Index

Access, to treatment,

397–398

Accidental injuries,

72–73, 90. See also Traumatic brain injury

Acquired sociopathy,

174

Adams v. Texas (1980),

410–411

ADHD

comorbidity with ASPD,

59–60, 62–63, 68, 414–415

comorbidity with conduct disorder,

425, 431, 434

conduct disorder and symptoms of,

428, 429

in incarcerated individuals,

414–415

maternal smoking during pregnancy and,

162

Adolescent(s)

. See also Age; Children

adolescent-onset type of conduct disorder,

84

conduct problems and callous-unemotional traits in,

331, 332, 336

as parents,

155

Adoption, and antisocial behavior in children,

155–156, 332

Adoption studies, on genetics of ASPD,

114–116, 117, 118–119, 124, 126

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH),

217

Adult(s), and research on psychopathy,

325–327. See also Age

Adulthood antisocial behavioral syndrome (AABS),

46–47, 413

Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), and sex offenders,

466, 467–468, 469

“Affectionless psychopathy,”

5

Affective perspective taking,

275

African Americans

. See also Race

molecular genetics of ASPD and,

142

prevalence estimates for ASPD in,

41

racial disparities in criminal justice system and,

40

Age

. See also Adolescents; Adult(s); Age at onset; Children

assessment of ASPD and estimates of prevalence,

37–38

at remission of ASPD,

37, 105

required for diagnosis of ASPD,

85

sex offenders and,

471

Age at onset

conduct disorder and,

46–47

prevalence estimates for ASPD and,

36

of psychopathic traits,

328–330

subtypes of childhood conduct problems and,

482

Aggression

. See also Early-onset antisocial and aggressive behavior; Proactive aggression; Reactive aggression; Violent behavior

as clinical symptom of ASPD,

87

as clinical symptom of conduct disorder,

84

gender differences in prevalence of ASPD and,

36

genetics of dopaminergic system and childhood-onset,

140

head injuries and changes in,

73

PET studies of,

302–304

pharmacotherapy for,

376–377, 380, 384–385, 386

psychopathy and,

318

as risk factor for physical injuries and motor vehicle accidents,

72–73

social and executive functioning model of,

172–173

testosterone levels and,

170, 220

threat responsiveness and,

276–277

Aggression Questionnaire,

387

Aichhorn, August,

17, 20, 21

Alaska Natives, prevalence of ASPD in,

42

Alcohol, prenatal exposure to as risk factor for antisocial behavior,

164

Alcohol use disorder (AUD), and alcoholism

comorbidity with ASPD,

61, 138

hippocampus volume and,

255

pharmacotherapy for,

381–382, 385

serotonergic genes and,

141

SPECT studies of ASPD and,

293

Alcohol Use Disorder and Associated Disabilities Interview Schedule, DSM-5 Version,

92

Alexander, Franz Gabriel,

17, 21, 22–23

Alias, and deceit as clinical symptom of ASPD,

87

Alienists, and history of psychiatry,

16

Alpha-amylase,

227

Alpha-beta oscillations, and electroencephalography,

187

“Alternative model,” for personality disorders in DSM-5,

9–10

Alternative probes, PET studies with,

301–302

American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry,

432

American Handbook of Psychiatry (Cleckley 1959),

22

American Journal of Psychiatry,

18

Amitriptyline,

378, 381

Amygdala

functional MRI studies and,

274, 275–276

molecular genetics and,

142, 145

psychopathy and neural dysfunction,

321–322, 324, 331

structural MRI studies and,

254

Anger

countertransference and,

402

differential diagnosis of ASPD and,

67–68

functional MRI studies and,

271

Anterior cingulate cortex (ACC),

253–254, 296, 298

Anticipatory fear,

167, 276

Anticonvulsants,

382–383, 384, 386

Antidepressants,

376–377, 378, 380–382. See also Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors

Antipsychotics,

379, 386–388, 434–435

Antisocial behavior (ASB), use of term,

161–162. See also Early-onset antisocial and aggressive behavior

Antisocial personality disorder (ASPD)

. See also Assessment; Biomarkers; Case examples; Comorbidity; Course; Criminal justice system; Diagnosis; Epidemiology; Genetics; Neuroimaging; Neurophysiology; Outcome; Prevention; Risk factors; Sex differences; Treatment

basic characteristics of,

3

care seeking and,

89

clinical symptoms of,

85–89, 450, 451, 452

definitions of,

xv, 29, 151

developmental trajectory of,

480–481

dimensional approaches to,

8–10

DSM system and,

xvi, 3–7, 7–9, 15, 23, 85, 151

etiology of and development of concept,

xvi

funding for research on,

xiii

gender and antecedents of,

444–445

history of concept,

xvi, 16–23

ICD system and,

7, 10–12, 23, 444

as lifelong disorder,

99

measurement of,

116

molecular genetic study of,

447–448

natural history of,

107–109

psychopathy as distinct from,

186, 269, 315

social deviance and concept of, xiii societal burden and cost of,

xiii, 375, 443

“untreatability” myth,

xvi, 349, 350–351, 354, 365, 398

Antisocial reaction, and history of concept of ASPD,

4, 23

Antisociality, and concept of psychopathy in ICD-11,

12

Anxiety disorders, and comorbidity

. See also Generalized anxiety disorder; Social anxiety disorder

ASPD and,

65, 415

conduct disorder and,

445

psychopathy and,

334–335

Aripiprazole,

434, 435

Arrests, of persons with ASPD,

408–409

Asian Americans, prevalence of ASPD in,

40, 41, 42

Assertive community treatment (ACT),

358

Assessment

. See also Diagnosis; Differential diagnosis

age at and estimates of ASPD prevalence,

37–38

of conduct disorder,

430–431

family history and,

90

malingering and evidence-based tools for,

66

medical history and,

90

mental status examination and,

92–93

patient history and,

89–90, 91

physical examination and,

93

structured instruments for,

91–92

of women with antisocial traits,

448–450

Assortative mating, and antisocial behavior,

88, 113–114, 130. See also Marriage

Assumption of psychological maturity, and countertransference,

402

Attentional dysfunction, in children with conduct problems,

334

Attention-deficit hypothesis, for ASPD,

173–174

Australia, and studies of ASPD,

35, 484

Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule,

272

Autonomic nervous system, and biomarkers for ASPD,

220–224

Aversive conditioning,

276

Baclofen,

380, 389

Bail, and criminal justice system,

410

Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-II),

92, 186

Beck Depression Inventory,

92

Behavior

. See Aggression; Antisocial behavior; Criminal behavior; Early-onset antisocial and aggressive behavior; Impulsivity; Sexual behaviors; Treatment-interfering behaviors; Violent behavior

