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Published Online: 16 June 2022

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Publication: The American Psychiatric Association Publishing Textbook of Mood Disorders
https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9781615379620.index
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Page numbers printed in boldface type refer to tables and figures.
ABFT (Attachment-Based Family Therapy),
479
Acamprosate,
788
ACE (angiotensin-converting enzyme) gene,
219
Actigraphy,
873, 880
Activities of daily living (ADLs),
710
ADAMHA (Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health Administration),
19
Adjunctive strategies. See Combination pharmacological strategies
Adjustment disorder with depressed mood,
706
Adolescent Behavioral Activation Program (A-BAP),
477
Adolescent Depression Antidepressants and Psychotherapy Trial (ADAPT),
476
Adolescents. See Pediatric mood disorders
Adoption studies,
781
Adrenal glands,
106–108, 107.See also Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis
Adrenergic receptors
immune cells with,
110
monoamine hypothesis and,
97
postmortem brain studies of,
183
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
atypical depression and,
651
bipolar disorder levels,
113
depression levels,
111, 112, 113, 119
function of,
106
pregnancy and postpartum levels,
112
Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study,
897, 903
Age and aging,
111, 112, 222–223
Age at onset, of mood disorders,
35–38, 40, 42
Agency for Health Care Policy and Research (AHCPR),
496, 497, 499, 501
Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ),
474–475, 497, 499
Agomelatine,
613
Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health Administration (ADAMHA),
19
Alcoholics Anonymous,
788
Allopregnanolone,
516, 623, 806
Alpha-2 adrenergic receptor antagonists
indications
combination use in major depressive disorder,
591, 595
medical illnesses with depression,
748
pediatric depressive disorders,
693
pharmacodynamics/pharmacokinetics,
585, 591, 595
side effects,
693
Alprazolam,
617, 818–819
Alzheimer’s disease,
705, 708
American Academy of Pediatrics,
570, 571, 577
American College of Physicians,
499
American Foundation for Suicide Prevention,
574, 577
American Heart Association Stroke Council,
752
American Psychiatric Association.
See also Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (APA)
Council of Research Task Force on Novel Biomarkers and Treatments, 2017 consensus statement on use of ketamine,
599, 622
Practice Guideline for the Treatment of Patients With Major Depressive Disorder,
235, 412, 420, 496–497, 500–517, 519, 613, 614, 620–621
American Psychological Association, Clinical Practice Guideline for the Treatment of Depression Across Three Age Cohorts (2019),
519
Amitriptyline
background,
285, 287
classification,
234, 235
clinical evidence (efficacy),
236
comparative effectiveness,
287, 426, 430
dosage,
235
drug-drug interactions,
255
indications,
287, 672, 673, 675
pharmacodynamics/pharmacokinetics,
234, 235, 252, 254, 255
safety and tolerability,
287–288
side effects,
235, 288
Amoxapine
background,
285
classification,
234
comparative effectiveness,
287
dosage,
235
indications,
287, 675
pharmacodynamics/pharmacokinetics,
234
Amygdala,
170–171, 192–194
Anaclitic versus introjective depression (Blatt 2004),
447
Anatomical pathology,
165–176
background,
165
conclusion,
171–172
glial pathology,
165–169, 171
neuronal pathology,
169–171
postmortem brain studies,
177–179
reversal attempts with medication,
171
Ancestral conditions,
147–148
Androgens,
109, 110, 122
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene,
219
Anhedonia scales,
70
Antepartum depression. See Peripartum depression
Anterior limb of the internal capsule (ALIC),
342, 343, 361
Anticonvulsant mood stabilizers,
276–281.See also specific drugs
about,
280–281
comparative effectiveness,
277
indications
acute bipolar depression,
277
acute mania,
276–277
maintenance treatment of bipolar disorder,
277–278
major depressive disorder,
278
overview,
279–280
suicide prevention,
279
pharmacodynamics/pharmacokinetics,
122–123, 276
practice guidelines on,
512–513
pregnancy and lactation safety,
278
safety and tolerability,
278, 279
Anticytokine therapy,
140
Antidepressants
background,
375–376
“black box” warning,
262–263, 570–571
combination strategies. See Combination pharmacological strategies
comparative effectiveness,
273, 411–413, 414
cultural adaptations and,
853
history of,
495
practice guidelines on,
498, 505, 509–511, 534
pregnancy and lactation safety,
807–811
relapse after discontinuation,
812
reversal of cell pathology with,
171
sleep affected by,
873–878
specific medications. See Bupropion; Mirtazapine; Monoamine oxidase inhibitors; Nefazodone; Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and related antidepressants; Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors; Tetracyclic antidepressants; Trazodone
suicide risk and,
260–263, 570–571
Antidepressant Treatment History Form (ATHF),
611
Antidepressant Treatment Response Questionnaire (ATRQ),
611
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH),
109, 110, 119, 123
Anti-Mullerian hormone,
820
Antipsychotics,
285–296.See also specific drugs
background,
285–286
classification
first-generation antipsychotics,
286–288
new generation,
293
second-generation (atypical) antipsychotics,
205, 288–294, 617–618, 697–698, 698
conclusion,
293–294
indications
bipolar depression,
286, 288–290
bipolar mania,
286, 287, 291–292
combination use in major depressive disorder,
274, 289, 290–291, 617–618, 673, 674
major depressive disorder with psychotic features,
286, 673
pediatric bipolar disorder,
697–698, 698
treatment-resistant depression,
289, 290–291, 617–618
long-acting injectables,
292–293
pharmacodynamics/pharmacokinetics,
122
practice guidelines on,
504
side effects,
287
sleep affected by,
882
Anxiety disorders
comorbid mood disorders,
36, 68–69, 612
comorbid treatment-resistant depression,
612
DSM-5 classification,
22–23
historical classification,
16
treatment,
368, 370, 586
Apathy scales,
70
Applied Suicide Intervention Skills Training (ASIST),
548
Arginine vasopressin (AVP),
109, 110, 119, 123
Aripiprazole
background,
290
comparative effectiveness,
277, 366
dosage,
292–293, 597
indications
bipolar disorder maintenance treatment,
277, 292–293
combination use in major depressive disorder,
274, 586, 593, 593, 597–598, 597, 617, 618
cyclothymic disorder,
657
pediatric bipolar disorders,
698, 699
treatment-resistant depression,
290
as long-acting injectable,
292–293
pharmacodynamics/pharmacokinetics,
122, 290, 597–598, 597
practice guidelines on,
504, 512, 518, 530, 532, 535
side effects,
290, 598
Arketamine,
383, 388
Arterial spin labeling (ASL),
192
Asenapine
indications,
292, 597, 698, 699
pharmacodynamics/pharmacokinetics,
597
practice guidelines on,
530, 531, 532, 534, 535
ASIST (Applied Suicide Intervention Skills Training),
548
Ask About Suicide Questionnaire (ASQ),
564
As Safe As Possible intervention,
572
Assessment instruments,
55–90
about
goals of,
55–57
summary,
82
for bipolar disorder,
528–529
in clinical practice,
78, 509, 728–730, 736–737, 738
culture-specific measures,
839–845, 840, 842–843
development of,
77
diagnostic interviews,
57, 58–60, 63, 81–82, 529
for geriatric mood disorders,
710–711, 712
intellectual property issues and violations,
82–83
for medical illnesses with depression,
744–746, 753
model for,
57
patient ratings versus clinician ratings, comparison of,
76, 509
practice guidelines on,
509
in primary care settings,
728–730, 736–737, 738
rating scales,
58–59, 60–82.See also Rating scales
in research settings,
78–80
semistructured diagnostic interviews,
58, 59–60, 529
structured diagnostic interviews,
17, 57, 58–59, 80–81, 529
for substance use disorder comorbidity,
785–786, 787
suicide screening,
73–75, 564–567, 566
virtual administration of,
80–81
Astrocytes,
166–167, 171
ATHF (Antidepressant Treatment History Form),
611
Atomoxetine,
241, 257–258, 696
ATRQ (Antidepressant Treatment Response Questionnaire),
611
