Page numbers printed in boldface type refer to tables or figures.
Acid Rain Program,111, 120
Adair v. United States (1908),47, 48
Adult Education Act of 1966,178
Advocacy. See also Policycurrent book as call to action,13–14
federal legislation and examples of,7
role of psychiatrists and mental health professionals in,221–227
Advocacy groups, examples of,224–225
Agency shops, and labor unions,56, 57
Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1933background of,25–26
built-in inequities of,35–36, 218
commodity crops and,18,
20consitutional issues and,32–35
enactment and provisions of,23, 27–30, 217–218
influence of on mental health,11, 30, 38–41
structural racism and,36, 218
Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1938,21, 33
Agricultural Adjustment Administration,29, 30
Agricultural Marketing Act of 1929,22
Agriculture. See also Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1933farm revolt of 1930s and,21
impact of Great Depression on,17, 18–21
importance of food security for mental health,38–41
mortgage failures and evictions as issue in,49
present status and future of policy on,36–37
Agriculture Improvement Act of 2018,36–37
Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC),85–86
Air pollution. See also Clean Air Act of 1963; Climate changeDonora, Pennsylvania smog event in 1948,97–101
Great Smog of London (1952),104–105
housing and,206
impact on physical and mental health,115, 124
progress in reduction of,121–125
Air Pollution Control Act of 1955,101, 105
Alabama, and civil rights movement,143
Alameda Central Labor Council,52
Alzheimer’s disease, and air pollution,118–119
American Federation of Labor,59
American Housing and Economic Mobility Act of 2018,208–209
American Medical Association (AMA),x, 3
American Psychiatric Association,x
American Rescue Plan Act (2021),36, 158
Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA 1990),9
Ammons, Elias,48
Antiracism, definition of,219
Arkansas, and desegregation of schools,167
Art of Politics, as Practiced by Three Great Americans: Franklin Delano Roosevelt, Luis Munos Marin, and Fiorello H. LaGuardia, The (Tugwell 1958),31
Asthma, and air pollution,117
Autism, and air pollution,118
Bail Elimination Act of 2019 (New York),226
Baker, Ann Ross,136–137
Baker, Ella,12, 136–140, 148, 158, 159
Baker, Howard,103, 110, 218
Bargaining units, and National Labor Relations Act,55
Barton Child Law and Policy Clinic (Emory University School of Law),x
Belafonte, Harry,136
Berle, Adolf,25
Biden, Joseph R.,64, 90, 208
Bilingual Education Act (1968),178, 179
Billings, Leon,103
Bipolar disorder, and air pollution,119
Black Cabinet (Roosevelt administration),192
Black, Indigenous, and People of Color (BIPOC), and farm assistance funds,36
Black Lives Matter movement,158
Black Panther Party (BPP),154–155
Black people, overdiagnosis of schizophrenia in,156.
See also Mental health
Black Power movement,155
Booker, Cory,208
Brain structureair pollution and,120
interpersonal racism and,152
Brains Trust (Roosevelt),11, 23, 25
Brains Trust, The (Tugwell 1968),23, 25
Bridges, Harry,51,
52, 54, 65
Brown, Edmund G.,154
Brown, Esther,165–166, 171, 181
Brown, Oliver,12, 166, 167,
168, 171, 181
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954),9, 142, 148, 166–167,
169, 171, 174
Buckley, James,110
Bush, George H.W.,111, 147
Bush, George W.,176, 177, 178
Byrd, Harry,167
Byrd, Robert,111
California, and Proposition227, 179
Call, David,41
Carson, Ben,208
Carter, Jimmy,32, 34, 110
Cedar Point Nursery v. Hassid (2021),64
Center for Retirement Research (Boston College),88, 91
Central planning, and economic policy of Roosevelt administration,23, 25
Chafee, John,110
Charitable organizations, and Great Depression,72, 73
Childrenimpact of Great Depression on,72
labor history and,47
lead pollution and,118
poverty and mental health of,59, 88–89
Social Security Act of 1935 and,84, 85–86
Chronicle of Jeopardy, 1945–55, A (Tugwell 1955),31
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and air pollution,117
Civil Rights Act of 1866,140
Civil Rights Act of 1964 (CRA). See also Civil rights movementcultural changes in society and,174
impact of on mental health,12, 148–159
labor unions and,62
passage of,144–145
provisions of,145–148
Civil Rights Act of 1991,147