Behavior Intervention Plan,

433

Behavioral genetic studies, of antisocial traits in women,

446–447

Belgium, and studies of conduct disorder,

484

Beliefs, and functional MRI studies,

272, 273

Benzodiazepines,

388–389

Beta-blockers,

388

Big Brothers Big Sisters of America,

433

Biological risk factors

. See also Risk factors

hormonal influences and,

169–171

neurological insults and,

171–176

pregnancy and childbirth complications,

164–165

prenatal substance exposure,

162–164

psychophysiological factors and,

166–169

use of term antisocial behavior in studies of,

161–162

Biomarkers, for ASPD

autonomic nervous system and,

220–224

endocrine system and,

216–220

interactions between,

224–228

Bipolar disorder (BD)

comorbidity with ASPD,

59–60, 64, 68

differential diagnosis of ASPD and,

85, 93

differential diagnosis of conduct disorder and,

431

Black, D.W.,

102, 104, 106, 153, 414

Boarding schools, and historical trauma of Native Americans,

42, 43

“Boot camps,” for conduct disorder,

434

Borderline personality disorder (BPD)

antipsychotics for,

387

comorbidity with ASPD,

35, 59–60, 67, 68, 69, 122, 414

differential diagnosis of ASPD and,

93

FDG-PET studies of ASPD and,

295, 296–297

incarcerated individuals and,

414

male-to-female ratios in diagnosis of,

37

PET studies of ASPD and,

299

sex offenders and,

463

SPECT studies of ASPD and,

293

“Born criminal,” Kraepelin on symptoms of,

19

Bowlby, John,

154

Brain, structural abnormalities in persons with psychopathy,

257–258, 318–321, 331. See also Neuroimaging; Neurophysiology; Traumatic brain injury

Brief motivational intervention,

360

Bromocriptine,

381–382

Brothers in Crime (Shaw 1938),

108

Bullying, and conduct disorder,

84

Bureau of Justice,

39

Buspirone,

226

Buss-Durkee Hostility Inventory,

92

Buss Perry Aggression Questionnaire (BPAQ),

302, 303–304

Callous-unemotional traits, and conduct disorder,

317, 327–328, 330–331, 332, 445–446, 483–484, 487–490

Cambridge Study in Delinquent Development,

113

Canada

age at onset of ASPD in,

36, 37

prevalence of ASPD in prisons,

35

Rockwood program for sex offenders,

469–470

studies of psychopathy in,

313, 318, 415

study of working alliance in psychosocial treatment,

364

Capital punishment, and criminal justice system,

410–411

Carbamazepine,

379, 385, 386, 434

Care seeking, by patients with ASPD,

89

Case examples

of ASPD with low levels of psychopathic traits,

315–317

of clinical symptoms of ASPD,

88–89

of conduct disorder and family issues,

427–428

of differential diagnosis of ASPD,

70–71

of neurological injury and antisocial behavior,

175–176

of outcome of ASPD,

102–103

of pharmacotherapy for ASPD,

389–390

of psychopathy,

314–315

of treatment for conduct problems in children,

490–492

of treatment of ASPD in inpatient unit,

399

of women with ASPD,

452

Catechol O-methyltransferase gene (COMT),

139–140, 448

Categorical Denier Sexual Offender Treatment Program,

471

Cavum septum pellucidum (CSP),

251, 261–262

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC),

467

Cerebellum, and structural MRI studies,

255–256

“Challenge hypothesis,” and testosterone levels,

170

Child Behavior Checklist,

429, 431

Childbirth complications, and biological risk factors for antisocial behavior,

164–165

Childhood-onset type, of conduct disorder,

84

Children

. See also Adolescents; Adoption; Adverse childhood experiences; Age; Conduct disorder; Maltreatment; Parent(s); Physical abuse; Sexual abuse

conduct problems in and prevention of ASPD,

481–482

socialization of as predictor of ASPD outcome,

107

socioeconomic status and prevalence of ASPD in,

45–46

trauma as risk factor for antisocial behavior in,

65, 409

Citalopram,

377, 378

Clearwater program,

353

Cleckley, Hervey Milton,

xvi, 4, 5, 7, 12, 16, 17, 21, 22, 92, 312, 401

Clinical Global Impression (CGI),

384, 429

Clinical settings

prevalence of ASPD in,

33–35

for treatment of ASPD,

399–400

Clozapine,

379, 387–388

Cognitive-behavioral therapy

for antisocial behavior in adolescents,

336

for conduct disorder and conduct problems in children,

432, 485–486

controlled studies of effectiveness for ASPD,

357, 360, 361

Cognitive empathy,

272

Collaborative Longitudinal Study of Personality Disorders,

35

Collaborative Perinatal Project,

162

Collateral information, and assessment of conduct disorder,

430

Collectivism, and cultural factors in estimates of prevalence of ASPD,

33

Colonialism, and prevalence estimates of ASPD,

43

Comorbidity

. See also specific disorders ASPD in incarcerated individuals and,414–415

ASPD in women and,

452–453

conduct disorder and,

425, 427, 430, 445

definition of ASPD in ICD-10 and,

10

distinguishing features of ASPD and diagnostic process,

69–71

genetic studies on ASPD and,

120–123

medical conditions and ASPD,

72–74

prevalence of in ASPD patients,

57, 59–60

of psychopathy with anxiety,

334–335

structural MRI studies of ASPD and,

262–263

symptom overlap and differential diagnosis of ASPD,

67–69

Computerized emotion recognition training program,

489

COMTVal/Val genotype,

139–140

Conduct disorder (CD)

. See also Early-onset antisocial and aggressive behavior

assessment of,

430–431

callous-unemotional traits and,

317, 327–328

clinical symptoms of,

83–85, 427–428

comorbidity and,

62–63, 425, 427, 445

concept of psychopathy and,

317

corpus callosum and,

256

course of,

428–429

developmental trajectory of ASPD and,

480–481

differential diagnosis and,

70, 431–432

DSM-5 criteria for,

421, 421–423, 424, 478–480

functional MRI studies and,

270, 278–279

gender and prevalence of,

444–445

ICD-10 and,

424

outcomes of,

429–430

pharmacotherapy for,

384, 434–435

psychosocial interventions for,

432–434

risk factors for,

428

Confidentiality, and treatment of ASPD,

400

Constitutional psychopathic inferiority,

18

Constitutional psychopathic state,

22

Contingency management (CM)

for childhood conduct problems,

435, 485–486

clinical trials of effectiveness,

356, 357, 360

for incarcerated individuals,

411

Contingent negative variation (CNV), and electroencephalographic studies of ASPD,