Attachment-Based Family Therapy (ABFT),
479
Attachment patterns
as evolutionary adaptations,
147–148, 149, 151–152
interpersonal psychotherapy and,
420, 421
Attempted Suicide Short Intervention Program (ASSIP),
552
Attentional network,
195–196
Atypical antipsychotics. See Second-generation (atypical) antipsychotics
Atypical depression,
649–653
about
background,
649–650
conclusion,
658–659
future directions,
653
clinical features,
650–651
differential diagnosis,
612
epidemiology,
650
pathogenesis,
651–652
treatment,
235–236, 249–252, 649, 652–653
Australian National Mental Health Survey,
21
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD),
278, 809, 810
Autoimmunity,
110, 115, 116–117, 137–138, 139
Automatic thoughts (AT),
409, 410–411, 410
Autonomic nervous system,
136–137
AV-101 (L-4-chlorokynurenine),
390
AVP (arginine vasopressin),
109, 110, 119, 123
Barcelona Trial,
459–460
BDNF (brain-derived neurotrophic factor) gene,
219, 221, 222–223.See also Brain-derived neurotrophic factor
Bech-Rafaelsen Mania Scale (BRMaS),
69
Bech-Rafaelsen Melancholia Scale (BRMeS),
69
Beck Depression Inventory (BDI),
64, 66, 422
Beck Scale for Suicide Ideation (BSI),
74, 545–546
Behavioral activation (BA)
background,
405
dissemination of,
408
efficacy,
408–409
in primary care settings,
735
in youth,
477
Behavior therapy (BT)
.See also Cognitive and behavioral therapies
background,
405–406
within CBT process,
411
comparative effectiveness,
407
efficacy,
407–409
practice guidelines on,
519
for substance use disorders,
787–788
Benzodiazepines,
513, 617
Bereavement,
152, 420–421
Bereavement-related depression,
706, 709
BIC (brief intervention and contact),
552
Biosocial goals,
148–150, 152–154
Bipolar and related disorder due to another medical condition,
23
“Bipolar anxiety,”
69
Bipolar depression
antipsychotics for,
286, 288–290
bright light therapy for,
643
differential diagnosis,
612
Bipolar disorder
age at onset,
36
assessment instruments,
68–69, 70, 73
classification in DSM-5,
22–23.See also Classification of mood disorders
comorbidities,
36, 37, 118, 785.See also Child maltreatment; Sleep disorders; Substance use disorders
course,
34–35, 527, 656–658
epidemiology. See Epidemiology
forced sleep deprivation as treatment,
884
historical description,
4–8
historical diagnostic criteria,
288
historical theories,
8–11
historical therapies,
11
integrative management of. See Practice guidelines; Suicide and suicide prevention
investigation of. See Anatomical pathology; Brain neuroimaging; Epigenetic processes; Genetics
misdiagnosis rate,
527, 528–529
modern era theory and therapy overview,
11
mood syndromes as risk factor for,
34
neurodevelopmental models,
687
pathogenesis. See Brain postmortem studies; Evolutionary aspects of mood disorders; Immune system; Neurochemistry; Psychoneuroendocrinology
in pediatric population,
687, 689, 690, 697–699, 698
psychoeducation,
456–457, 458–460, 461, 463–464, 467
psychotherapy,
455–471
background,
455
clinical efficacy,
465–466
cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) for,
457–458, 463–466, 531, 535, 884
early-onset bipolar patients,
464–465
family-focused therapy (FFT) for,
461–463, 535
future directions,
466–468
high-risk bipolar patients,
465
individual psychosocial approaches,
456–465
interpersonal psychotherapy,
456–457
limitations across efficacy studies,
466
study limitations,
466
sleep disorders and,
877–884
sleep-mood relationship in,
879–880
sleep objectifying in,
880–881
somatic interventions. See Antipsychotics; Deep brain stimulation; Electroconvulsive therapy; Lithium; Mood stabilizers
specifiers and qualifiers,
24–25
subtypes of. See Geriatric mood disorders; Pediatric mood disorders
theoretical model and hypothesized mechanism,
687
Bipolar I disorder
brain studies,
198, 222
burden of,
41
comorbid seasonal affective disorder,
635, 636
course,
656
diagnostic criteria,
23
differential diagnosis,
667, 689
in geriatric population,
706
pharmacotherapy,
277, 279, 288–292, 504, 516, 598
prevalence,
32–33
psychotherapy,
456–458, 459–465
rating scales,
68–69, 70, 73
sleep disturbances,
877, 881
Bipolar II disorder
comorbid atypical depression,
650
comorbid cyclothymia,
657
comorbid seasonal affective disorder,
635, 636
course,
656
diagnostic criteria,
8, 18, 23, 528
epigenetic processes,
222
neurochemistry of,
96
pharmacotherapy,
273, 504
prevalence,
32–33
psychotherapy,
456–459, 461, 463–465
rating scales,
68–69, 70
sleep disturbances,
877
Bipolar Inventory of Symptoms Scale (BISS),
68–69
Bipolar mania
brain imaging,
196
neuromodulation therapies,
302
pharmacotherapy,
276–277, 286–287, 291–292
Birleson Depression Self-Rating Scale for Children (DSRS-C),
68
“Black box” warning,
262–263, 570–571
Blood oxygen level–dependent (BOLD) imaging,
192, 195
Body dysmorphic disorder,
612
BPI (brief psychosocial intervention),
476, 480
Brain communication,
136–137
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)
altered function in mood disorders,
184–185
BDNF gene,
219, 221, 222–223
estrogens and,
117
perimenopausal depression and,
820, 822
sex differences,
803
transcranial stimulation and,
327
Brain neuroimaging,
191–203
of bipolar disorder,
193, 194, 195, 196–198
of cerebral blood flow,
196
of depression,
192–196, 193, 197, 198
electroconvulsive therapy biomarkers,
300
of emotion processing,
192–194, 193
familial risk and resilience studies and,
199
future directions,
198–200
geriatric mood disorders,
707–708, 711, 712
of gray matter,
196–197
major depressive disorder with psychotic features,
671
medical illnesses with depression,
743–744
neurotransmitter magnetic resonance spectroscopy,
198
newer areas of,
198–199
pediatric mood disorders,
199
perimenopausal depression,
820–821
of resting state,
195–196
of reward processing,
194–195
substance use disorders,
771, 783–784
transcranial stimulation,
327–328
types of,
191–192
of white matter,
197
Brain postmortem studies
background,
177
of brain-derived neurotrophic factor,
185
conclusion,
185–186
of dendritic spines,
178–179
on epigenetic effects,
218, 220, 222, 223
GABA concentration,
179–182, 181
of glia,
178
glutamate concentration,
179–180, 182
of monoaminergic function,
182–184
of neurons,
177–178
Brain stem,
170–171
Brexanolone,
516–517, 623–624, 816
Brexpiprazole
dosage,
598
indications
combination use in major depressive disorder,
593, 593, 597, 598, 617–618
major depressive disorder monotherapy,
516
treatment-resistant depression,
290–291
pharmacodynamics/pharmacokinetics,
597, 598
Brief behavioral therapy,
483
Brief intervention and contact (BIC),
552
Brief psychosocial intervention (BPI),
476, 480
Brief-pulse bidirectional square-wave ECT device,
303
Bright light therapy (BLT),
637–641
about
background,
637
conclusion,
644
clinical evidence (efficacy),
637–638, 643
combined with pharmacotherapy,
642
dawn simulation,
638–639
indications,
637–638, 642–643, 883, 884
practice guidelines on,
510
programs for,
612, 639–641, 644
suicide prevention and,
884
BRMaS (Bech-Rafaelsen Mania Scale),
69
BRMeS (Bech-Rafaelsen Melancholia Scale),
69
Bromocriptine,
596
BSI (Beck Scale for Suicide Ideation),
74, 545–546
BT. See Behavior therapy
Bullying,
562, 563, 571, 904
Buprenorphine,
550, 789
Bupropion
background,
365
comparative effectiveness,
366, 367
dosage,
243, 594, 695
drug-drug interactions,
367
frequency of use,
245
indications
combination use in major depressive disorder,
586, 593, 594, 600, 616, 617
overview,
243, 244, 366–367
pediatric depressive disorders,
693, 695
premenstrual dysphoric disorder,
818–819
seasonal affective disorder,
366
substance use disorders,
366, 789
treatment-resistant depression,
613, 614
pharmacodynamics/pharmacokinetics,
365–366, 367, 594
practice guidelines on,
498, 500, 502, 510, 531, 532
pregnancy and lactation safety,
811, 815
sexual dysfunction mitigation strategy,
259, 260
side effects,
259, 260, 367, 693
suicide risk,
260–261
Burden of mood disorders,
37–43
about
addressing,
43
background,
31–32, 37–38, 375
comparative impairments,
40–41
economic costs,
41–43, 610
education level,
38
marital timing, stability, and quality,
38–39
offspring health,
39
parental functioning,
