cannabis use

Maternal risk factors

infections during pregnancy,

5–6, 88, 89, 90–91, 119

inflammation,

5–6, 119

malnutrition,

88, 89, 91, 94

Medium-potency antipsychotics,

151–153

Medium spiny neurons (MSNs),

85–86

Men

. See Gender differences

Metabolic side effects,

161–162, 161. See also Diabetes; Lipid abnormalities; Weight gain

Metabolic syndrome,

156

Metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5),

92

Metformin,

162, 206, 216–217

Methadone,

210

3-methoxy-4-hydroxy-phenylglycol,

42

Methylazoxymethanol acetate,

117

N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) system

cognitive deficits and,

116

drugs targeting,

170–171

environmental risk factors and,

92, 117–118

GABA system and,

114, 133

glutamate system and,

96, 109, 111–112, 118, 133–134

negative symptoms and,

42, 43

pyramidal cells and,

133

risk genes and,

107

Mexican Americans,

61

MFPT (multifactorial polygenic threshold) model,

87

mGluR5 (metabotropic glutamate receptor 5),

92

mHealth,

279

Microglia,

128

microRNA-137 (miR-137),

131

microRNAs (miRNAs),

94, 95–96, 107, 131

Midbrain,

109–110, 111, 114, 115–116

Migration status

acculturative stress and,

56

Cultural Formulation Interview,

63–71

outcomes and,

53–54

as risk factor,

5, 59–61, 90, 93, 117

Minorities

. See Migration status; Race and ethnicity

Mitogen-activated protein kinase 3 gene (MAPK3),

85

Mobile Integration Teams (MITs),

264

Molecular models,

108–113, 109

dopamine models,

108–110

endocannabinoid models,

109, 112–113

GABA (γ-Aminobutyric acid) models,

109, 112

glutamate models,

109, 111–112

Mood stabilizers,

149

Mood symptoms

. See Anxiety symptoms

and disorders; Depressive symptoms

and disorders

Mortality risk

after first episode,

15, 24

clozapine efficacy for reduction of,

153

suicidal behavior and,

8, 48, 219

tobacco use disorder and,

211

unnatural death rates,

8, 24

mRNA,

130

MSNs (medium spiny neurons),

85–86

Multifactorial polygenic threshold (MFPT) model,

87

Mumps,

6

NAC (N-acetylcysteine),

170–171

NADPH-d (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate–diaphorase),

129

Naltrexone,

210–211, 216

National Alliance on Mental Illness,

283

National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE),

188

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH),

40, 97, 150, 151–152, 195, 259

National Institute of Mental Health Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (NIMH MATRICS),