196–197, 205

Co-occurrence, of personality disorders in ICD-10,

10

Coping, antisocial behavior as form of,

65

Corpus callosum, and structural MRI studies,

256, 258

Correctional Service of Canada,

470

Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH),

217

Cortisol, ASPD and levels of,

170, 217, 218–219, 225

Countertransference, and treatment of ASPD,

363, 401–403

Course, and continuity of antisocial behavior from childhood to adulthood,

100–102

Criminal behavior

. See also Fire setting; Sex offenders; Stealing

ASPD in women and,

454

psychopathy and aggressive behavior in incarcerated offenders,

318

risk of in children with conduct disorder,

327–328, 430

Criminal justice system

. See also Legal system; Prisons

arrests of persons with ASPD,

408–409

composition and roles of,

407

courts and criminal sentencing,

409–411

genetics of ASPD and,

416

parole and probation,

415–416

racial disparities in,

40

“Criminal psychopaths,” and follow-up studies of ASPD,

107–108

Culture, and cultural factors in estimates of ASPD prevalence,

32–33, 40, 42

Cyprus, and studies of conduct disorder,

484

Dangerous and Severe Personality Disorder program,

10–11, 367

Danish Adoption Study,

124

Death, ASPD and risk of for premature,

67, 72

Deceitfulness, as clinical symptom

of ASPD,

87

of conduct disorder,

84–85

Decision-making

functional MRI studies and reinforcement-based,

278–280

neural dysfunction and psychopathy,

322, 323

Degeneration theory, and history of concept of ASPD,

18

Delinquent nato (born criminal),

18

Denmark, and research on ASPD,

164–165, 344

Department of Health and Human Services,

432

Depression

. See also Major depressive disorder

comorbidity of with conduct disorder,

425

pharmacological treatment of ASPD comorbid with,

381

Development, and research on genetics of ASPD,

119–120

Developmental Trends Study,

101

Deviant Children Grown Up (Robins 1966),

xvi, 6, 23

Diagnosis

. See also Assessment; Differential diagnosis

access to care and,

397–398

distinguishing features of ASPD and,

69–71

explanation of to patient,

398

sex offenders and,

462–463

women with ASPD and,

448–450

Diagnostic Interview for Children and Adolescents,

431

Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children,

431

Dialectical behavioral therapy,

433

Differential diagnosis

assessment of ASPD and,

93–94

comorbidity of other personality disorders with ASPD and,

58, 70–71

of conduct disorder,

431–432

overlap of symptoms in cases of comorbidity with ASPD,

67–69

Difficult patients, view of individuals with ASPD as,

398

Dimensional approaches, to ASPD,

8–10

Dimensional Assessment of Personality Pathology,

299

Dipole, and electroencephalography,

186–187

Direct child training programs,

486

Discipline, parenting and inappropriate or inconsistent,

154

Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder (DMDD),

431

Dissociality, and definition of ASPD in ICD-11,

11–12

Dissocial personality disorder,

11, 22, 23, 444

Disulfiram,

61

Divalproex sodium,

384, 386, 435

Divorce, as risk factor for conduct disorder,

154

Domestic violence, and clinical symptoms of ASPD,

87, 88

Dominance, and testosterone levels,

220

Dopaminergic genes, and molecular genetics of ASPD,

138–140

Dopaminergic system, and biomarkers for ASPD,

226–227

Dropout rates, and treatment of ASPD,

401

DSM-I

concept of ASPD in,

3–4, 15, 19

conduct disorder and,

423

DSM-II

concept of ASPD in,

4–5, 15, 23

conduct disorder and,

423

DSM-III and DSM-III-R

conduct disorder and,

423

criteria for ASPD in,

xvi, 6–7, 15, 23

DSM-IV

conduct disorder and,

423–424

hybrid model for revision of personality disorders,

8

“paraphilia not otherwise specified” in,

462

DSM-5

age requirement for diagnosis of ASPD,

85

concept of ASPD in,

15

criteria for ASPD,

7–8, 9

criteria for conduct disorder,

421, 421–423, 424, 478–480

criteria for oppositional defiant disorder,

478

definition of conduct disorder in,

83

definition of impulsivity in,

69

disruptive mood dysregulation disorder in,

431

“limited prosocial emotions” as specifier for conduct disorder,

317

malingering in,

65–66

Dual-hormone hypothesis, and testosterone levels,

171, 225

Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Study,

105, 143, 153, 155

Duration, and persistence of ASPD,

104–105

Duty to warn, and assessment of ASPD,

92

Dyssocial reaction, and history of concept of ASPD,

4, 23

Early Childhood Longitudinal Study,

165

Early-onset antisocial and aggressive behavior (ESAAB)

. See also Aggression; Antisocial behavior

age at onset and stability of psychopathic traits,

328–330

comorbid anxiety and,

334–335

definition and description of,

311–312

predictive power of for psychopathy,

327–328

subgroups within population of,

312–317

Education, estimates of ASPD prevalence and levels of,

44, 45. See also Schools

Electroencephalography (EEG),

186–187, 188, 189–190. See also Neuroimaging

Emotions

. See also Anger

conduct problems and callous-unemotional traits in adolescents,

331

functional MRI studies and responsiveness to,

271

neurophysiology of ASPD and,

201–203, 206

Empathy

functional MRI studies and responsiveness to,

271–275

lack of as distinguishing feature of ASPD,

70

Endocannabinoid system, and PET studies of ASPD,

301–302

Endocrine system, and biomarkers for ASPD,

216–220. See also Hormonal influences

Environment

. See also Psychosocial factors

families and development of conduct disorder,

152–153

genetics of ASPD and,

120, 123–127, 146

interactions between predispositions for ASPD and,

151–152

structural brain abnormalities and,

259–260

Environmental Risk (E-Risk) Longitudinal Twin Study,

152, 153

Epidemiologic Catchment Area (ECA) survey,

30, 32, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 44, 89, 444

Epidemiology

. See also Prevalence

age at onset of ASPD and,

36

of conduct disorder,

424–425

lifetime prevalence estimates for ASPD and,

31, 32–36

population-based studies of ASPD and,

29, 30

sociodemographic correlates of ASPD,

36–46

Epigenetics, role of in ASPD,

143, 145–146, 153, 326

Epistasis, and genetics of psychopathy,

326

Error-related negativity, and electroencephalographic studies of ASPD,

200–201, 205

Ethnicity, and prevalence rates for ASPD,

39–40, 41, 42–43

Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development,

29, 30, 99

Event-related oscillation (ERO) and event-related potential (ERP), and electro-encephalography,

186, 187, 188

Excitement, and countertransference,

402

Executive functions

aggression and,

172–173

neural dysfunction and psychopathy,

323

neurophysiology of ASPD and,

194–201, 205, 207

Externalizing disorders

comorbidity with ASPD,

58, 61, 122

conduct disorder and,

423

hyperarousal theory of ASPD and,

188–189

Eye gaze deficits, and callous-unemotional traits,

489

Facial expressions, functional MRI studies and responses to,

273–274

Failure to conform, as clinical symptom of ASPD,

85–86

Families and Schools Together (FAST),

433

Family

. See also Family therapy; Parent(s)

clinical findings in conduct disorder and,

427

clinical symptoms of ASPD and,

88

intergenerational transfer of psychopathic traits,

331–333

risk factors for development of ASPD in women,

446

social theories on causation of ASPD,

152–156

socioeconomic status of and prevalence of ASPD in children,

46

Family history, and assessment,

90

Family therapy

conduct problems in children and prevention of ASPD,

488

early interventions for women with antisocial traits,

446

Fascination, and countertransference,

402

Fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), and PET studies of ASPD,