Civil rights movement. See also Civil Rights Act of 1964; Racismdesegregation and,140–145
history of racism and,134, 217
poverty and,172
role of Ella Baker in,136–140
Clayton Antitrust Act (1914),48
Clean Air Act of 1963 (CAA). See also Air pollutionamendments to,108–115
content and sections of,106–108
evolution and passage of,101, 104–106, 217, 218
impact of on mental health,12, 115–121
implementation and governance of,220
progress in reduction of air pollution,121–125
Clean Power Plan,121
Clean Water Act (1972),109
Cleveland, Grover,47
Climate changeClean Air Act and,113–114
mental health implications of,12, 122–124
Paris Agreement and,121–122
Supreme Court ruling in 2022 and,220
wildfires and,121
Clinton, Bill,112–113, 157, 177
Coalition building, and policy,217–218
Coalition for Responsible Regulation,114
Cognitive decline, and air pollution,118–119
Cole, Edward N.,103–104
Collective bargaining, and labor movement,50
Collective efficacy, and social cohesion of communities,206
Colonial era, and labor history,45–46
Colorado Fuel and Iron Company (CFI),47–48, 65
Commission on Industrial Relations,47
Community, and social cohesion,206–207
Community colleges, and education policy,184
Community health centers,1–2
Compromise of 1877,134–135
Congress of Industrial Organizations,59
Congress of Racial Equality (CORE),2, 3, 142, 143
Constitution, U.S. See also Fifteenth Amendment; Fourteenth Amendment; Nineteenth Amendment; Supreme Court; Thirteenth Amendment; Twentieth Amendment; Twenty-fourth AmendmentAgricultural Adjustment Act of 1933 and,32–35
Equal Rights Amendment and,223
social justice and amendments to,10
Conyers, John,158
Cooke, Marvel,137, 138
Cornell University,23, 41
Coronavirus Food Assistance Program (2020–2021),41
Corporate Average Fuel Economy Standards Rule,113–114
Countercultural movement, of 1970s,174
Counter Intelligence Program (COINTELPRO),139, 155
COVID-19 pandemicagricultural policy and,35, 39
Black communities and,158–159
housing and,207
Crenshaw, Kimberlé,154
Crop insurance, and Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1938,33, 35
Cullors, Patrice,158
Dairy Price Support Program,34
D.C. Opportunity Scholarship Program,184
Deinstitutionalization movement, and psychiatric hospitals,152
Department of Health, Education, and Welfare,107
Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD),192
Depression, and air pollution,119
Disabilities. See also Americans with Disabilities ActHousing and Urban Development Act of 1965 and,197Social Security Act of 1935 and,83–84
Domenici, Pete,110
Donora, Pennsylvania smog event (1948),97–101
Dropout rates, and educational policy,184
Duplex Printing Press Co v. Deering (1921),48
Dust Bowl (1930s),19, 21, 33, 38
Dylan, Bob,171
Eagleton, Tom,103, 218
Early Head Start,182
Earned Income Tax Credit,182
Earth in the Balance: Ecology and the Human Spirit (Gore 1992),112
Earth Day movement,109
Economic Opportunity Act (1964),174
Economic Research Service (USDA),170
Economic Security Act (1935),78
Economic status, and mental health,87.
See also Income inequality; Poverty
Education. See also Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka; Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965; Head StartCivil Rights Act of 1964 and,146, 156
desegregation of public schools,146,
157, 167–171, 184
future of improved and equal access to,183–185
policy since 1965,179–180
systemic racism and,150
Education for All Handicapped Children Act (1975),171
Education Amendments Act of 1972,147, 179
Education Consolidation and Improvement Act (1981),177
Education of the Handicapped Act (1968),178
Eisenhower, Dwight D.,167
Elderly. See Older adultsElementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965education policy since 1965 and,179–180, 220
future of education and,184
impact of on mental health,12, 181–182
provisions and implementation of,175–179
War on Poverty and Great Society,171–175
Emancipation Proclamation (1862),10
Emergency Farm Mortgage Act of 1933,29
Emergency Immigrant Education Act of 1984,180
Employment, and Civil Rights Act,146
Endangerment, Clean Air Act and concept of,108–109
Enforcement, of policies,219–220
Enlargement of the Presidency, The (Tugwell 1960),31–32
Environmental disasters, and climate change,123–124.