39
physical morbidity,
40
WHO predictions,
146
Buspirone
comparative effectiveness,
257, 366
indications,
592–593, 593, 617
pharmacodynamics/pharmacokinetics,
592–593
practice guidelines on,
513
CADASIL (cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy),
708
Calcium supplementation,
819
Canadian Cardiac Randomized Evaluation of Antidepressant and Psychotherapy Efficacy (CREATE) trial,
748
Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments (CANMAT) practice guidelines
about,
518
atypical antipsychotic augmentation,
618
bipolar disorder,
529, 612
electroconvulsive therapy,
620
repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation,
620–621
transcranial direct current stimulation,
621
treatment-resistant depression,
613, 615, 616
Cancer
comorbid depression,
137–138, 139, 744–745, 755–757
comorbid persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia),
755
comorbid subsyndromal depression,
755
comorbid treatment-resistant depression,
612
suicide risk,
756
Candidate gene studies,
899
Carbamazepine
background,
286
comparative effectiveness,
273, 277
dosage and drug monitoring,
279–280
drug-drug interactions,
280
indications
acute mania,
277
bipolar disorder,
273, 277–278
combination use in major depressive disorder,
278
comorbid substance use disorders,
785
pharmacodynamics/pharmacokinetics,
276
practice guidelines on,
530, 531, 532, 534, 535–536
safety and tolerability,
279
side effects,
279
sleep affected by,
881–882
teratogenic effects,
273, 278
Cardiovascular disease,
137–138, 743, 744–745, 746–749
Cardiovascular side effects, of electroconvulsive therapy,
303
Caregiver burden,
709–710
Care process model, for suicide prevention,
564, 565, 566
Caribbean Culture-Specific Screening questionnaire,
839
Caring contacts,
565–567
Cariprazine
dosage,
598
indications,
291, 593, 597, 598
pharmacodynamics/pharmacokinetics,
122, 597, 598
practice guidelines on,
516, 530, 531, 532, 534
Carolina Premenstrual Assessment Scoring System (C-PASS),
817
Carroll (Depression) Rating Scale (CRS),
75
CARS (Children’s Affective Rating Scale),
68
CAST (Concise Associated Symptom Tracking) scale,
70
Catatonia,
302–303
CBASP (Cognitive Behavioral Analysis System of Psychotherapy),
407, 409, 655
CBT. See Cognitive-behavioral therapy
CBT for Suicide Prevention,
568
CBT-I (cognitive-behavioral therapy for insomnia),
875
CBTI-BP (cognitive-behavioral therapy for insomnia in bipolar disorder),
884
CDI (Children’s Depression Inventory),
68
CDRS-R (Children’s Depression Rating Scale—Revised),
67–68
Cells. See Anatomical pathology
Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D),
753
Central nervous system (CNS),
134, 135–136, 136–137
Cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL),
708
Cerebral blood flow,
196, 338
Cerebral cortex,
169–170
CGI-I (Clinical Global Impression—Improvement) scale,
75
CGI-S (Clinical Global Impression—Severity) scale,
69, 75
Childhood trauma. See Early-life stress and trauma
Child maltreatment,
895–907
background,
895
conclusion,
904
evolutionary adaptations and,
149, 152
genetic and epigenetic contributions,
899–902, 900–901
immune dysfunction and,
139
inflammation and,
902
mood disorder prevalence, onset, and course affected by,
895–897
other factors to consider,
903–904
poor treatment response and,
896
prevalence,
895–896
psychoneuroendocrinology effects,
113
suicide risk factor,
562, 897
theoretical model and hypothesized mechanism,
445–447, 897–898
Children. See Pediatric mood disorders
Children in the Rainbow program,
464
Children’s Affective Rating Scale (CARS),
68
Children’s Depression Inventory (CDI),
68
Children’s Depression Rating Scale—Revised (CDRS-R),
67–68
Chlordiazepoxide,
789
l-4-chlorokynurenine (AV-101),
390
Chlorpromazine,
285, 286, 530, 531, 532
Chronic depression,
612–613
Chronic fatigue syndrome,
612
Chronic kidney disease,
274
Chronic pain syndromes,
612
Chronotherapy,
643
CIDI (Composite International Diagnostic Interview),
19, 21, 59–60, 842–844, 843
CIGP-CD (cognitive-interpersonal group therapy for chronic depression),
437
Circadian rhythm disorder,
870, 873, 878–879, 883
Circadian rhythm dysfunction,
873, 879–880, 881, 883
Citalopram
background,
248
comparative effectiveness to other drugs,
249, 368
comparative effectiveness to psychotherapy,
413
dosage,
243, 248, 695
drug-drug interactions,
263
epigenetics of treatment responsiveness,
221, 223
gender difference responses,
804
geriatric precautions,
713
indications
combination use in major depressive disorder,
590–591, 592
medical illnesses with depression,
748
overview,
243, 248
pediatric depressive disorders,
690, 692, 695
treatment-resistant depression,
614
pharmacodynamics/pharmacokinetics,
242, 248, 590
side effects,
692
Classical test theory,
65
Classification of mood disorders,
15–30
developmental history of,
15–21
DSM-5 and ICD-11 classifications,
21–25
future of,
25–27
Clinical Global Impression—Improvement (CGI-I) scale,
75
Clinical Global Impression—Severity (CGI-S) scale,
69, 75
Clinically Useful Depression Outcome Scale (CUDOS),
65–66
Clomipramine
comparative effectiveness,
249
dosage,
235
indications,
590, 818
overdose risk,
260
serotonin reuptake inhibitor discontinuation syndrome,
258
side effects,
234
Clonazepam,
617
Clorgyline,
233
Clozapine
background,
286
practice guidelines on,
530, 531, 532, 535, 536
sleep affected by,
882
for suicide prevention,
550
Cognitive and behavioral therapies,
405–417
background,
405–406
future directions,
140, 413–414
group therapy,
458–460, 465, 476
individual behavior therapy,
405–409.See also Behavioral activation; Behavior therapy
individual cognitive-behavior therapy,
409–413, 410.See also Cognitive-behavioral therapy
practice guidelines on,
519
suicide risk and,
262
Cognitive and functional remediation, for bipolar disorder,
463
Cognitive Behavioral Analysis System of Psychotherapy (CBASP),
407, 409, 655
Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT),
409–413
about
background,
405, 406, 409
future directions,
413–414
process of,
411
summary,
413
for bipolar disorder,
457–458, 463–466, 531, 535, 884
clinical evidence (efficacy),
411–413
comparative effectiveness
behavioral activation,
408
interpersonal psychotherapy,
422, 426–427, 428, 434–436, 435
overview,
435–436, 435
pharmacotherapy,
411–413, 435–436
pharmacotherapy combined with,
619
psychoanalysis,
448, 449
computer-based,
788
for depression
in children and adolescents,
411–413, 475–477, 480, 481–482, 483
with comorbid medical illnesses,
428, 711, 748, 751, 754, 759
group therapy,
437
with HIV diagnosis,
428
model for,
409–411, 410
perimenopausal depression,
822
peripartum depression,
812
practice guidelines on,
498, 511–512, 513, 518, 519
in primary care setting,
483
treatment-resistant depression,
619
for geriatric mood disorders,
711
group therapy,
437
for insomnia,
875, 884
practice guidelines on,
498, 511–512, 513, 518, 519, 531, 535
for premenstrual dysphoric disorder,
819
process of,
411
for seasonal affective disorder,
641
for sleep disorders,
875, 884
for substance use disorders,
568, 569, 788
suicide prevention and,
551, 568, 569
Cognitive-behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I),
875
Cognitive-behavioral therapy for insomnia in bipolar disorder (CBTI-BP),
884
Cognitive distortions,
409, 410–411, 410
Cognitive-interpersonal group therapy for chronic depression (CIGP-CD),
437
Collaborative care models,
730–732, 749, 751, 756–757, 760
Columbia–Suicide Severity Rating Scale (C-SSRS),
74, 545–546, 564
Combination pharmacological strategies (antidepressant treatment),
583–608
about
background,
583–584
conclusion,
601
with alpha-2 adrenergic receptor antagonists,
591, 595
with antipsychotics,
274, 289, 290–291, 617–618, 672, 673, 674
with bupropion,
586, 593, 594, 600, 616, 617
with buspirone,
592–593, 593, 617
choosing,
585–586, 587
clinical evidence (efficacy),
616–617
contraindications,
585
definitions,
583–584, 616
dopamine and serotonin antagonists with SSRIs,
593, 595–596, 597
with dopamine type 2 receptor agonists,
596–598, 597
geriatric precautions,
714
with ketamine and esketamine,
593, 598–599
with lithium,