301–302

FDG-PET studies, of ASPD,

295–297

Fear, and countertransference,

402. See also Anticipatory fear

Fear conditioning, and psychopathology,

321

Fearlessness theory,

167–168, 169, 216

Fear-potentiated startle response, and psychopathy,

322

Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI),

38, 39

Feedback-related negativity, and electroencephalographic studies of ASPD,

202–203, 206

Fenfluramine,

296, 380, 389

Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder,

164

Filtering of information, and electroencephalography studies,

190–193

Finland, study of frontal lobe injuries and antisocial behavior in war veterans,

174

Fire setting

as clinical symptom of conduct disorder,

84

comorbidity of with ASPD,

62

Five-factor model, of ASPD,

8

Fluoxetine,

296, 377, 378, 380

Folie morale,

18

Fractional anisotropy,

321

France, and studies of conduct disorder,

484

Frontal lobe dysfunction theory,

174–175

Functional Behavioral Assessment,

433

Functional MRI studies

. See also Neuroimaging

conduct disorder and,

270

emotional responsiveness and,

271

empathy and,

271–275

psychopathy and,

324, 331

reinforcement-based decision-making and,

278–280

response control and,

277–278

threat responsiveness and,

275–277

Gabapentin,

379, 386

Gambling disorder, and genetics of ASPD,

123. See also Pathological gambling

Gamma oscillations, and electroencephalography,

187

Gaze detection task, and psychopathy,

322

Gender

. See also Sex differences; Women

ASPD in incarcerated individuals and,

412, 413, 414

differences in conduct disorder and,

444–445

Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), comorbidity with ASPD,

59–60, 65, 68

Genetic association,

138

Genetics, of ASPD

. See also Molecular genetics

brain morphology and,

259

causal significance of risk and protective factors,

127–130

criminal justice system and,

416

influence of on comorbidity,

121–123

interaction of environment with,

123–127

psychopathy and,

325–327

sex differences in studies of,

117–118

twin and adoption studies,

114–116, 117, 118–120, 121, 123, 124, 125, 126–128, 129, 129–130

women with antisocial traits and,

446–448

Genome-wide association studies (GWAS),

144

Germany, and studies of conduct disorder,

484

Glueck, S. and E.,

100, 107

Go/No-Go Stop task,

277, 300

Gray matter volume, and psychopathy,

319–321, 330

Group delinquent reaction,

423

Group therapy,

433

Guanfacine,

435

Guidelines, for psychosocial treatment,

365–367

Gyrification abnormalities, and psychopathy,

320

Habitual social deviation and criminality,

16

Haloperidol,

435

Hare, Robert,

4, 22, 312. See also Psychopathy Checklist–Revised

Heart rate, and biomarkers for ASPD,

216, 221–224

Help seeking, and ASPD prevalence rates in clinical settings,

33–34

Henderson, David K.,

5, 17, 21–22

Hepatitis,

74

Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP),

8

High-activity COMT allele (HH genotype),

140

Hippocampus, and structural MRI studies,

255, 259

Hispanic Americans

ASPD in incarcerated individuals and,

414

prevalence of ASPD in,

40, 41

Historical Clinical Risk Management–20,

302

Historical trauma, and cultural factors in estimates of ASPD prevalence,

43

History, of concept of ASPD,

xvi, 16–23

Histrionic personality disorder (HPD), comorbidity with ASPD,

59–60

HIV, risk for in ASPD patients,

73–74

Homovanillic acid (HVA),

227

Hormonal influences, and biological risk factors for ASPD,

169–171. See also Endocrine system

Hospitalization

treatment of ASPD and,

399–400

treatment of conduct disorder and,

434

5-HT transporter gene (5HTTLPR),

298–299, 326, 336, 448. See also Serotonin system

5-HTTVNTR polymorphism,

141, 142

Human Genome Project,

118

5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA),

226

Hyperarousal theory, and neurophysiology of ASPD,

188–189, 207

Hyperresponsiveness, to reward as risk factor for conduct disorder,

278–279

Hypo-oxytocinergic state, and oxytocin levels,

228

Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis,

225–228

Hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis,

216–220, 225

ICD-9, definition of ASPD in,

7, 23

ICD-10

conduct disorder in,

424

definition of ASPD in,

10–11

dissocial personality disorder and,

11, 23, 444

ICD-10 International Personality Disorder Examination,

92

ICD-11

definition of ASPD in,

10, 11–12

severe personality disorder in,

11

Immediate Memory Task (IMT),

193, 199

Immigration and immigrants, estimates of ASPD prevalence in,

43

Impaired Integration Theory,

322, 334

Impaired response inhibition, and neurophysiology of ASPD,

198–199

Impulse-control disorder, comorbidity of with ASPD,

61–62, 68

Impulsive Lifestyle Counseling (psycho-education program),

360

Impulsiveness, Venturesomeness, and Empathy Scale,

299

Impulsivity

cerebellum and,

255

as clinical symptom of ASPD,

87

differential diagnosis of ASPD and,

69

electroencephalographic studies of ASPD and,

193, 196, 200, 201

PET studies of ASPD and,

299

Incarceration

. See Prisons Incredible Years Program,433, 486

Individualism, and cultural factors in estimates of prevalence of ASPD,

33

Individualized Education Program (IEP),

433

Individualized relapse prevention,

359

Information processing, and electroencephalographic studies of ASPD,

198–199

Infringement, as basic characteristic of ASPD,

3

Injury, as basic characteristic of ASPD,

3. See also Accidental injuries; Traumatic brain injury

Inpatient units, and treatment of ASPD,

399. See also Hospitalization

Insanity defense, and genetics of ASPD,

416

Insensitivity

as basic characteristic of ASPD,

3

concept of psychopathy in ICD-11 and,

12

Instinct-ridden characters, use of term,

20

Institute for Economics and Peace,

443

Instrumental aggression

. See Proactive aggression Integrated Family Intervention for Child Conduct Problems,488

Integrated theory, for etiology of ASPD in sex offenders,

464, 467, 468

Intellectual disability,

63–64, 432

Intelligence, and context of psychopathy,

12

Intensity sensitivity slope,

193, 194

Intensive multimodal interventions, for conduct disorder,

434

Intentions, functional MRI studies and representation of,

272, 273

Intermittent explosive disorder (IED)

comorbidity of with ASPD,

68

differential diagnosis of ASPD and,

93–94

differential diagnosis of conduct disorder and,

431

FDG-PET studies of ASPD and,

295, 296–297, 298–299

pharmacotherapy for,

385

Internalizing disorders, comorbidity of with ASPD,

64–67, 122

International Affective Picture System,

202

International Space Station,

128

Inventory of Callous-Emotional Traits,

431

Iowa Antisocial Follow-up study,

102–103

Ipsapirone,

226

Irresponsibility, as clinical symptom of ASPD,

87–88

Irritability, and differential diagnosis of ASPD,

67–68

Israel, and research on conduct disorder,

484

The Jack-Roller: A Delinquent Boy’s Own Story (Shaw 1930/1966),

108

The Jack-Roller at Seventy (Shaw 1982),

108

Joint relationship enhancement therapy,

358

Juvenile delinquent, use of term,

151

Kaiser-Permanente,

467

Karpman, Benjamin,

17, 22, 335

Kelly, Mark and Scott,

128

Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia,

431

Koch, Julius Ludwig August,

17, 18–19

Korea, estimates of prevalence of ASPD in,

32–33, 40

Kraepelin, Emil,

17, 19, 21

Laboratory tests, and assessment of ASPD,

93

Lamotrigine,

384

Late positive potential (LPP), and electroencephalographic studies of ASPD,

202, 206

Learning disorders

. See also Intellectual disability

comorbidity with ASPD,

63

comorbidity with conduct disorder,

425

Legal system, and trends in sentencing and prevalence of ASPD in prison populations,