See also Air pollution
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA),104, 109, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 220
Equal Employment Opportunity Act (1972),147
Equal Protection Clause, of U.S. Constitution,142, 167
Equal Rights Amendment,223
Erdman Act (1898),47
Every Student Succeeds Act (2015),176, 180
Evolution, of policies,220–221
Executive orders, and policies with mental health benefits,10
Fair Housing Act of 1968,147, 174, 200
Fair Labor Standards Act (1938),56
Family Options Study (HUD),205
Farm Bill. See Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1933Farm Bureau Federation,22
Farmers’ Holiday (strike), and Farmers’ Holiday Association,21
Farmers’ Union,22
Farm and Ranch Stress Assistance Network (FRSAN) Program,40
Faubus, Orval,167
Federal Agriculture Improvement and Reform Act of 1996,28
Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI),138–139, 155
Federal Emergency Relief Administration,76
Federal Farm Loan Act,29
Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (1938),31
Federal Housing Administration (FHA),189,
190, 194,
197Federal Labor Relations Act (1978),57
Federal Old-Age and Survivors Insurance Benefits,83
Federal Public Health Service,82
Federal Reserve, and agricultural adjustments,29
Fifteenth Amendment,141
Florida, and history of racism,133–134
Food and Drug Administration (FDA),173
Food and Nutrition Service, of USDA,37
Food security, and agricultural policy,33–34, 37, 38–41
Food Stamp Act of 1964,174
Food Stamp Act of 1977,32, 33
Ford, Gerald,110
Ford Hunger March (1932),50
Fourteenth Amendment,10, 141, 167
Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library (Hyde Park, NY),32
Franklin Township in Somerset County NJ v. Tugwell (1936),31
Freedom Day (Mississippi 1964),140
Freedmen’s Bureau,134
Freedom to Farm Act. See Federal Agriculture Improvement and Reform Act of 1996Freedom Rides (1961),142–144, 217
Freedom Summer (1964),3
Fullilove, Mindy,203
Fulton County Department of Health Services,x
Geiger, H. Jack,1–4, 13,
14Georgia Psychiatric Physicians Association,x
Gilded Age,18
Gore, Al,112
Government. See Legislation; Local governments; Policy; States; Specific legislationGreat Depressionimpact of on farmers and agriculture,17, 18–21, 38
labor history and,49
racism and,138
welfare of elderly and,72–73
Great Smog of London (1952),104–105
Great Society (Johnson administration),171–175, 176, 189, 191.
See also War on Poverty
Greenberg, Jack,141
Greenhouse gases (GHGs),113–114, 121, 124
Griffin, Robert P.,103–104
Hampton, Fred,155
Harlem Library,138
Harris, Kamala,208
Harris, Thomas E.,153
Haze, and air pollution,120
Head Start,7, 147, 150, 174, 175, 182
Health. See also Social determinants of health and mental healthair pollution and,115, 117
consideration of in all policy development,ix, x
educational policy and,181
Health care. See also Hospitals; Medicare and Medicaid programsCivil Rights Act and,147–148, 156
history of racism and,133–134, 135
systemic racism and,151–152
Health impact assessments,225
Hirth, William,19
Historical trauma, and systemic racism,150–151
Homelessness, and mental health,204
Hoover, Herbert,50, 74, 76
HOPE VI,200
Hospitals. See also Health caredesegregation of,148, 151–152
history of racism and,133–134, 135, 141–142
Hospital Survey and Construction Act of 1946 (Hill-Burton Act),135
Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia Survey,39
Housing, and housing policy. See also Homelessness; Housing and Urban Development Act of 1965; Redliningagricultural policy and refinancing of mortgages,29
Civil Rights Act and,147, 156
future of,207–209
Great Depression and evictions,49
Great Society and urban crisis,189, 191
greenbelt towns and,30–31
Kerner Commission and,188–189
labor unions and,59
mental health and,204–207, 209
Housing Act of 1937,199
Housing Act of 1949,199, 203
Housing Choice Voucher Program,202
Housing and Community Development Act of 1974,200
Housing and Urban Development Act of 1965. See also Housingdesegregation and,147
enactment of,189
future of,208, 209
influence of on mental health,12–13, 204–207
place of in federal housing policy,199–201
provisions of,196–199
public housing and,198,
199, 201–203
rent subsidies and,194–196
urban renewal and,203, 219
Hull House (Chicago),73
Hurricane Katrina (2005),123
Impact assessments, of mental health effect of policies,223–227
Implementation, of policies,219–220
Improving America’s Schools Act (IASA 1994),177–178
Income inequality. See also Economic status; Povertylabor unions and increase in since 1980,60–61
systemic racism and mental health impact of,150
Indian Education Amendments of 1984,180
Individual retirement accounts,90
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act,171
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (1995),113
Internalized racism,151, 153
International Campaign to Ban Landmines,4
International Longshoremen’s Association (ILA),51
International News Service,3
International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War,4
Internet, and education,178
Interpersonal racism,151, 152
Intersectionality, and Civil Rights Act,154
Interstate Commerce Clause, of U.S. Constitution,141
Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC),142, 144
Inuit, and climate change,124
Janus v. American Federation of State, County, and Municipal Employees Council 31 (2018),57, 64
Jim Crow laws. See also Racism; SegregationCivil Rights Act of 1964 and,153
crime enforcement and mass incarceration,157
history of racism and,135, 150–151, 217
inequities in agricultural policy and,36
Job Corps,174, 175, 182
Johnson, Lyndon B.,191Civil Rights Act of 1964,144, 145
Clean Air Act and,105
food security and,33–34
Great Society and legislation during administration of,8
Housing and Urban Development Act of 1965 and,189,
191, 194, 195
War on Poverty and,171–172
Watts Rebellion and,154
Journey of Reconciliation,139
Juvenilization, of poverty,59
Kansas, and desegregation of education,166.
See also Brown v. Board of Education of TopekaKelley, Florence,73
Kennedy, John F.,142, 144, 189
Kennedy, Robert F.,142, 143, 144
Kerner Commission (1968),154, 188–189
Keynes, John Maynard,23
King, Martin Luther Jr.,3, 136, 139–40, 154, 187–188
Ku Klux Klan (KKK),133, 135, 143
Labor. See also Labor unions; National Labor Relations Act of 1935colonial history and,44–45
future of,63–65
history of labor movement,45–54
Labor unionslongshoremen and,51–54
mental health and right to organize,57–63
National Industrial Recovery Act and,50–51
Languages, and Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965,178, 179, 180
Lead pollution, and children,118
Lee, Canada,2
Lee, Sheila Jackson,158
Legislation, examples of laws impacting mental health,11–13.