586, 592, 593, 600, 617, 618, 674
with modafinil,
593, 594–595
norepinephrine reuptake inhibition with serotonin reuptake inhibition,
585–586, 590–592
practice guidelines on,
503, 504
single medication with combination of actions,
587–588, 587, 589
targets for,
584–585
from treatment initiation,
599–600
with triiodothyronine,
593, 593, 618–619
Combining Medications and Behavioral Interventions for Alcoholism (COMBINE) study,
788
Comorbidities. See Child maltreatment; Medical illness with depression; Sleep disorders; Substance use disorders
Competition (social),
152–154
Complicated bereavement,
420–421
Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI),
19, 21, 59–60, 842–844, 843
Computer-based cognitive remediation,
463
Computer-Based Training for Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT4CBT),
788
Concise Associated Symptom Tracking (CAST) scale,
70
Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) statement,
79
Contingency management,
788
Coping with Depression course,
476
Copy number variants,
211–212
Core beliefs (schemas),
409, 410–411, 410
Coronary artery disease,
612
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19),
32, 61–62, 80–81
Corticosteroids,
139
Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) antidepressant pharmacokinetics and,
120–121
bipolar disorder levels of,
113
depression levels of,
119
neurochemistry,
94–98
peripartum depression and,
807
pregnancy and postpartum levels of,
112
psychoneuroendocrinology of,
106, 108, 111
Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) suppression test,
113
Cortisol
.See also Glucocorticoid hormones
atypical depression levels of,
651
bipolar disorder levels of,
113
depression levels of,
111–113, 117
hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and,
106–108
immune system and,
137, 139
major depressive disorder with psychotic features levels of,
666, 669–670
pregnancy and postpartum levels of,
112
suicide risk and,
882
Countertransference dilemmas,
451
COVID-19 pandemic,
32, 61–62, 80–81
C-PASS (Carolina Premenstrual Assessment Scoring System),
817
C-reactive protein (CRP),
137, 138–139, 301, 807, 820, 902
CREATE (Canadian Cardiac Randomized Evaluation of Antidepressant and Psychotherapy Efficacy) trial,
748
CRH. See Corticotropin-releasing hormone
C-SSRS (Columbia–Suicide Severity Rating Scale),
74, 545–546, 564
CUDOS (Clinically Useful Depression Outcome Scale),
65–66
Cultural idioms of distress,
846–849, 848–849
Cultural influences. See Ecosocial approach to depression
Cyberbullying,
562, 563, 571, 904
Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor drugs,
140
d-cycloserine,
377, 390
Cyclothymic disorder,
33, 656–658
about
background,
656
conclusion,
658–659
future directions,
658
clinical features,
657
pathogenesis,
657
treatment,
657–658
Cyclothymic personality,
8, 16
Cytochrome P450 metabolism,
236, 245–248, 246, 250–251, 253, 255–256, 611
Cytokine inhibitors,
140
Cytokines,
110, 134–140, 135–136
Daily Record of Severity of Problems (DRSP),
817
Danazol,
819
DBT (dialectical behavior therapy),
551, 567–569
d-cycloserine,
377, 390
Death/Suicide Implicit Association Test (IAT),
546
Deep brain stimulation (DBS),
340–348, 356–364
background,
335–336, 340, 341
clinical evidence (efficacy),
344–346, 356–364
development of,
342–344
electroconvulsive therapy and,
307
ethical considerations,
347–348
historical background,
340–342
safety,
346–347
in treatment-resistant depression,
624–625
Default mode network,
195–196
Delusions,
5, 705
Dementia,
704–705, 704, 706, 872–873
Dendritic spines,
178–179, 196–197
Department of Defense–Veterans Affairs practice guidelines,
518
Depression and depressive disorders
assessment instruments,
55–90.See also Assessment instruments
in children and adolescents. See Pediatric mood disorders
chronic,
612–613
classification in DSM-5,
22–23.See also Classification of mood disorders
comorbidities. See Child maltreatment; Medical illness with depression; Sleep disorders; Substance use disorders
cultural influences,
837–867.See also Ecosocial approach to depression
epidemiology,
31–54, 473–474, 610.See also Epidemiology
historical description,
4–8, 93
historical diagnostic criteria,
288
historical theories,
8–11
historical treatment,
11, 231–232
immune dysfunction and,
138–140
integrative management of. See Combination pharmacological strategies; Practice guidelines; Primary care setting; Suicide and suicide prevention
investigation of. See Anatomical pathology; Brain neuroimaging; Epigenetic processes; Genetics
light therapy for,
642–644
misdiagnosis of,
527, 528–529
modern era theory and therapy overview,
11, 93
neurochemistry,
93–104.See also Neurochemistry
neurodevelopmental models,
686–687
pathogenesis of. See Brain postmortem studies; Evolutionary aspects of mood disorders; Immune system; Neurochemistry; Psychoneuroendocrinology
pediatric,
685–697, 692–696.See also Pediatric mood disorders
psychotherapy. See Cognitive and behavioral therapies; Interpersonal psychotherapy; Psychoanalytic and psychodynamic psychotherapy
risk factors,
729–730, 729
sickness behavior and,
154–155
social rank theory of,
152–153
somatic interventions. See Antidepressants; Antipsychotics; Combination pharmacological strategies; Electroconvulsive therapy; Glutamatergic agents; Transcranial magnetic stimulation; Vagus nerve stimulation
specifiers and qualifiers,
24–25
stigmatization of,
856–857
women and. See Sex differences; Women and subtypes of depression
Depression Guideline Panel, primary care practice guidelines,
497–500, 501
Depression Inventory Development (DID) scale,
64–65, 68
Depression rating scales,
60–68.See also specific rating scales
Depressive disorder due to another medical condition,
25
Desipramine
background,
234, 235
comparative effectiveness,
258
dosage,
235, 236
drug-drug interactions,
587
indications
atypical depression,
651
combination use in major depressive disorder,
587, 591–592, 593, 600
premenstrual dysphoric disorder,
818
practice guidelines on,
502, 510
sex differences in treatment response,
804
side effects,
235
Desvenlafaxine
background,
253
dosage,
253, 695
indications
combination use in major depressive disorder,
590, 591
geriatric mood disorders,
713
overview,
253
pediatric depressive disorders,
692, 695
perimenopausal depression,
821
pharmacodynamics/pharmacokinetics,
242
pregnancy and lactation safety,
810
side effects,
253–254
Detoxification,
789
Dexamethasone suppression test,
108, 111, 113, 301, 651, 670
Dexedrine,
594
Dextromethorphan,
233, 389
Diabetes,
612, 744–745, 749–752
Diabetic neuropathic pain,
254
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (APA)
DSM-I,
15–16
DSM-II,
16, 17
DSM-III,
8, 10, 16–17, 18–19, 653, 654
DSM-III-R,
19, 633–634, 653, 654
DSM-IV,
19–21, 71, 649, 653, 654, 775, 804
DSM-IV-TR,
665, 774
DSM-5
atypical depression,
649–650, 653
background,
10
classifications,
21–25
cyclothymic disorder,
656
depression diagnostic criteria across cultural contexts,
846, 850
diagnostic interviews,
59–60, 529, 786
functional impairment scales,
70–73
future directions,
26
interpersonal psychotherapy diagnoses based on,
422
major depressive disorder diagnostic criteria,
704, 870
major depressive disorder sleep symptoms,
870
major depressive disorder with psychotic features diagnostic criteria,
665
major depressive disorder “with seasonal pattern,”
624, 634
major depressive episode,
610
persistent complex bereavement disorder,
706
persistent depressive disorder,
653, 654, 655
premenstrual dysphoric disorder,
816–817
seasonal affective disorder,
884
Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5 Disorders (SCID-5),
786
substance-induced mood disorder,
775, 786–787
substance use disorder,
773, 774, 775
Diagnostic Interview for Genetics Studies (DIGS),
529
Diagnostic interviews,
57, 58–60, 63, 78, 81–82, 529
Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS),
18, 842, 843
Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT),
551, 567–569
Diathesis-stress model,
146, 156, 411, 544
DID (Depression Inventory Development) scale,
64–65, 68
Diets
immune dysfunction and,
138
for premenstrual dysphoric disorder,
819