35–36. See also Criminal justice system; Prisons

Levetiracetam,

379, 385

Life-course persistent, conduct disorder as,

430

Life expectancy, of patients with comorbid ASPD and personality disorders,

67, 72

Lifestyle disorder, ASPD as,

398

Limited prosocial emotions,

424, 430

Linkage studies, and molecular genetics,

138

Lithium,

378, 383, 386, 435

Lombroso, Cesare,

17, 18

Low-activity COMT allele (LL genotype),

140

Lying, as clinical symptom of conduct disorder,

84–85

MacArthur Violence Risk Assessment Study,

353

Magnetoencephalography (MEG),

186

Major depressive disorder (MDD)

. See also Depression

comorbidity with ASPD,

59–60, 64–65

differential diagnosis of conduct disorder and,

431

sertraline and,

381

Malingering, comorbidity of with ASPD,

65–66

Maltreatment

. See also Neglect; Physical abuse

conduct problems and callous-unemotional traits in children and,

334

genetic studies and,

143, 326

intergenerational transfer of psychopathic traits and,

332–333

neural abnormalities and psychopathy,

319

as risk factor for ASPD,

128–129, 409

Mandatory treatment, court-mandated for substance abuse,

411

Manie sans delire,

xv, 17

Marriage

. See also Assortative mating; Divorce

clinical symptoms of ASPD and,

88

as predictor of ASPD outcome,

106–107

as protective factor in ASPD,

129–130

The Mask of Sanity: An Attempt to Clarify Some Issues About the So-Called Psychopathic Personality (Cleckley 1976),

xvi, 4, 22, 401

Maudsley, Henry,

17, 18

Mauritius, study of childbirth complications as risk factor for antisocial behavior in children,

165

McCord, William and Joan,

22, 401

Measurement

of ASPD,

116

neurophysiology and,

186–187, 188

Media, and exposure to violence,

156, 302

Medical conditions

. See Accidental injuries; Sexually transmitted diseases; Traumatic brain injury

comorbidity of with ASPD,

72–74

differential diagnosis of ASPD and,

94

Medical history, and assessment,

90

MEDLINE electronic database,

362

Mental Health Act (United Kingdom 1959),

21

Mental status examination,

92–93, 430

Mentalization-based treatment (MBT),

356

Meta-analyses, and neurophysiology,

189

Meta-chlorophenylpiperazine (m-CPP),

296

Methylphenidate,

435

Meyer, Adolf,

4

Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test,

92

Military, disciplinary problems of individuals with ASPD in,

88. See also War veterans

Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory,

62

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI),

91

Minnesota Twin Family Study (MTFS),

124, 126, 130

Mismatch negativity (MMN), and electroencephalographic studies of ASPD,

197–199, 205

Mixed personality disorder, in ICD-10,

10

Modified Overt Aggression Scale (OAS-M),

377

Modified therapeutic community (MTC),

359

Molecular genetics, of ASPD

. See also Genetics

antisocial traits in women and,

447–448

brain imaging studies and,

144–145

dopaminergic genes and,

138–140

epigenetics and,

145–146, 153

genome-wide association studies and,

144

serotonergic genes and,

141–143

Monoamine oxidase A gene (MAOA),

142–143, 145, 146, 163, 259, 301, 303, 447–448

Monoamine system, and biomarkers for ASPD,

225–227

Mood stabilizers,

378–379, 382–386

Moral insanity,

xv–xvi, 16, 17–19

Morbid liar and swindler, Kraepelin’s use of term,

19

Morel, Bénédict Augustin,

17, 18, 21

Motivation, and neurophysiology of ASPD,

201–203, 206, 207

Motivational interviewing,

357, 361

Motor vehicle accidents, ASPD as predictor of,

72, 90

MRI, and neural abnormalities in psychopathy,

318–319. See also Functional MRI studies; Neuroimaging; Structural MRI studies

Multiaxial system, and DSM-III,

6

Multiple threshold model, and behavioral genetic studies,

447

Multisystemic therapy (MST),

434, 446

N100 (N1) and P200 (P2) intensity/sensitivity function, and electroencephalographic studies of ASPD,

193, 194, 204

N200 (N2), and electroencephalographic studies of ASPD,

199–200, 205

Nadolol,

380

Naltrexone,

61

Narcissistic personality disorder (NPD),

59–60, 68, 70

NASA Twins Study,

128

National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI),

433

National Comorbidity Survey (NCS),

30, 40, 424, 452

National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC),

29, 30, 36, 37, 39, 40, 84, 86, 99, 104, 106, 107, 446

National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions-III (NESARC-III),

29, 30, 32, 34, 36, 39, 40, 44, 99, 105, 412

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA),

29, 30

National Institute on Drug Abuse,

29, 30, 99

National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) website,

367

National Institute of Mental Health,

xiii, 304

National Institutes of Health (NIH),

xv, 29, 30, 99

National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health,

130

National Longitudinal Study of Youth,

163

Native Americans, and ASPD prevalence estimates,

40, 41, 42, 43, 46

Natural history, and follow-up studies of ASPD,

107–109

Neglect, and social theories of ASPD causation,

155. See also Maltreatment

Neighborhood disadvantage, as risk factor for ASPD,

128, 157

Netherlands, and study of callous-emotional traits in children,

330–331

Netherlands Twin Registry,

120

Neuroimaging

. See also Electroencephalography; Functional MRI studies; Neuro-physiology; PET studies; SPECT studies; Structural MRI studies

molecular genetic studies of ASPD and,

144–145

psychopathy and identification of abnormalities,

318–319

Neuropeptides, and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis,

227–228

Neurophysiology

emotion and motivation,

201–203

executive functions and,

194–201

filtering of information,

190–193

hyperarousal theory and,

188–189

measurement issues,

186–187, 188

psychopathy and dysfunctions of,

321–325, 330–331

resting electroencephalography and,

189–190

New York Teacher Rating Scale for Disruptive and Antisocial Behavior,

431

New Zealand, and studies on ASPD

adult outcomes of children with conduct problems,

482

criminal behavior in children with conduct problems and callous-unemotional traits,