40, 45–46

National Latino and Asian American Study (NLAAS),

56

Natural history,

13–34

chronic, symptomatic course,

16–17, 21

course, after first episode,

15–23

course, with antipsychotics,

20–21

course, without antipsychotics,

15–17, 19

end state, with antipsychotics,

21–23, 22, 24

end state, without antipsychotics,

15, 17–20, 19, 23, 24

mortality risk,

8, 15, 24, 48, 153, 219

outcome ratings,

21–23, 22

prognostic factors,

25–27

psychoeducation on,

28–29

recovery from schizophrenia,

18–20, 19, 23–24

stages of schizophrenia,

13–15, 44–45, 47, 217

Nausea,

156, 157

NAVIGATE services,

259

NCAM (neural cell adhesion molecule),

130

Negative symptoms,

40–42

as active-phase symptom,

45

descriptions,

40–41, 43

differential diagnosis,

41, 47, 218

dopamine system and,

42, 116, 134

epidemiology of,

41

etiology for,

42

functional outcomes,

42

management of,

149, 157, 166, 169

pathophysiological theories on,

113–114, 115, 116

in prodromal phase,

14

psychosocial therapies for,

186–188

treatment of,

156

violent behavior and,

50

Negative thought disorder,

43

Neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM),

130

Neuregulin 1 gene (NRG1),

82

Neurobiology,

127–145

dopamine system,

134–135

further recommendations,

136–137

GABA system,

129, 130, 132–133, 135–136

glia and glial markers,

127–128

glutamate system,

133–134

histopathology,

127–132

neurochemistry,

132–136

neuronal somal size,

131

neurons and neuronal distribution,

107, 108, 128–129, 131

neuropil and synaptic markers,

129–131

neurotrophins,

135–136

perineuronal nets (PNNs),

131–132

of substance use disorders,

208

Neurocognitive deficits

. See Cognitive symptoms

Neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS),

159–160

Neuromodulation,

173–174

Neuronal somal size,

131

Neurons and neuronal distribution,

107, 108, 128–129, 131

Neuropil markers,

129–131

Neuroplasticity,

106, 110, 116, 118, 189

Neurotrophins,

135–136

Niacin,

171

NICE (National Institute for Health and Care Excellence),

188

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate–diaphorase (NADPH-d),

129

Nicotine dependence

. See Tobacco use disorder

Nicotine replacement therapy (NRT),

212, 213–214

NIDA-Modified ASSIST,

208

NIMH (National Institute of Mental Health),

40, 97, 150, 151–152, 195, 259

NIMH MATRICS (National Institute of Mental Health Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia),