See alsoSpecific actsLewis, John,142,
143, 156, 159
Libraries, and Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965,178
Life expectancy,63, 72
Life skills, and education,183
Light-Duty Vehicle Greenhouse Gas Emission Standards,113–114
Light of Other Days, The (Tugwell 1962),24–25
Lincoln, Abraham,10
Local government, policies affecting social determinants of mental health at level of,9
Long, Huey,76–77
Long Hot Summer of 1967,154
Longshoremen, and labor unions,51–54, 65
Low Income Housing Tax Credit,200
Ludlow Massacre (1914),48
March on Washington (1932),50
Massachusetts v. EPA (2007),113
Maternity Center Association,74
Mayflower (ship 1620),45
McBride, John,133–134
McCone Commission,154
Medical Committee for Human Rights,3
Medicare and Medicaid programs,9, 91, 147–148, 174, 182
Mental health. See also Posttraumatic stress disorder; Psychiatry; Schizophrenia; Social determinants of health and mental healthAgricultural Adjustment Act and,30, 38–41
Civil Rights Act of 1964 and,12, 148–159
Clean Air Act and,12, 115–121
climate change and,123–124
Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 and,12, 181–182
examples of legislation impacting,11–13
housing and,12–13, 204–207, 209
impact assessments of policies as form of advocacy,223–227
importance of inclusion in all policies,ix–x, 215–216
labor unions and right to organize,57–63
Social Security Act of 1935 and,12, 86–89
summary of stories demonstrating inclusion of in policy,7–11
Mental Wellbeing Impact Assessment (MWIA),225
Merriam, Frank,51
Migrant Education Program,171
Mississippi, and civil right movement,143–144
Mitchell, George,111
Mizell, Von D.,134, 135
Moley, Raymond,25
Montgomery bus boycott,139
Muskie, Edmund,12, 101–104, 105, 109, 115, 218
National Agricultural Research, Extension, and Teaching Policy Act (1977),34
National Air Quality Standards Act of 1970,103–104
National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS),110
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP),136, 138–139, 141–142, 166–167
National Association of Manufacturers,105
National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants,110
National Grange,22
National Guard, and labor movement,53
National Health Interview Survey (2011–2015),40
National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA),50, 54
National Labor Recovery Act (NIRA),50–51, 58
National Labor Relations Act of 1935 (NLRA)future of labor policy and,63, 65
impact of on mental health,11–12, 57–63, 217
labor history and,54–57
racial inequities and,219
National Labor Relations Board (NLRB),55, 63, 64, 65
National Park Service,121
National Sharecroppers Union,49
National Surveys of Children’s Health,39
National Unemployed Council,49
Neighborhood, as social environment,206
New Deal,22, 26, 29, 35, 54, 192.
See also Roosevelt, Franklin D.
New Source Performance Standards (1970),108, 110
New York. See Bail Elimination Act of 2019New York City Planning Commission,31
New York State Industrial Commission,74
New York Times,78
Nineteenth Amendment,10
Nixon, Richard,109, 154, 155
Nobel Peace Prize,4
No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB 2001),176, 178, 180
Nuclear war. See International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear WarNurse-Family Partnership,7
Nutrition assistance programs, and Farm Bill,32
NY FarmNet program,40–41
Obama, Barack,121, 153, 176, 179, 180
Obergefell v. Hodges (2015),9–10
Office of Economic Opportunity (OEO),1, 174–175
Office of Equal Health Opportunity,148
Oil spills, and environmental pollution,109
Old-Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance (OASDI) program,83–84, 87, 88–89, 90
Older adultseffect of Social Security on mental health of,88
impact of Great Depression on,72–73
retirement benefits of Social Security Act and,79
Open shops, and labor unions,56–57
Operating permit program, and Clean Air Act,111–112
Out in the Rural (film 1970),1
Ozone layer, and air pollution,112
Paris Agreement (2017),121–122
Parity, and agricultural policy,26, 28
Parks, Rosa,139
Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (2010),62
Perkins, Frances,12, 73–76, 77, 78, 92
Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act (1996),86
Physicians for Human Rights (PHR),4
Physicians for Social Responsibility (PSR),4
Pigford v. Glickman (1999),36
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896),135
Police, and civil rights movement,144, 154, 157–158
Policy. See also Advocacyon education since 1965,179–180
facets of change in,216–221
on housing,209
importance of inclusion of mental health in,ix
role for psychiatrists and mental health professionals in,221–227
role of in shaping social determinants of mental health,4–7, 215–216