328

diagnosis of early-onset antisocial and aggressive behavior,

312

predictors of antisocial behavior in children,

153

trajectory of ASPD,

105

working alliance in psychosocial treatment,

364

Norepinephrine,

227

Nortriptyline,

378, 381–382

Norway, and studies of ASPD,

32–33, 116, 120, 121, 259

Norwegian Institute of Public Health Twin Panel,

121, 122

Nucleus accumbens, and response to reward,

280

Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder,

463

Oddball task, and electroencephalographic studies of ASPD,

195, 197

Offender Personality Disorder Pathway program,

367

Office of Management and Budget (OMB),

32

Olanzapine,

379, 387

Opioids,

293

Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD)

comorbidity of with ASPD,

68

conduct disorder and,

428–429, 431–432, 480–481

DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for,

478

in ICD-10,

424

Orbitofrontal cortex (OFC)

antisocial behavior in war veterans and,

174

FDG-PET studies of ASPD and,

296, 298

structural MRI studies of ASPD and,

244, 253, 254

Oregon model, of multimodal intervention for conduct disorder,

434

“Other Conditions That May Be a Focus of Clinical Attention,”

66

Outcome

of ASPD in women,

454–455

of conduct disorder,

429–430

of early-onset conduct problems in children,

482

predictors of for ASPD,

106–107

studies of in clinically referred and general population adults with ASPD,

102–104

of treatment of ASPD for sex offenders,

469–470

Outpatient setting, for treatment of ASPD,

399

Oxazepam,

380, 389

Oxcarbazepine,

379, 385

Oxytocin,

228, 326, 380, 389

P50-N1-P2 sensory gating,

191, 192, 204

P300 (P3), and electroencephalographic studies of ASPD,

194–196, 201–202, 205, 206

Pacific Islanders, and estimates of ASPD prevalence,

40, 41, 42

Pain, response to in others,

274–275

Paired-click paradigm, and sensory gating,

191, 192

“Paraphilia not otherwise specified,”

462

Parasympathetic nervous system (PNS),

221

Parent(s), and parenting

. See also Family; Parent management training

intergenerational transfer of psychopathic traits,

331–333

prevention of psychopathy and interventions for,

336

social theories on causation of ASPD and,

154–155

style of and development of conduct problems in children,

489

therapy for conduct disorder or conduct problems and,

433, 486

Parent-Child Interaction Therapy,

486, 488, 490

Parent management training (PMT),

336, 433, 485, 486, 487, 488, 489, 493

Parole, and criminal justice system,

415–416

Paroxetine,

376–377, 378, 381, 390

Partridge, George Everett,

17, 21

Passive avoidance learning, and neural dysfunction in psychopathy,

321

Pathological gambling, comorbidity of with ASPD,

59–60, 62. See also Gambling disorder Patient history, and assessment, 89–90, 91

Penetanguishene Mental Health Center (Canada),

351–352

Persistence, and duration of ASPD,

104–105

Personality, traumatic brain injury and changes in,

175

Personality Diagnostic Questionnaire-IV,

92

Personality disorders

. See also Borderline personality disorder; Histrionic personality disorder; Narcissistic personality disorder; Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder

comorbidity with ASPD,

59–60, 66–67, 68, 121–122

in DSM-I and DSM-II,

4

hybrid model for revision of DSM-IV,

8

lack of empathy and,

70

sex offending behaviors and,

463

stigma of diagnoses,

397

traumatic brain injury and,

175

PET studies, of ASPD,

294–304

Pharmacotherapy

. See also Antidepressants; Antipsychotics; Mood stabilizers

ASPD and,

375–390

childhood conduct problems and,

485

conduct disorder and,

434–435

Phenytoin,

376, 379, 384–385, 386

Physical abuse

. See also Maltreatment

neurological injuries and abnormalities,

171, 259, 260, 320

as risk factor for ASPD in sex offenders,

468

as risk factor for ASPD in women,

446

as risk factor for PTSD,

65

social theories of ASPD causation and,

155

Physical examination, and assessment,

93, 431

Physical injuries, ASPD as risk factor for,

73

Pinel, Philippe,

xv, 16–17

Pittsburgh Youth Study,

101–102

Point Subtraction Aggression Paradigm (PSAP),

297, 303, 377

Positive parent training,

448

Positive reinforcement, and conduct problems in children,

488. See also Rewards

Poverty

. See Socioeconomic status

Prediction and predictors, of ASPD

childhood factors for in women,

449

follow-up studies and,

106–107

structural MRI studies and,

261–262

Prefrontal cortex (PFC)

antisocial behavior and damage to,

172, 173

functional MRI studies and,

275, 279

structural MRI studies and,

253–254, 258, 260

Pregnancy, and biological risk factors for antisocial behavior,

164–165

Prenatal substance exposure, and biological risk factors for antisocial behavior,

162–164

Prepulse inhibition (PPI),

191, 204

Pretrial detainees, and criminal justice system,

410

Prevalence

. See also Epidemiology

of ASPD in arrestees,

408–409

of ASPD by gender,

444

of ASPD in incarcerated individuals,

35–36, 86, 270, 291, 411, 412, 413

of comorbidity of ASPD with substance and alcohol use disorders,

61, 411

of conduct disorder,

424

lifetime estimates of for ASPD,

31, 32–36

of mental disorders in sex offenders,

461–462

Prevention, of ASPD

childhood conduct problems and,

481–484, 485–492

conduct disorder and,

435

future research on,

492–493

research on psychopathy and,

335–337

Prichard, James Cowles,

17–18, 19, 21

Prisons

. See also Criminal justice system

ASPD and institutional misbehavior,

415–416

estimates of prevalence of comorbidity of ASPD with other disorders in,

58

overrepresentation of racial and ethnic minority groups in,

40

prevalence of ASPD in,

35–36, 86, 270, 291, 411, 412

prevalence of psychopathy in,

411

prevalence of serious mental disorders in,

408

remission of ASPD and,

106

Pritchard, William,

xv–xvi

Proactive aggression

. See also Aggression

definition of,

292

fearlessness theory and,

168

PET studies of ASPD and,

299

psychopathy in incarcerated offenders and,

318

Probation, and criminal justice system,

415–416

Problem-solving skills training, and conduct disorder,

432

Property damage, as clinical symptom of conduct disorder,

84

Propranolol,

380, 385, 435

Protective factors, and genetic research on ASPD,

127–130

Psychiatrie: Ein Lehrbuch (Kraepelin 1915),

19

Psychoanalysis,

364

Psychometric testing, and conduct disorder,

431

Psychopathic inferiority, and history of concept of ASPD,

18

Psychopathic Personalities (Schneider 1957),

20

Psychopathic personality, and history of concept of ASPD,

16, 19, 20, 22, 23

Psychopathic Personality Inventory–Revised,

299, 381

Psychopathic States (Henderson 1939),

5

The Psychopathology of Crime: Criminal Behavior as a Clinical Disorder (Raine 1993),

xiii

Psychopathy

. See also Early-onset antisocial and aggressive behavior

adults and research on,

325–327

brain abnormalities and,

257–258, 318–321

callous-unemotional traits in children and,

483

case example of,

314–315

Cleckley and history of concept, xvi conduct disorder and concept of,

317

cortisol levels and,

171, 219

criminal justice system and,

410

definition of,

311, 312–313

as distinct from ASPD,

186, 269, 315

electroencephalographic studies of,

197, 200

functional MRI studies and,

279–280

in incarcerated individuals,

411, 415

intergenerational transfer of,

331–333

neural dysfunctions and,

321–325, 330–331

predictive power of conduct problems plus callous-unemotional traits for,

327–328

prevalence of,

318, 411, 415

research on prevention of,

335–337

use of term,

xiii–xiv, 20, 151, 291–292, 410

in women,

455–456

Psychopathy Checklist–Revised (PCL-R),

11, 91–92, 171, 186, 220, 278, 292, 313, 319, 320, 322, 324, 329, 330, 351, 353, 410, 416, 448, 449