40

NLAAS (National Latino and Asian American Study),

56

NMDA receptor coagonists,

170

NMDA system

. SeeN-methyl-D-aspartate system

NMS (neuroleptic malignant syndrome),

159–160

Noradrenaline,

42

NOTCH4 (Notch receptor 4 gene),

82

NRG1 (neuregulin 1 gene),

82

NRT (nicotine replacement therapy),

212, 213–214

Nucleus accumbens,

111, 114, 129

Nutrition (maternal),

88, 89, 91, 94

Obesity,

214–217

detection of,

215

management of,

206, 215–217

overview,

206, 214–215

prevalence of,

8, 214

risk factors for

. See Weight gain

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD),

48, 205, 206

Obsessive-compulsive symptoms (OCS) and disorder (OCD),

224–226

Obstetric complications,

88, 89, 94, 167

Occupational functioning,

46

ODR (Opening Doors to Recovery),

264

Olanzapine,

155–156

adverse effects of,

152, 155, 160, 165, 167, 214

dosage,

152, 154

efficacy of,

164–165

OCD and OCS management with,

226

route of administration,

154, 155–156

substance use disorder management and,

210

suicidal behavior management with,

220

Olfactory hallucinations,

37

Omega-3 fatty acids,

14, 172

Onset,

14–15

age ranges,

4, 13–14, 35–36

gender differences,

4, 15

neuronal pruning and,

86

OCS and OCD correlations,

224–225

stages,

13–15

OnTrackNY,

260

Opening Doors to Recovery (ODR),

264

Opioid agonists and antagonists,

211

Opioid use,

206–207, 210. See also Substance use disorders

Oral hypoesthesia,

157

Orlistat,

216

Orthodenticle homeobox 2 (OTX2),

131–132

Orthostatic hypotension,

151, 152, 153, 155, 157

Over-the-counter adjunctive pharmaceuticals,

170–173. See also specific products by name

Paliperidone,

152, 154, 155, 163, 210

Panic attacks and disorders,

47, 206, 221

Panic Disorder Severity Scale (PDSS),

221

PANSS (Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale),

221

Parahippocampal gyrus,

43

Paranoia,

41, 48

Parkinsonism,

41, 158, 159, 161

Parkinson’s disease,

157

Partial hospitalization programs (PHPs),

252, 262–263

Parvalbumin (PV) neurons

density of,

112, 117, 130

GABA system neuropathology and,

132–133

glutamate system neuropathology and,

133–134

perineuronal nets and,

131–132

Paternal age,

5, 90, 93

Pathophysiological theories,

105–126

approaches,

105–106, 106

circuit models,

106, 113–117, 115

for developmental risk factors,

106, 117–119

for environmental risk factors,

106, 117–119, 119

further recommendations,

119–120

genetic factors,

83–87, 84–85

genetic models,

106–108, 106–107

molecular models,

106, 108–113, 109

Patient-centered care (PCC),

273–287

balancing patient and family needs,

277

defined,

273

historical and sociopolitical context of,

276–277

levels of,

274

patient-centered design (PCD),

279

peer support and peer-led interventions,

280–283

performance monitoring and evaluation,

279

principles, values, and best practices for,

273–276, 274–275

shared decision making (SDM),

277–279

Patient-centered design (PCD),

279

PCL (PTSD Checklist),

223–224

PDSS (Panic Disorder Severity Scale),

221

Peer support and peer-led interventions,

254, 280–283

Peer to Peer (intervention),

281

Pellagra,

171

Perineuronal nets (PNNs),

131–132

Perphenazine,

150, 152

adverse effects of,

151–152

efficacy of,

150

lower weight gain liability of,

216

Persecutory delusions,

37, 40

Personalized Recovery Oriented Services (PROS) programs,

263

PFC

. See Prefrontal cortex

PGRS (polygenic risk score),

88

Pharmacological therapies,

149–183. See also specific drugs

antidepressants,

169. See also Antidepressants

antiepileptic drugs,

149, 169–170

antipsychotic medications,

150–168. See also Antipsychotic medications

benzodiazepines,

168–169. See also Benzodiazepines

further recommendations,

174

lithium,

149, 169

over-the-count adjunctives,

170–173

Phencyclidine,

111

PHPs (partial hospitalization programs),

252, 262–263

Pimavanserin,

157

Placental abruption,

88

PNNs (perineuronal nets),

131–132

“Polyenviromic” score,

93

Polygenic risk score (PGRS),

88

Polypharmacy,

165, 218

Positional candidate genes,

82

Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS),

221

Positive symptoms,

37–40. See also Delusions; Hallucinations differential diagnosis for, 38

dopamine system and,

40, 115, 134

epidemiology of,

37–38

etiology for,

39–40

as first-rank symptom,

37

management of,

149, 166

negative symptom resemblance,

41

pathophysiological theories on,

113–116, 115

psychosocial therapies for,

186–188

suicide risk and,

48

treatment of,

150, 156

Positive thought disorder,

43

Postmortem studies,

107–108, 107

Posttraumatic stress disorder,

47–48, 206, 223–224

Precentral gyrus,

43

Preeclampsia,

88

Prefrontal cortex (PFC)

. See also Dorsal prefrontal cortex

developmental risk factors and,

118–119

environmental risk factors and,

117

GABA system and,

132–133

GFAP-reactive astroglia,

128

glutamate system and,

111, 134

perineuronal nets and,

132

positive symptoms and,

115–116

Pregnancy precautions,

168

Premorbid phase,

13

Prenatal Determinants of Schizophrenia study,

5

Prenatal exposures and stress, as risk factor,

5–6, 88–90, 89–90

Presentation

. See Cultural variations; Natural history; Psychopathology

Pressured speech,

43

Primary negative symptoms,

40–41

Prodromal phase,

14, 44–45, 47, 217

Progestogen,

163

Prognosis

disorganization symptom and,

44

other factors affecting,

26–27

substance use’s effect on,

27

with treatment,

25–26

Prolactin elevation

antipsychotics with high risk of,

155, 156, 168

antipsychotics with low risk of,

156, 157

diagnosis of,

163

management of,

163

monitoring for,

163

overview,

152

pathophysiology of,

163

pregnancy precautions and,

168

Prolonged exposure and cognitive processing therapy,

224

Promethazine,

159

PROS (Personalized Recovery Oriented Services) programs,

263

Pruning

complement activity,

107, 107

synaptic,

86, 119

PsychENCODE initiative,

97

Psychoeducation,

197–200

coordinated specialty care and,

258

description,

197–198

for families,

28–29, 199, 281–282

goals and treatment principles,

196, 198–199, 198

implications for clinical practice,

199–200

intervention rationale,

197

for patients,

28–29, 198–199

prognosis and,

26

research support,

199

for suicidal behavior,

220

Psychopathology,

35–52. See also Diagnosis; Symptoms

anxiety symptoms,

47–48

cognitive symptoms,

45–46

complications of schizophrenia,

48–50. See also Substance use disorders; Suicidal behavior; Violence and violent behavior