summary of stories demonstrating inclusion of mental health in,7–11
Pollution. See Air pollutionPosttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)climate change and,123
worker’s compensation coverage for,62
Poverty. See also Economic status; War on Povertylabor unions and reduction of,58–59
Social Security Act and programs for,81–82, 84–85, 88–89
Power and empowerment, and labor unions,61–62, 65
President’s Committee on Economic Security (CES),77
Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD),110, 114
Privatization, of social security,90–91
Professional organizations, and advocacy,224–225
Progressive movement, and social welfare,72–73
Project-Based Rental Assistance,202
Project Follow Through,175
Protecting the Right to Organize Act (2021),64
Psychiatric hospitals, desegregation of,152
Psychiatrists, role for in making of policies,221–227
Public housing programs, and Housing and Urban Development Act of 1965,198, 199, 201–203
Public interest, as facet of policy change,216–217
Puerto Rico, governors of,31
Pullman railroad strike (1894),47, 217
Rachlin, Carl,154
Racism. See also Civil Rights Act of 1964; Civil rights movement; Internalized racism; Jim Crow laws; Segregation; Structural racism; Systemic racismagricultural policy and,36
definition of,219
Geiger’s focus on social justice and,3
history of,133–136
housing and,188–189, 200
labor unions and,59–60
as social determinant of mental health,12
Railway Labor Act of 1926,55
Reagan, Ronald,110–111
Reconstruction, and history of racism,134–135, 140–141
Red Cross,49
Redlining, and segregation of housing,155,
190, 193
Regional Haze Program,120
Relationships, and coalition building,218
Rent subsidies, and Housing and Urban Development Act of 1965,194–196, 202–203
Reparations, civil rights movement and concept of,158–159
Republican Party, and future of Social Security,91
Research, and Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965,178
Resettlement Administration,30, 31
Retirementlabor unions and,59
Social Security Act of 1935 and,79, 88
Right to work laws,57
Roberts, Owen,32
Rocky Mountain National Park,121
Roe v. Wade (1973),173
Roosevelt, Franklin D.,24agricultural policy and,22, 26
Black Cabinet and,192
Brain Trust and,23
housing policy and,199
labor history and,50, 54
progressive legislation during administration of,8
social security and,71, 74, 75, 77–78
Roosevelt, Theodore,74
Ross, Josephine Elizabeth,136–137
Rural areas, and desegregation of schools,170–171
Safe Drinking Water Act Amendments of 1996,113
Safety, and labor unions,62
Saltonstall, Leverett,196
San Francisco General Strike (1934–1935),51–54
Schizophrenia, overdiagnosis of in Black people,156
Scholarships, and educational policy,184
Schoolwide programs, and Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965,176–177
Schuyler, George,137, 138
Scott, Elisha,166
Segregation. See also Civil rights movement; Racismeducation and,146,
157, 167–171, 184
“separate but equal” myth and,135–136, 166
systemic racism and150, 151, 156
Self-esteem, and internalized racism,153
Senate Subcommittee on Air and Water Pollution,101
Service Employees International Union,62
Settlement houses,73
Sexism. See also Women’s rights movementCivil Rights Act of 1964 and,146, 154
labor unions and,59–60
Social Security Act of 1935 and,83
Sharecropping, and Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1933,35
Share Our Wealth clubs,76–77
Sherman Antitrust Act (1890),46
Simkins, George Jr.,141–142
Simkins v. Cone,142, 147
Sistrunk, James F.,135
SlaveryEmancipation Proclamation and,10
history of racism and,134, 137, 150–151
labor history and,46
Smith, Al,74
Smith, Howard,144–145
Smith, M. C.,146
Smog, and 1948 event in Donora, PA,97–101
SNAP program,37
Social causation and theory, of link between economic status and mental health,87
Social cohesion, of communities,206–207
Social determinants of health and mental healthCivil Rights Act and,148
conceptual model of,6educational policy and,181
health-promoting policy making and,ix
labor unions and right to organize,59
racism and racial inequity,12
role of policy in shaping of,4–7, 215–216
Social disruption, and climate change,124
Social justice, lifelong commitment of Geiger to,2
Social norms, and public policies,5, 7
Social prescribing, definition of,5
Social responsibility, and advocacy by mental health professionals,224
Social Security Act of 1935creation of modern system of welfare,85–86
evolution of programs for needy,84–85
evolution of public safety net,82–84, 220–221
framework and provisions of,78–82
impact of on mental health,12, 86–89
implementation of,219–220
inequities of,218–219
labor unions and,62
uncertain future of,89–92
Social Security Administration,83, 220