for seasonal affective disorder,
641
Diffusion imaging,
197
“DIGFAST” mnemonic,
689
Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST),
737
Discontinuation syndrome,
258–259
Discretized-analog (Discan) metric,
72, 73, 75
Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder,
24
Disulfiram,
789, 791
DIT (dynamic interpersonal therapy),
449
Divalproex
comparative effectiveness,
272, 277, 291–292
dosage and therapeutic drug monitoring,
279–280
drug-drug interactions,
280
indications
acute bipolar depression,
277
bipolar disorder,
272, 277
mania,
276, 279–280, 291
pediatric bipolar disorders,
697–698
pharmacodynamics/pharmacokinetics,
276
practice guidelines on,
530, 531, 532, 534, 535
safety and tolerability,
279
side effects,
279
DNA methylation
bipolar disorder biomarkers,
221–224
depression biomarkers,
218–220, 223–224
stress and trauma effects,
224
treatment responsiveness and,
223–224
Dominant (etiology) goal,
445
Dopamine antagonists,
593, 595–596, 597
Dopaminergic system
altered function in mood disorders,
183–184
antipsychotics’ effect on,
122
monoamine hypothesis and,
94–98
Dopamine type 2 receptor agonists,
596–598, 597
Dorsal attentional network,
196
Double depression,
305, 407, 430, 432–433, 613, 696.See also Persistent depressive disorder
Doxepin,
234, 235
Drospirenone,
818, 819
d-Serine,
389–390
DSST (Digit Symbol Substitution Test),
737
Duloxetine
background,
254
dosage,
243, 254, 695
indications
combination use in major depressive disorder,
590, 591
geriatric mood disorders,
713
overview,
243, 254
pediatric depressive disorders,
692, 695
pharmacodynamics/pharmacokinetics,
242, 254
practice guidelines on,
510
pregnancy and lactation safety,
810
side effects,
254–255
Dutch MIND-IT (Myocardial Infarction and Depression–Intervention Trial) study,
747, 748
Dynamic interpersonal therapy (DIT),
449
Dysthymia. See Persistent depressive disorder
Dysthymic disorder. See Persistent depressive disorder
Early-life stress and trauma
CBT effectiveness,
407
child maltreatment,
895–907.See also Child maltreatment
epigenetic effects of,
224–225
evolutionary adaptations and,
149, 152
immune dysfunction and,
138–139
psychoanalytic model on,
444–447
psychoneuroendocrinology effects,
113
Eating disorders,
612
ECA (Epidemiologic Catchment Area) study,
18, 776
Ecological momentary assessment (EMA),
78, 546, 572n
Ecological momentary interventions (EMI),
572n
Ecosocial approach to depression,
837–867
background,
837–838
conclusion,
855–857
cross-culture equivalence issues,
839–841, 840
cultural constructions of affect and depression,
845–846
cultural dynamics of depression,
850–852
cultural epidemiology of depression,
841–845, 842–843
definitions,
837, 838–839
future directions,
856
political economy of depression,
854–855
somatization and cultural idioms of distress,
846–849, 848–849
treatment of depression across cultures,
852–854
ED-SAFE (Emergency Department Safety Assessment and Follow-up Evaluation),
552
EE (expressed emotion),
460–461
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT),
297–316
about
background,
297–299
conclusion,
308
further developments,
517
barriers to availability,
298
biological markers of response,
171, 300–301
CANMAT guidelines,
620
clinical markers of response,
299
comparative effectiveness,
305, 339–340
cost-effectiveness,
302, 397, 398
device types,
303
“ideal patient” identification,
298, 299–303
indications
catatonia,
302–303
geriatric mood disorders,
714–715
major depressive disorder with psychotic features,
512, 674
mania,
302
medical illnesses with depression,
755
treatment-resistant depression,
619–620, 875
maximizing efficacy,
298, 303–305
neuromodulation and,
298–299, 306–308
practice guidelines on,
501, 503, 512, 513, 530, 531, 532, 534, 620
pulse width,
304
relapses rates,
305–306
safety and efficacy,
301–303
seizure threshold,
303–304, 396–398
side effects,
303–305
stigmatization of,
298
Electroconvulsive Therapy Cognitive Assessment,
304–305
EMA (ecological momentary assessment),
78, 546, 572n
Emergency Department Safety Assessment and Follow-up Evaluation (ED-SAFE),
552
EMI (ecological momentary interventions),
572n
Emotional abuse and neglect,
903–904
Emotion processing neurocircuitry
brain imaging of,
192–194, 193
cerebral blood flow and,
196
future directions,
199–200
Emotion regulation network,
195–196
Encouragement to elaborate intervention,
451
Endicott Work Productivity Scale (EWPS),
72, 73
Endocrine system,
11, 105–110, 107.See also Psychoneuroendocrinology
Enhancing Recovery in Coronary Heart Disease Patients (ENRICHD) trial,
748
Entrapment,
152, 153
Environmental mismatch,
150
Epidemiologic Catchment Area (ECA) study,
18, 776
Epidemiology, of mood disorders,
31–54
age at onset,
35–36
background,
31–32, 610
burden of mood disorders,
37–43.See also Burden of mood disorders
comorbidities and higher-order structure of comorbidity,
36–37
course,
34–35
prevalence,
32–34
youth depression,
473–474
“Epigenetic age,”
220
Epigenetic processes,
217–228
about
background,
217
conclusion,
225
bipolar disorder and,
221–223
childhood maltreatment and,
900–902
depression and,
113, 119, 218–221
glial pathology,
167
stress and trauma effects,
139, 224–225, 899–902, 900–901
treatment effects,
223–224
Epigenome-wide association studies (EWAS),
220
Epilepsy,
336, 337–338
Epinephrine,
137
Escitalopram
background,
248
comparative effectiveness,
257
dosage,
243, 248, 695
frequency of use,
245
indications
combination use in major depressive disorder,
592, 616
overview,
243, 248
pediatric depressive disorders,
690, 692, 695, 699
pharmacodynamics/pharmacokinetics,
242, 248
side effects,
692
Esketamine,
383–387
background,
376–377, 383
clinical evidence (efficacy),
383–384, 385–386, 387, 622, 623
dosage,
384, 385–386, 387, 696
indications
combination use in major depressive disorder,
593, 599
pediatric depressive disorders,
696
treatment-resistant depression,
517, 622–623
pharmacodynamics/pharmacokinetics,
376, 383, 599
practice guidelines on,
518
safety and tolerability,
387
side effects,
387
suicide association,
622–623
Estradiol,
816
Estrogens
about,
108–109
cross talk with immune system,
110
depression levels of,
117–118
perimenopausal depression and,
820
premenstrual dysphoric disorder and,
818
sex differences and,
803, 804
Estrogen therapy,
816, 819, 821–822
Ethical issues with pharmaceutical industry,
505–506, 514–515, 856
Ethinyl estradiol,
818
Evolutionary aspects of mood disorders,
145–161
about
background,
145–147
conclusion,
157–158
ancestral conditions and “goals” of,
147–148
biosocial goals,
148–150, 152–154
evolutionary genetics and,
146, 155–157
genetics and mood disorders,
155–157
life history and attachment patterns,
148–149
theories of mood and mood disorders,
150–155
EWAS (epigenome-wide association studies),
220
EWPS (Endicott Work Productivity Scale),
72, 73
Exercise
for circadian rhythm disruption,
883
inflammatory treatment potential of,
140
for peripartum depression,
812
primary care promotion of,
734–735
for seasonal affective disorder,
641
Expressed emotion (EE),
460–461
Expressive-supportive psychotherapy,
451
Factor scores,
77
Fall risks,
713
Family-based interpersonal therapy (FB-IPT),
478
Family-focused therapy (FFT)
for bipolar disorder,
461–463, 535
for depressive disorders,
478–480
Family Focused Treatment for Childhood Depression (FFT-CD),
479
Family Intervention for Suicide Prevention (FISP),
564–565, 566
Family psychoeducation, for depressive disorders,
732–733
Fibromyalgia,
254, 369, 612
Financial ties to pharmaceutical industry,
505–506, 514–515, 856
FISP (Family Intervention for Suicide Prevention),
564–565, 566
5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT),
95, 96–98.See also Serotonin
Fluoxetine
background,
240, 245
combination contraindications,
585
combination with interpersonal psychotherapy,
437
combination with light therapy,
642
combination with olanzapine. See Olanzapine-fluoxetine combination comparative effectiveness,
277, 368, 475
dosage,
243, 245, 695
drug-drug interactions,
245, 246, 263, 587
frequency of use,
245
geriatric precautions,
713
indications
acute mania,
277
atypical depression,