core symptoms,

37–44. See also Core symptoms

depression,

46–47

diagnostic criteria,

35–36, 44–45

further recommendations,

50

Psychosis

. See Positive symptoms

Psychosocial and rehabilitative therapies,

185–204

approaches to,

185

cognitive-behavioral therapy,

186–188

cognitive remediation,

188–191

for depression management,

218–219

further recommendations,

200

illness management and recovery,

195–197

psychoeducation,

197–200

social skills training (SST),

191–193

supported employment,

193–195

for tobacco use disorder management,

212–213

Psychotherapy,

14

Psychotic agitation,

158

Psychotic disorder due to medical conditions,

45

Psychotic-like symptom evaluation,

55–58

PTSD Checklist (PCL),

223–224

Public Participation Spectrum schema,

274, 275

PV neurons

. See Parvalbumin neurons

Pyramidal cells,

86, 130–131, 132–133

Quetiapine,

152, 156, 210, 218, 221

Race and ethnicity

diagnosis rates and,

62–63

illness manifestations and,

54–55

outcomes and,

53–54

quality of care and,

63, 276–277

as risk factor,

4–5, 59–61, 90, 93

routes of entry into mental health care and,

61–62

symptom manifestation and,

61

RAISE (Recovery After an Initial Schizophrenia Episode) projects,

259

Recovery-Oriented Decisions for Relatives’ Support (REORDER) intervention,

283

Rehabilitative therapies

. See Psychosocial and rehabilitative therapies

Relapses

depressive symptoms and,

217

illness management and recovery (IMR) and,

196

prevention with antipsychotic medications,

28–29, 163–164, 253–254, 258–260

prevention with psychosocial therapies,

196

prior to antipsychotic medications,

16–17

route of antipsychotic administration and,

166

Religious delusions,

37

Renal failure,

159

REORDER (Recovery-Oriented Decisions for Relatives’ Support) intervention,

283

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS),

173–174, 214, 226

Residual symptoms,

44, 45

Rey Total Recall test,

46

Rhabdomyolysis,

159

Rheumatoid arthritis,

92

Rh incompatibility,

88

Rigidity,

41, 150

Risk factors,

4–7. See also Developmental risk factors; Environmental risk factors; Genetic factors

Risk genes,

82–83, 96–97, 118

Risperidone,

154, 155

adverse effects of,

152, 163

depression management with,

218

efficacy of,

164–165

for OCD and OCS management,

226

substance use disorder management and,

210

RNA (noncoding),

95–96

rTMS (repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation),

173–174, 214, 226

Rubella,

91

Rural birth and residence,

6–7, 92

SAMHSA (Substance Abuse and Mental

Health Services Administration),

259, 280

Sarcosine,

170

Schizoaffective disorder

antipsychotic response factors,

167

depressive symptoms and,

46–47

as differential diagnosis,

45

negative symptoms and,

41

Schizophrenia

. See also Co-occurring disorders and conditions

causes

. See Etiology

definition,

15–16

diagnostic criteria

. See Diagnosis

differential diagnosis,

45

pathophysiology

. See Neurobiology; Pathophysiological theories

presentation

. See Cultural variations; Epidemiology; Natural history; Psychopathology

risk factors,

4–7. See also Developmental risk factors; Environmental risk factors; Genetic factors

treatment and rehabilitative therapies

. See Antipsychotic medications; Family-centered care; Patient-centered care; Pharmacological therapies; Psychosocial and rehabilitative therapies; Service delivery; Somatic therapies

Schizophrenia Patient Outcomes Research Team (PORT),

155, 164, 165, 170, 188, 254, 282

Schizophrenogenic mother,

276

SDM (shared decision making),

200, 211, 217, 258–260, 259, 274, 277–279

SE

. See Supported employment

Season of birth, as risk factor,

6, 89

Secondary negative symptoms,

40–41

Second-generation antipsychotic

medications,

151, 209–210

Sedation (side effect)