Psychopathy Checklist: Screening Version (PCL:SV),

324–325, 330

Psychopathy Checklist: Youth Version (PCL-YV),

324

Psychophysiological factors, and risk of ASPD,

166–169

Psychosis, and differential diagnosis of ASPD,

93

Psychosocial factors

. See also Environment; Social theories

antisocial traits in women and,

445–446

structural MRI studies of ASPD,

258

Psychosocial interventions

. See also Cognitive-behavioral therapy; Contingency management

conduct problems in children and prevention of ASPD,

485–490

controlled trials of for ASPD,

355, 356–361, 362–363

interventions for conduct disorder,

432–434

service guidelines for ASPD and,

365–367

therapeutic relationship and ASPD,

363–364

PsycINFO electronic database,

362

PTSD

comorbidity of ASPD with,

34, 59–60, 65, 68, 69

comorbidity of conduct disorder with,

425

sex differences in,

37

Public assistance, and risk factors for ASPD,

46

Public health, and conduct disorder,

425, 435

Punishment

. See also Rewards

feedback-related negativity and responsiveness to,

202–203

functional MRI studies and,

278–280

Quetiapine,

379, 387

Race

ASPD in incarcerated individuals and,

414

prevalence rates for ASPD and,

39–40, 41, 42–43

Reactive aggression

definition of,

292

fearlessness theory and,

168

PET studies of ASPD and,

299

threat response and,

276–277

Reading achievement, relation between antisocial behavior and,

63

Reasoning and Rehabilitation (cognitive-skills program),

336, 356

Recidivism

ASPD and rates of,

416

factors related to for sex offenders,

463–464

Recklessness

differential diagnosis of ASPD and,

69

disregard for rights of others as clinical symptom of ASPD,

87

Regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF), and SPECT studies,

292–294

Reich, Wilhelm,

17, 21

Reinforcement-based decision-making, and functional MRI studies,

278–280. See also Positive reinforcement

Remission, of ASPD

follow-up studies of,

105

sex differences in age at,

37

Remorse, lack of as clinical symptom,

88–89, 269–270

Rescue fantasies, and countertransference,

403

Research Diagnostic Criteria (RDC),

6, 30, 32, 304

Resilience, and ASPD in sex offenders,

465–466

Resistance, and psychosocial treatment,

366

Respectful neutrality, and treatment,

400

Response control, and functional MRI studies,

277–278

Resting heart rate (RHR),

166–167, 169

Rewards

. See also Positive reinforcement

conduct problems in children and,

488–489

feedback-related negativity and responsiveness to,

202–203

functional MRI studies and,

278–280

Risk factors

. See also Biological risk factors

for arrest of persons with ASPD,

409

for conduct disorder,

426

genetic research on ASPD and,

127–130

multiple pathways for ASPD,

484–485

Risperidone,

379, 387, 434–435

Robins, Lee,

xvi, 6, 12, 23, 100, 101, 103, 104, 106, 152, 153, 161, 412

Rockwood treatment program, for sex offenders,

469–470

The Roots of Crime (Alexander and Healy 1935),

22

Rorschach test,

91

Rule violations, as clinical symptom of conduct disorder,

85

Rush, Benjamin,

17

Safety

differential diagnosis of irritability and recklessness,

69

treatment of ASPD and,

366, 400, 401

“Scared straight” programs, for conduct disorder,

434

Schizophrenia

antipsychotics for,

386–387

differential diagnosis of ASPD and,

85

neurophysiology and,

254, 255

Schizophrenia spectrum disorder,

302

Schizotypal personality disorder,

70

Schneider, Kurt,

4–5, 17, 20, 21

Schools

. See also Education

clinical symptoms of conduct disorder and,

85

psychosocial interventions for conduct disorder and,

433

Secondary psychopathy,

334, 335

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs),

376, 381, 382

Self-control, and age of sex offenders,

471

Self-report questionnaires, and estimates of prevalence of ASPD,

34

Sensation-seeking theory,

168–169, 216

Sensory gating, and neurophysiology of ASPD,

191, 192, 204

Septum pellucidum,

261

Serotonin system

. See also 5-HT transporter gene

aggression and levels of,

376

biomarkers for ASPD and,

226–227

molecular genetics and,

141–143

serotonergic probes and PET studies of ASPD,

297–301

Sertraline,

378

“Settled down,” and follow-up studies of ASPD,

107

Severe personality disorder, in ICD-11,

11

Sex differences

. See also Gender; Women

comorbidity of ASPD with other disorders and,

58

estimates of prevalence of ASPD and,

36–37, 38, 444

genetically informed studies of ASPD and,

117–118

structural MRI studies and,

260–261, 262

Sex offenders

anecdotal description of ASPD in,

470–471

diagnostic assessment of,

462–463

etiology of ASPD in,

464–469

prevalence of psychopathy in,

415

rate of mental illness in,

461–462

recidivism and,

463–464

Rockwood treatment program for,

469–470

as serious social problem,

461

Sexual abuse

clinical symptoms of conduct disorder and,

84

as risk factor for ASPD,

146, 468

as risk factor for PTSD,

65

Sexual addiction, comorbidity of with ASPD,

62

Sexual attraction, and countertransference,

402

Sexual behaviors, ASPD and high-risk,

73

Sexually transmitted diseases,

73–74, 90

SF-12 Health Survey,

450

Shaw, Clifford,

108–109

Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), of COMT,

139

Skin conductance, and skin conductance response (SCR),

166, 167, 168, 169, 173, 221–224

Smoking, maternal during pregnancy,

162–164

Social anxiety disorder (SAD),

59–60, 65

Social deviance, as distinct from ASPD,

xiii

Social learning theory,

486

Social push perspective,

166–167

Social referencing, and emotional expressions,

273–274

Social relationships

clinical symptoms of ASPD and,

88

social theories on ASPD causation and,

156

Social salience hypothesis, and oxytocin levels,

228

Social theories, on causes of ASPD

. See also Psychosocial factors; Socioeconomic status

families and,

152–156

interactions between predispositions and environmental stressors,

151–152

media influence and,

156

peer relationships and,

156

socioeconomic status and,

156–157

Sociodemographic correlates, and epidemiology of ASPD,

36–46

Socioeconomic status (SES)

estimates of ASPD prevalence and,

44–46

social theories of ASPD causation and,

156–157

structural brain abnormalities and,

259

women with ASPD and,

450

Sociopathic disorder,

276

Sociopathic personality disturbance,

4, 19, 21, 23

Sociopathy

history of concept of ASPD and,

16

Robins and development of concept,

xvi

use of term,

xiii–xiv, 151

Space travel, twin study on effects of,

128

SPECT (single-photon emission computed tomography) studies, of ASPD and aggression,