236, 652
bipolar disorder,
288–289, 698
combination use in major depressive disorder,
587, 591, 596, 600, 618
major depressive disorder with psychotic features,
673
overview,
243, 245
pediatric bipolar disorders,
288–289, 698
pediatric depressive disorders,
690, 692, 695, 699
premenstrual dysphoric disorder,
818
overdose risk,
260
pharmacodynamics/pharmacokinetics,
171, 242, 245, 588
practice guidelines on,
504, 512
proserotonergic washout period exception,
233
serotonin reuptake inhibitor discontinuation syndrome,
259
side effects,
289, 692
sleep affected by,
875
suicide risk,
260–262
Flupentixol,
260
Fluvoxamine
background,
248
dosage,
243, 695
drug-drug interactions,
246, 248, 249, 250–251
indications
major depressive disorder with psychotic features,
673
overview,
243, 248
pediatric depressive disorders,
690, 692, 695
pharmacodynamics/pharmacokinetics,
242, 248, 249
side effects,
692
Focal electrically administered seizure therapy (FEAST),
307–308
Folate,
512–513
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH),
108–109, 118, 804, 820
Follow-up care
practice guidelines on,
510–511
for suicide attempts,
551–552
Forced sleep deprivation (FSD),
875, 884
Forced swim test,
783
Functional impairment scales,
70–73, 72
Functional remediation (FR),
463
Gabapentin,
278
GAF (Global Assessment of Functioning) scale,
71, 72
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
comorbid substance use disorders and,
781, 784
neurochemistry,
98–99
pathology,
169, 179–182, 181, 198
perimenopausal depression and,
820, 821, 822
peripartum depression and,
806
premenstrual dysphoric disorder and,
818
sex differences,
803
Garrett Lee Smith Memorial Program (GLS) grants,
574–577, 575–576
GAS (Global Assessment Scale),
71
Gatekeeper training programs,
548, 575–577, 575–576
GDS (Geriatric Depression Scale),
705, 710, 839–841
Gender differences. See Sex differences Gender identity, rejection of,
562, 563
Gene-environment interaction,
156
General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR),
81
General distress,
241–244
Genetics, of mood disorders,
205–216
about,
213, 214
of bipolar disorder,
206–209, 207–209, 211–212, 213–214
child maltreatment and,
899–902, 900–901
of circadian rhythm,
878
copy number variants,
211–212
of depression,
207, 209–214, 211
evolutionary adaptations and,
146, 155–157
future of mood disorder classification based on,
25–26
genetic counseling,
213–214
genome-wide association studies (GWAS),
25–26, 205–207, 207–208, 210, 211, 214, 610
geriatric mood disorders and,
708
of major depressive disorder with psychotic features,
666
of postmortem dopamine concentrations,
184
of postmortem GABA concentration,
182
single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) heritability,
205–207, 207–208, 213, 781–782, 899–900, 900–901
of substance use disorders,
781–782
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS)
about
background,
205–206
conclusions,
214
bipolar disorder,
206–207, 207–208
depression,
206, 207, 210, 211
future of mood disorder classification based on,
25–26
heritability (h2),
206, 207
of major depressive disorder,
610
Genome-wide DNA methylation analyses,
219–220, 221
Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS),
705, 710, 839–841
Geriatric mood disorders,
703–724
about
background,
703
conclusion,
715
biological factors,
707–708
diagnostic workup,
710–711, 712
differential diagnosis,
703–707, 704
epidemiology,
704
psychological factors,
708–709
social factors,
709–710
treatment,
427, 431, 433–434, 711–715
Ginseng (Panax),
123
Ginsenoside Rg1,
123
GLAD-PC (Guidelines for Adolescent Depression in Primary Care),
696
Glia,
165–169, 171, 178, 196–197
Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) scale,
71, 72
Global Assessment Scale (GAS),
71
Global severity and improvement scales,
31, 71, 72, 75
GLS (Garrett Lee Smith Memorial Program) grants,
574–577, 575–576
Glucocorticoid hormones
.See also Cortisol
antidepressant pharmacokinetics and,
120–121
bipolar disorder and,
114
cross talk with immune system,
110
depression levels of,
111, 113, 117
epigenetics and,
218–219, 900–902
hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and,
106–108
major depressive disorder with psychotic features and,
666, 669–670
peripartum depression and,
807
treatment-resistant depression and,
612
Glucocorticoid resistance,
108, 110
Glutamate
brain imaging studies of concentrations of,
198
comorbid substance use disorders and,
784
neurochemistry,
98, 99
neuronal pathology and,
169–170, 171
postmortem brain concentration studies,
179–180, 182
Glutamatergic agents,
375–401
conclusion,
391, 396
esketamine,
383–387, 385–386.See also Esketamine future developments, 388–391, 394–395, 396
ketamine,
375–383, 392–393.See also Ketamine
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH),
108–109, 117
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists,
819
Gonads,
107, 108–109.See also Hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis
Grants, for suicide prevention efforts,
574–577, 575–576
Gray matter,
196–197, 898
Group therapy,
434, 458–460, 465, 476
Guidelines for Adolescent Depression in Primary Care (GLAD-PC),
696
Gut microbiota,
121
GWAS. See Genome-wide association studies
Haloperidol
background,
285, 286
comparative effectiveness,
287
indications,
286–287, 673
practice guidelines on,
530, 531, 532
sleep affected by,
882
Hamilton Depression Inventory (HDI),
61
Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D),
60–62, 63, 76, 77, 249, 422, 746, 748, 753, 755
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA),
81–82
Heavy internet or online gaming,
571
Heavy social media use,
571
Hepatitis C,
744, 758
Heritability (h2)
background,
206
of bipolar disorder,
206–207, 207–208, 209
conclusion,
214
of depression,
207, 209–210, 211, 213
genetic counseling and,
213–214
Hippocampus,
170, 171, 327
Histone modifications,
220–221, 223, 224
HIV-positive diagnosis
comorbid depression,
743, 744–745, 757–759
comorbid depression treatment,
428–429, 434, 436, 759–760, 853
comorbid treatment-resistant depression treatment,
612
Hormone therapy,
816, 819, 821–822
Hospitalization, for major depressive disorder
practice guidelines on,
507–508
psychotherapy efficacy for,
429, 433–434
Hyperprolactinemia,
287
Hypersomnia,
869–870, 871, 878
Hyperthyroidism,
108, 115
Hypocortisolism,
882
Hypomania,
8, 69, 877
Hypophysis. See Pituitary gland
Hypothalamic-neurohypophysial system (HNS),
106, 109, 118–119, 122–123
Hypothalamic neurons,
160
Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis
about,
106–108, 107
bipolar disorder and,
113–114, 882
childhood maltreatment and alterations in,
897–898
clinical implications,
119–120
cross talk with immune system,
110, 136–137
depression and,
111–113, 651, 666, 820, 821
electroconvulsive therapy’s effect on,
300, 301
HNS interaction,
119
HPG interaction,
117–118
role in mood disorders,
111–114
seasonal affective disorder and,
884
sex hormones and,
117
Hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis
about,
106, 107, 108–109
bipolar disorder and,
118
childhood maltreatment effect on,
897–898
clinical implications,
121–122
cross talk with immune system,
110
depression and,
117–118, 820
HPA interaction,
117–118
role in mood disorders,
116–118
Hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis
about,
106, 107, 108
bipolar disorder and,
115–117
clinical implications,
120–121
cross talk with immune system,
110
depression and,
114–115
role in mood disorders,
114–116
Hypothalamus,
106, 107, 170–171
Hypothyroidism,
108, 114–116, 121, 612, 619, 813
Hysterectomy,
819
IADLs (instrumental activities of daily living),
710
Iatrogenic inflammation,
139
IBBT (integrated brief behavioral therapy),
483
ICD (International Classification of Diseases). See World Health Organization
IFN-a (interferon-a) therapy,
139
Imipramine
background,
94, 231, 234, 285
clinical evidence (efficacy),
236
comparative effectiveness to psychotherapy,
426–427, 428, 431, 435–436
dosage,
235
indications
atypical depression,
652
HIV-positive comorbid depression,
428
major depressive disorder with psychotic features,
672
pharmacodynamics/pharmacokinetics,