antipsychotics with low risk of,

156

antipsychotics with risk of,

151, 152, 153, 155, 156, 157

depression differential,

218

Seizures,

163

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs),

169

Selfhood, cultural identity and,

53

Self-medication hypothesis,

207–208

Semistructured peer-led (or family-led) interventions,

281

Sequential Intercept Model,

265

D-serine,

170

Serotonin 5-HT_1A receptors,

157, 225

Serotonin receptors,

42, 82, 151, 157, 225

Serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SRIs),

222–223, 226

Service delivery,

251–271. See also Family-centered care; Patient-centered care

approaches to,

251–252

assertive community treatment,

252–256, 253, 262

community navigation models,

264

community support teams,

264

coordinated specialty care,

26, 258–260, 259

critical time intervention,

256–258, 257

cultural considerations,

61–62, 63

day treatment models,

262–263

further recommendations,

265–266

integrated dual disorder treatment,

209, 209, 254, 260–262, 262

intensive case management,

263–264

law enforcement/criminal justice collaborations,

264–265

partial hospitalization programs,

262–263

Shared decision making (SDM),

200, 211, 217, 258–260, 259, 274, 277–279

Shock therapy,

18, 25

Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs),

82, 87–88, 94, 106

Sleep spindles,

114

Smoking

. See Tobacco use disorder

SNAP-25 (synaptosomal nerve-associated protein 25),

130

Social anxiety disorder (social phobia),

206, 222–223

Social cost,

253

Social Interaction Anxiety Scale,

222

Socialization impairments

. See Cognitive symptoms

Social phobia (social anxiety disorder),

206, 222–223

Social Phobia Scale,

222

Social skills training (SST),

185, 191–193, 196, 222

Social withdrawal,

149

Socioeconomic status,

7, 58, 59–61, 68, 90, 92, 119

Sodium benzoate,

170

Somatic delusions,

37

Somatic hallucinations,

37

Somatic therapies,

173–174

Somnolence,

157

Specialized Treatment Early in Psychosis (STEP) program,

260

Spontaneous improvement or recovery,

15, 17, 20, 28

SRIs (serotonin reuptake inhibitors),

222–223, 226

SSRIs (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors),

169

SST (social skills training),

185, 191–193, 196, 222

Stages, of schizophrenia,

13–15, 44–45, 47, 217

STAT6 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 gene),

85

Statistical Manual for the Use of Institutions for the Insane,

18

Stem cells,

97

STEP (Specialized Treatment Early in Psychosis) program,

260

Stigmatization,

63, 70, 186, 197–200, 282

Stress

DNA methylation and,

94

endocannabinoid models on,

112–113

prenatal, as risk factor,

88–90, 90

urban residence and,

6–7, 90, 92

Stress-vulnerability model,

196, 207

Striatum,

114, 116, 134

Substance Abuse and Mental Health

Services Administration (SAMHSA),

259, 280

Substance-induced psychotic disorders,

45

Substance use disorders (SUDs)

as co-occurring disorder,

8–9, 206–214, 206

detection of,

208

management of,

206, 208–211, 209, 212–214, 252. See also Integrated dual disorder treatment

overview,

206–208

prevalence of,

49

prognosis affected by,

27

prognosis and,

27, 49

as risk factor,

8–9, 27, 89, 91

suicidal behavior and,

48–49, 219

violent behavior and,

9, 50

Substantia nigra,

114, 134–135

Suffolk County Mental Health Project study,

23

Suicidal behavior

akathisia and,

158

anxiety symptoms and,

221

clozapine efficacy for reduction of,

153

as comorbid condition,

8, 48–49, 219–220

depression and,

47, 217, 219–220

detection of,

219–220

management of,

149, 218, 219–220

OCS and OCD correlations,

224

overview,

219

posttraumatic stress disorder and,

48

prevalence of,

219

risk of,

48–49

Sulpiride,

163

Supported employment (SE)

description,

193

goals and treatment principles,

185, 193

implications for clinical practice,

195

intervention rationale,

193

research support,

194–195

Symptomatic recovery,

24

Symptoms

acculturative stress,

56

active-phase syndrome pattern,

44–45

anxiety symptoms,

47–48

cognitive symptoms,

14, 45–46. See also Cognitive symptoms

core symptoms,

37–44. See also Disorganization; Negative symptoms; Positive symptoms

cross-cultural variations,

56–57, 60–61

depression,

46–47

further recommendations,

50

Synaptic transmission

pathophysiology of,

107–108, 107, 109–110, 109

studies on,

83, 85

synaptic markers,

129–131

synaptic pruning,

86, 119

Synaptophysin,

130

Synaptosomal nerve-associated protein 25 (SNAP-25),

130

Systemic lupus erythematosus,

91

Tachycardia (side effect),

153, 163

Tardive dyskinesia (TD)