Social Security Amendments of 1965,147, 174
Social selection theory, of link between economic status and mental health,82
Socioemotional learning, and education policy,183
Soil Conservation and Domestic Allotment Act (1936),21, 33, 36
Soil Conservation Service,31
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC),139, 143
Special Subcommittee on Air and Water Pollution,105
Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC),37
Sputnik (Soviet satellite),170
Stafford, Robert,110
State(s)Clean Air Act and interstate air pollution,107
mothers’ aid programs in 1930s and,73
policies affecting social determinants of mental health at level of,9
Social Security Act and programs for aid to needy,81–82
State Implementation Plans, and air pollution,110
Stationary sources, of air pollution,108
Steagall Amendment (1942), to Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1938,33
Stirling County Study,206
Stonewall Rebellion (New York 1969),174
Strengthening Career and Technical Education for the 21st Century Act,180
Stress, and interpersonal racism,152
Stress assistance programs, for farmers,40–41
Strikes, and labor history,47–48, 51–54
Structural racism, and unintended consequences of policies,219
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC),140, 143, 154
Suicideair pollution and,119–120
climate change and,123
education and prevention of,183
Superstorm Sandy (2012),152
Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP),174, 182
Supplemental Poverty Measure,88
Supplemental Security Income (SSI) program,84–85, 89
Supreme CourtAgricultural Adjustment Act of 1933 and,32–33
civil rights and,141
climate change and rulings of,124, 220
decisions affecting social determinants of mental health,9–10
desegregation of education and,167
Swedish National Survey of Public Health,39
Systemic racismagricultural policy and,36
impact of on mental health,149–152
Taft-Hartley Act of 1947,56
Targeted assistance programs, and Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965,176–177
Tax Cuts and Jobs Act,180
Tax legislation, and housing policy,200
Teachers, and Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965,178
Temporary Assistance to Needy Families (TANF) program,85, 86, 89, 91
Tenant farmers, and Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1933,35, 35–36
Thirteenth Amendment,10, 140
Thomas, Elmer,29
Townsend, Francis E.,77
Track system, and education,183
Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire (1911),54, 73–74
Truman, Harry S.,33, 56, 100
Trump, Donald J.,54, 91, 121–122, 180, 184, 208
Tugwell, Rexford G.,11, 23–25, 28, 30–32, 217
Twentieth Amendment,26
Twentieth-fourth Amendment,146
Unemployment compensation, and Social Security Act,79, 81
Unintended consequences, of policies,218–219
United Farmers League,21
United Houma Nation,124
United States Food and Agriculture Act of 1977,32
U.S. Chamber of Commerce,195
U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA),30, 36, 37, 38, 170
U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ),142
U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission Policy Guidance,226
U.S. Public Health Service,100
U.S. Strike Commission,47
Upward Bound, Talent Search, and Student Support Services (TRIO),175
Urban renewal, and Housing and Urban Development Act of 1965,193–194,
197, 199, 200, 203, 205, 219
Vacant Buildings Ordinance (Chicago),225–226
Veterans, and 1932 March on Washington,50
Vietnam War,173, 174
Voluntary domestic allotment plan, and agricultural policy,22, 26
Volunteers in Service to America (VISTA) program,174, 175
Voting, and Civil Rights Act,146–147, 150, 156
Voting Rights Act of 1965,146, 150, 156, 174
Voucher programs, and housing policy,202–203
Wages, real value of minimum,62–63.
See also Income inequality
Wagner, Robert Ferdinand,54
Wagner Act. See National Labor Relations Act of 1935Wagner-Steagall Act (1937),201
Wallace, Henry,30
War on Poverty,2, 171–175, 176, 182.
See also Great Society
War Powers Resolution,103
Warren, Earl,167
Warren, Elizabeth,208–209
Warren, George,23, 29, 32
Washington, D.C., FHA map of residential subareas,190Waterfront Worker (pamphlet),51,
53Watts Rebellion (1965),154, 187–188, 189
Weaver, Robert,191–194, 195
Webb v. School District No. 90 (1949),166
West Virginia v. Environmental Protection Agency (2022),124, 220
Wilson, Milburn L.,22–23
Wilson, Woodrow,48
Women’s Educational Equity Amendments of 1984,180
Women’s rights movement, in 1970s,173.
See also Sexism
Women’s suffrage movement,10.
See also Feminism; Sexism
Workers Ex-Servicemen’s League,50
Work Incentive Program,86
World Meteorological Organization,121
World War I (1914–1918),18, 19, 50
Young Negroes’ Cooperative League,138
Young People’s Forum (Harlem Library),138