223
serotonin reuptake inhibitor discontinuation syndrome,
258
sex differences in treatment response,
804
Immune system,
133–144
background,
133–134
cells of,
134, 135–136
conclusion,
140–141
cross talk with CNS,
134–136, 135–136
cross talk with neuroendocrine system,
109–110
dysfunction in mood disorders,
137–140
evolution and,
154–155
immune response,
110, 135.See also Inflammation
Improving Mood, Promoting Access to Collaborative Treatment (IMPACT) study,
731–732
Impulsivity,
652
Infections, depression risk factor,
137–138
Inflammation
child maltreatment and,
902
electroconvulsive therapy’s effect on,
301
evolutionary adaptations and,
154–155
glial pathology and,
168–169
iatrogenic,
139
immune system response,
110, 134, 135–136
in mood disorders,
137–140, 806–807
sickness behavior and,
154–155
Inflammatory depression,
139–140
Infliximab,
140
Inhibin B,
820
Insanity, historical description of,
5–6, 7–8
Insecure attachment,
149, 152
Insomnia
in bipolar disorder,
877, 884
childhood trauma effects on,
139
defined,
869
in major depressive disorder,
870–871, 873, 875–876
pharmacotherapy,
368–369, 370, 586, 873–874, 875–876
psychotherapy,
875, 884
Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement,
499
Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines,
496–497, 514–515
Instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs),
710
Integrated brief behavioral therapy (IBBT),
483
Integrated practice unit (IPU),
537, 538
Intensive clinical management (ICM),
456
Interferon-induced depression,
139
Interferon-a (IFN-a) therapy,
139
Interleukin-1,
110
Interleukin-1b (IL-1b),
134, 136
Interleukin-6 (IL-6)
childhood abuse link to levels of,
446, 902
electroconvulsive therapy biomarkers,
301
immune system and,
134, 136
inflammatory depression and,
140
perimenopausal depression and,
820
peripartum depression and,
806–807
psychoneuroendocrinology of,
110
sex differences in levels of,
803
Interleukin-10 (IL-10),
806–807
Intermittent depressive disorder,
653
Internal capsule,
343
International Classification of Diseases. See World Health Organization International Consortium for Psychiatric Epidemiology,
842–843
International Personality Disorders Examination (IPDE),
19
International Society for Bipolar Disorders (ISBD) practice guidelines,
612
International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research (ISPOR) Task Force for Translation and Cultural Adaptation,
80
Interpersonal and social rhythm therapy (IPSRT),
456–457, 463–466, 531, 535, 883
Interpersonal counseling,
433–434
Interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT),
419–442
about
background,
405, 406, 419, 420
conclusion,
437
process of,
422–425, 424–425
theoretical model and hypothesized mechanism,
420–421
combined with pharmacotherapy,
436–437
comparative effectiveness
to CBT,
422, 426–427, 428, 434–436, 436
to pharmacotherapy,
426–427, 431–434, 435–436
to psychoanalysis,
434–436, 435, 449
contraindications,
425
cultural adaptations to,
852–853
group therapy,
434, 437
indications
acute major depressive disorder,
426–430
bipolar disorder,
456–457
for children and adolescents,
427–428, 477–478, 483–484
geriatric mood disorders,
427, 431, 433–434, 712
HIV-positive diagnosis with comorbid depression,
428–429, 434, 436
overview,
427
peripartum depression,
812
persistent depressive disorder,
430, 432–433, 437, 655
in primary care settings,
429, 430
recurrent major depressive disorder,
430–432
marital therapy and,
422, 430
practice guidelines on,
498, 511–512, 519
InterSePT Scale for Suicidal Thinking (ISST Plus),
74
Intoxication syndromes,
773
Introjective versus anaclitic depression (Blatt 2004),
447
Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology (IDS),
63
Investigational agents. See Glutamatergic agents
IPDE (International Personality Disorders Examination),
19
Iproniazid,
94, 651
IPSRT (interpersonal and social rhythm therapy),
456–457, 463–466, 531, 535, 883
IPT. See Interpersonal psychotherapy
IPU (integrated practice unit),
537, 538
Irritability domain,
68–69
Irritability scales,
69, 70
Irritable bowel syndrome,
612
ISBD (International Society for Bipolar Disorders) practice guidelines,
612
Isocarboxazid,
510
Isotretinoin therapy,
612
ISPOR (International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research) Task Force for Translation and Cultural Adaptation,
80
ISST Plus (InterSePT Scale for Suicidal Thinking),
74
Item response theory (IRT) (aka modern mental test theory),
64–65
Kessler Psychological Distress Scale,
25
Ketamine,
376–383
about
background,
286, 376–377, 392–393
future developments,
6, 391, 392–395
abuse potential,
382
APA Council of Research Task Force on Novel Biomarkers and Treatments, 2017 consensus statement,
599, 622
clinical evidence (efficacy),
378, 379, 621–622
comparative effectiveness,
384
dosage,
378–380, 379, 598–599, 696
indications
combination use in major depressive disorder,
593, 598–599
major depressive disorder,
378–383, 392–393
pediatric depressive disorders,
696
suicide prevention,
550
treatment-resistant depression,
621–623
longer-term treatment planning,
380–381
off-label use of,
517
pharmacodynamics/pharmacokinetics,
286, 599, 621, 622
practice guidelines on,
503
risk of administration and maintenance treatment,
381–382
routes of delivery,
383
side effects,
381–382
suicide association,
622–623
Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (K-SADS, K-SADSPL-DSM-5),
59, 529
Kidney disease,
274
K-selected reproductive strategy,
148
Laboratory workups, for geriatric mood disorders,
710–711, 712
Lactation. See Pregnancy and lactation
Lamotrigine
comparative effectiveness,
273, 277, 278
drug-drug interactions,
280
indications
acute bipolar depression,
277
bipolar disorder maintenance,
273, 277
combination use in major depressive disorder,
617
major depressive disorder,
278
overview,
279–280
pediatric bipolar disorders,
279, 697–698, 699
pharmacokinetics,
276
practice guidelines on,
531, 532, 534, 535
pregnancy and lactation safety,
273, 278
safety and tolerability,
273, 279
side effects,
279, 280
therapeutic drug monitoring,
279–280
Lanicemine,
388–389, 391, 394
LAR (long-acting risperidone),
292
Late-life mood disorders. See Geriatric mood disorders
Learned helplessness,
154
Leptin,
803
Lethal means of suicide, restriction of,
547–548, 562
Levetiracetam,
278
Levomilnacipran
background,
255, 515–516, 516
dosage,
243, 255, 695
indications,
243, 255, 692, 695
pharmacodynamics/pharmacokinetics,
242, 255, 587–588
pregnancy and lactation safety,
810
side effects,
255
Levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system (LNG-IUS),
819
l-4-chlorokynurenine (AV-101),
390
Life event trigger responses,
420–421, 432, 433
Life Functioning Questionnaire (LFQ),
72, 73
Life history patterns,
148–149
LIFE-RIFT (Longitudinal Interval Follow-up Evaluation Range of Impaired Functioning Tool),
72, 73
Lifetime morbid risk,
33
Light therapy. See Bright light therapy
Likert scaling,
65
LINE-1 (long interspersed nuclear element-1) gene,
221
Linguistic validation, for scale development,
80
Lisdexamfetamine,
594
Lithium
about
background,
271, 286
conclusion,
280–281
brain imaging studies of,
196–197
combined with electroconvulsive therapy,
305–306
comparative effectiveness,
272–273, 277, 289
contraindications,
586
dosage,
275
drug-drug interactions,
275
epigenetic evidence of treatment responsiveness,
224
hypothyroidism and,
116, 121–122
indications
acute bipolar depression,
272–273, 275
acute mania,
272, 275, 277, 291
bipolar disorder maintenance treatment,
273, 277, 278
combination use in major depressive disorder,
586, 592, 593, 600, 617, 618, 674
comorbid substance use disorders,
785
cyclothymic disorder,
657
major depressive disorder,
274, 275
pediatric bipolar disorders,
697, 698, 698, 699
peripartum depression,
273–274
premenstrual dysphoric disorder,
819
suicide prevention,
274, 549–550, 618, 882, 884
treatment-refractory psychotic depression,
674
treatment-resistant depression,
884
pharmacodynamics/pharmacokinetics,
272
practice guidelines on,
512, 513, 530–531, 532, 534, 535
pregnancy and lactation safety,
273–274