292–294

Spitzer, Robert,

6

Standard clinical case management (SCCM),

358

Startle response, and fearlessness theory,

168

Stealing, as clinical symptom of conduct disorder,

84–85

Stigma, of personality disorder diagnoses,

397

Stimulants, and conduct disorder,

434

Strengths-based case management,

358

Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire,

202

Stress, and stressors

cortisol levels and,

170

fearlessness theory and,

167

Striatum, and structural MRI studies,

255

Stroop task,

277

Structural MRI studies, of ASPD

. See also Neuroimaging

amygdala and,

254

biosocial interactions and,

258

brain abnormalities and,

257–258

brain structure and prediction of,

261–262

cerebellum and,

255–256

corpus callosum and,

256

directions for future research,

262–263

hippocampus and,

255

prefrontal cortex and,

244, 253–254, 260

sex differences and,

260–261

sources of structural brain abnormalities,

259–260

striatum and,

255

summary of findings,

245–252

Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5 Personality Disorders,

92

Structured Interview for DSM-IV Personality Disorders,

92, 448

Stürup, Georg K.,

17, 23

Substance use disorders (SUDs)

comorbidity with ASPD,

34–35, 59–60, 61, 68, 122–123, 409, 411, 452–453

comorbidity with conduct disorder,

425

court-mediated treatment of,

411

crimes by individuals with comorbid ASPD and,

409

differential diagnosis of ASPD and,

93

psychopathy and,

319

sex ratios in treatment samples of,

37

in women with ASPD,

452–453

Subtypes, of conduct disorder,

423, 482–484

Suicide, and suicidal behavior

ASPD as risk factor for,

64, 414

assessment of ASPD and,

92

comorbidity of anxiety disorders with ASPD and,

65

comorbidity of conduct disorder with depression and,

425

paroxetine for depression comorbid with ASPD,

381

Supervision, and parenting,

154

Supportive-expressive psychotherapy,

361

Sweden, and studies of ASPD

adoption study of genetics,

124

callous-emotional traits and conduct disorder,

330

estimates of prevalence of ASPD,

32–33

family and antisocial behavior,

113

twin studies of genetics,

116, 129

Swedish Universities Scales of Personality,

302

Sympathetic nervous system (SNS),

221

Systems Training for Emotional Predictability and Problem Solving (STEPPS),

398

Taiwan, and prevalence of ASPD,

32–33, 40, 44

Tarasoff rule,

92

Tattoos, and assessment of ASPD,

93

Temperament and Character Inventory,

297

Temporal lobe epilepsy,

94

Testosterone

biological risk factors for ASPD and,

170, 171

biomarkers for ASPD and,

219–220, 225

Test-retest design, and SPECT studies,

293–294

Theory of mind,

272

Therapeutic nihilism, and countertransference,

402

Therapeutic pessimism, about effectiveness of treatment for ASPD,

350, 398

Therapeutic relationship, and psychosocial treatment,

363–364

Theta oscillations, and electroencephalography,

187

Threat processing, and functional MRI studies,

271, 275–277

Threshold-of-risk hypothesis,

446

Tiagabine,

380, 386

Topiramate,

379, 385–386

Transference focused therapy,

363–364

Trauma, childhood as risk factor for antisocial behavior,

65, 409

Traumatic brain injury (TBI),

73, 175

Treatment

. See also Pharmacotherapy; Psychosocial interventions

access to care and,

397–398

belief about worsening of ASPD and,

351–352

care settings for,

399–400

challenges to,

400–401

of childhood conduct problems and prevention of ASPD,

485–492

comorbid alcohol use disorder and,

61

of conduct disorder,

432–435

countertransference and,

363, 401–403

court-mediated for substance abuse,

411

rejection of by patient,

398

risk mitigation during,

400, 401

view of ASPD as untreatable,

xvi, 349, 350–351, 354, 398

women with ASPD and,

453–454

Treatment-interfering behaviors,

366

Treatment of Severe Childhood Aggression study,

435

Tricyclic antidepressants,

381

Triple P–Positive Parenting Program,

486

Twin studies, on ASPD,

107, 152, 259, 332. See also Genetics

Uncinate fasciculus, and psychopathy,

321, 325

United Kingdom, and studies of ASPD

assortative mating for criminal behavior,

113

callous-emotional traits and conduct disorder,

317, 329, 330, 484

conduct disorder and costs of public service provision,

425

controlled trial of psychosocial treatment for ASPD,

355

families and environmental effects on conduct disorder,

152

follow-up study of “criminal psychopaths,”

108

parents and intergenerational transfer of psychopathic traits,

331, 333

prevalence of ASPD in former colonies,

43

prevalence of ASPD in prisons,

35, 412

prevalence of psychopathy in children,

318

Unsocialized aggressive reaction,

423

“Untreatability” myth,

349, 350–351, 354, 365, 398

Urbanicity and urban residence, and estimates of ASPD prevalence,

43–44

Urine drug screening,

431

Valproate,

378, 384, 385, 434, 435

Values, and cultural factors in estimates of ASPD prevalence,

33

Variable nucleotide tandem repeats (VNTRs),

303

Vasopressin,

228

Ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VPC),

253

Ventromedial frontal cortex (vmFC),

275, 279

Verbal functioning, impairments of,

172–173

Veterans Affairs Medical Centers,

34

Violent behavior

. See also Aggression; Domestic violence

as clinical symptom of ASPD and,

87

exposure to as risk factor for ASPD in sex offenders,

466–467

FDG-PET studies of,

295–296

frontal lobe dysfunction and,

174

head injuries and changes in,

73

lithium and,

383

media influence on,

156

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and,

382

Virginia Twin Registry,

122

Vitello Aggression Scale,

431

Voxel-based morphometry,

244, 253

Vulnerability, and ASPD in sex offenders,

465–466

Wanderlust, and impulsivity,

87

War veterans, neurological injuries and antisocial behavior in,

174

Washington University,

6

White matter structure abnormalities, and psychopathy,

320–321, 324, 325, 330

Women

. See also Gender; Sex differences

comorbidity of ASPD in,

452–453

diagnosis and assessment of ASPD in,

448–450

genetics of ASPD in,

446–448

outcomes of ASPD in,

454–455

psychopathy and,

455–456

psychosocial factors associated with antisocial traits in,

445–446

symptoms of ASPD in,

450, 451, 452

treatment of ASPD in,

453–454

Working alliance, and psychosocial treatment,

363, 364

World Health Organization,

7. See also ICD-9; ICD-10; ICD-11