after antipsychotic withdrawal,

160

antipsychotics with high risk of,

150, 153, 157

antipsychotics with low risk of,

150, 155, 160

diagnosis,

160

incidence of,

160

management of,

160

monitoring for,

161

onset of,

158, 160

overview,

152

Tardive dystonia,

158, 160

Tardive syndromes,

160

Targeted, intermittent therapy with,

164

TCL (Training in Community Living),

252–253

Telephone tobacco quit lines,

212–213

Temporal lobe,

113–114

tES (transcranial electrical stimulation),

174

Testosterone replacement therapy,

163

Tetrabenazine,

160

Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC),

211

Thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN),

114

Thalamus,

114, 129

L-theanine,

171

Therapies

. See Pharmacological therapies; Psychosocial and rehabilitative therapies; Service delivery; Somatic therapies

Thioridazine,

150

Thought broadcasting,

37

Thought disorder (disorganized thinking),

43

Thyroid disease,

91

Tiagabine,

112

TLEQ (Traumatic Life Events Questionnaire),

223

TMS (transcranial magnetic stimulation),

173–174, 214

Tobacco use disorder,

49, 94, 206, 207, 211–214, 260

Topiramate,

216

Toxoplasma gondii,

91

Toxoplasmosis,

5

Trails A & B tests (neurocognitive tests),

46

Training in Community Living (TCL),

252–253

Transcranial electrical stimulation (tES),

174

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS),

173–174, 214

Transcultural Psychiatry (journal),

55

Transitions, to community,

256–257

Transtheoretical model of IMR,

196

Trauma

during childhood,

7, 90, 92, 223

DNA methylation and,

94

posttraumatic stress disorder,

47–48, 206, 223–224

Traumatic Life Events Questionnaire (TLEQ),

223

Treatment-resistant schizophrenia,

167–168

antipsychotic recommendations for,

167–168, 218

depression and,

218

drug of choice for,

153, 155

ECT for,

168

trial treatment duration recommendation,

155

Treatments

. See Pharmacological therapies; Psychosocial and rehabilitative therapies; Service delivery

Tremor, Parkinsonian,

150

Tricyclic antidepressants,

210

Trihexyphenidyl,

159

TRN (thalamic reticular nucleus),

114

Tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB),

136

Twin studies,

80–82, 81, 106–107, 207

Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH),

109, 135

Ultrahigh-risk status,

80, 114, 128, 134

Unipolar depression,

46–47

Urban birth and residence,

6–7, 90, 92

Uterine atony,

88

Valbenazine,

160

Valproate,

170

Varenicline,

211, 212, 213–214

Ventral striatal dysfunction,

42

Ventral tegmental area (VTA),

110, 114

Veterans Affairs (VA),

195, 197, 258

Veterans Affairs/Department of Defense Clinical Practice Guideline for PTSD,

224

Violence and violent behavior,

9, 49–50

Viruses, maternal exposure to,

5–6

Visual hallucinations,

37, 39, 56–57

Vitamin B₆,

158–159

Vitamin B₁₂,

162, 171

Vitamin D,

172

Vocational rehabilitation

. See Coordinated specialty care; Supported employment

VTA (ventral tegmental area),

110, 114

Weight gain (side effect),

152, 161–162

antipsychotics with high risk of,

151, 153, 155, 156, 157, 214

antipsychotics with low risk of,

151, 153, 156, 157

management of,

161–162, 215–217

monitoring for,

161, 215

pathophysiological theories on,

214–215

Wellness Recovery Action Planning (WRAP),

281

Whites,

61–63

WHO

. See World Health Organization

Whole-genome sequencing,

82–83

Withdrawal dyskinesias,

160

Women

. See Gender differences

Women of reproductive age,

168

Work skills

. See Coordinated specialty care; Supported employment

World Health Organization (WHO)

cross-national studies by,

58

incidence cohort study,

21, 22, 24

long-term observation studies,

25

on prevalence,

3

WRAP (Wellness Recovery Action Planning),

281

Ziprasidone,

152, 156, 160, 216