psychoneuroendocrinology effects of,
122
safety and tolerability,
274
side effects,
273–274, 275
sleep affected by,
881, 882, 883
teratogenic effects,
273–274, 278
therapeutic drug monitoring,
275–276
LNG-IUS (levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system),
819
Lofepramine,
260
Long-acting risperidone (LAR),
292
Long interspersed nuclear element-1 (LINE-1) gene,
221
Longitudinal Interval Follow-up Evaluation Range of Impaired Functioning Tool (LIFE-RIFT),
72, 73
Lurasidone
comparative effectiveness,
272
dosage,
290
indications
bipolar depression,
272, 289–290
combination use in major depressive disorder,
272, 597
pediatric bipolar disorders,
698
pharmacodynamics/pharmacokinetics,
597
practice guidelines on,
516, 531, 532, 534, 535–536
Luteinizing hormone (LH),
108–109, 118, 804
MADRS (Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale),
56, 62–63, 289, 344, 433, 621, 744
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI),
191–192
Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS),
192, 198
Magnetic seizure therapy (MST),
625
Magnetic stimulation therapy (MST),
307
Magnetoencephalography (MEG),
191
Major depressive disorder (MDD)
.See also Practice guidelines
age at onset,
35–36
brain imaging studies of,
192–196, 193
CBT model for,
409, 410
comorbidities,
36, 37
course,
34, 612–613
diagnostic accuracy,
610
diagnostic criteria,
24–25
epidemiology,
31–54, 473–474, 610.See also Epidemiology
in geriatric population,
703–705
historical diagnostic criteria,
8, 288
hospitalization for,
429, 433–434, 507–508
immune dysregulation and,
137
insomnia in,
870–871, 873, 875–876
integrative management of. See Combination pharmacological strategies; Practice guidelines; Primary care setting; Suicide and suicide prevention
investigation of. See Anatomical pathology; Brain neuroimaging; Epigenetic processes; Genetics
mood syndromes as risk factor for,
33–34
neurochemistry,
98
psychoneuroendocrinology of,
113
psychotherapy. See Cognitive and behavioral therapies; Interpersonal psychotherapy; Psychoanalytic and psychodynamic psychotherapy
“seasonal pattern” of,
633–634
sleep disorders and,
870–877
somatic interventions. See Antidepressants; Antipsychotics; Combination pharmacological strategies; Electroconvulsive therapy; Glutamatergic agents; Transcranial magnetic stimulation; Vagus nerve stimulation
treatment,
317–333.See also Transcranial magnetic stimulation
Major depressive disorder with psychotic features,
665–683
background,
665
conclusion,
677–678
course and follow-up,
676–677
diagnostic criteria,
665
epidemiology,
665–666
genetics and family history,
666
in geriatric population,
705
pathogenesis of,
666, 669–671
suicide risk,
677
symptomatology,
667–669
treatment,
286, 512, 672–676
Major depressive episode (MDE),
610
Mania
acute,
530–531, 532–533
evolutionary adaptations and,
151
evolutionary genetics and,
155–157
historical description,
4, 6–8, 93
historical theories,
10–11
historical therapies,
11
modern-era theory and therapy,
11
neurochemistry,
94–95
psychoneuroendocrinology of,
116, 118
rating scales,
68–69
sleep disturbances and,
877
Maprotiline,
234, 818
Marital therapy,
422, 430
MATCH-ADTC (Modular Approach to Therapy for Children with Anxiety, Depression, Trauma, or Conduct Problems),
476–477
MDE (major depressive episode),
610
MDQ (Mood Disorder Questionnaire),
69, 528
Measurement-based care assessments,
57.See also Assessment instruments
Medial forebrain bundle,
343
Media reporting, of suicide,
547, 573–574
Medical illness with depression,
743–767
about
background,
743–744
conclusion,
760
cancer,
137–138, 139, 612, 743, 744–745, 755–757
cardiovascular disease,
137–138, 743, 744–745, 746–749
combination pharmacological strategies,
586
diabetes,
612, 744–745, 749–752
diagnosis,
744–746
epidemiology,
746–747, 749–750, 752–753, 755–756, 757–758
HIV,
743, 744–745, 757–759.See also HIV-positive diagnosis
immune dysfunction,
137–138
prevalence,
743, 744
in primary care settings,
727–742.See also Primary care setting
psychotherapy for,
711
stroke,
707–708, 743, 744–745, 752–755
Medical management, of substance use disorders,
788
Medication substitution, defined,
583, 584
Meditation,
641
Melancholia,
4–11, 93, 231–232
Melatonin,
879, 883, 884
Memantine,
389
Menstrual cycle dysfunction,
118
Mental Health First Aid,
548
Mentalization-based treatment,
568
Metabolic syndrome,
137–138, 536
Methadone maintenance,
789
Methylation. See DNA methylation
Methylphenidate,
594, 617, 754
Metyrapone,
120
Mianserin,
234, 600
Microglia,
168–169
MicroRNAs (miRNAs),
221, 223
Midazolam,
621–622
Mifepristone,
120, 674–675
Milnacipran,
243, 255, 810
Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy,
519
Mindfulness interventions,
140, 853, 854
MIND-IT (Myocardial Infarction and Depression–Intervention Trial) study,
747, 748
MINI 7.0.2,
73
MINI for Psychotic Disorders,
59–60
Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview for Children and Adolescents (MINI-KID),
59, 60
MINI KID for Psychotic Disorders Studies,
59
Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE),
710
MINI Screen,
59
MINI Tracking,
59
Mirtazapine
background,
365, 367
classification,
234
clinical evidence (efficacy),
237
comparative effectiveness,
236, 368
dosage,
237, 243, 369, 695
drug-drug interactions,
263, 369
indications
anxiety disorders,
368
combination use in major depressive disorder,
368, 585, 586, 593, 600, 616
comorbid medical illnesses with depression,
748
geriatric mood disorders,
714
insomnia,
368–369, 874
overview,
237, 243, 368–369
pediatric depressive disorders,
693, 695
suicide prevention,
874
treatment-resistant depression,
613, 615–616
pharmacodynamics/pharmacokinetics,
237, 367–368, 369
practice guidelines on,
502, 510
pregnancy and lactation safety,
811
safety and tolerability,
368
sexual dysfunction mitigation strategy,
259
side effects,
237, 259, 369, 693
sleep affected by,
874
suicide risk,
260–261
Miscarriage risk,
808–809, 810
Mixed anxiety-depression disorder (MADD),
34
MMD. See Major depressive disorder
MMSE (Mini-Mental State Examination),
710
MoCA (Montreal Cognitive Assessment),
710
Moclobemide,
233, 236, 437
Modafinil,
272, 593, 594–595
Modular Approach to Therapy for Children with Anxiety, Depression, Trauma, or Conduct Problems (MATCH-ADTC),
476–477
Molecular biology. See Epigenetic processes; Postmortem studies Monoamine hypothesis,
94–98, 802–803
Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)
.See also specific drugs
about
background,
94, 231–232
overview,
232–237, 233
comparative effectiveness to psychotherapy,
412
conclusion,
237
contraindications,
585
dosage,
233, 235
drug-drug interactions,
263, 367, 369
indications
atypical depression,
649, 651
combination use in major depressive disorder,
585–586
treatment-resistant depression,
614–616
pharmacodynamics/pharmacokinetics,
584–585
practice guidelines on,
501, 502–503, 510, 514
pregnancy and lactation safety,
810
serotonin reuptake inhibitor discontinuation syndrome,
258
sleep affected by,
874
Monoamine transporters,
240–241, 242
Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS),
56, 62–63, 289, 344, 433, 621, 744
Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA),
710
Mood descriptors,
241–244
Mood Disorder Questionnaire (MDQ),
69, 528
Mood disorders
additional perspectives on. See Ecosocial approach to depression; Primary care setting; Sleep disorders; Substance use disorders; Women and subtypes of depression
age at onset of,
35–38, 40, 42
assessment instruments,
55–90.See also Assessment instruments
classifications,
15–30.See also Classification of mood disorders
epidemiology of,
31–54.See also Epidemiology
historical descriptions,
3–8
historical theories,
8–11
historical therapies,
11
integrative management of. See Combination pharmacological strategies; Practice guidelines; Suicide and suicide prevention; Treatment-resistant depression
investigation of. See Anatomical pathology; Brain neuroimaging; Brain postmortem studies; Epigenetic processes; Genetics
modern era therapy and theory overview,
11
pathogenesis of. See Evolutionary aspects of mood disorders; Immune system; Neurochemistry; Psychoneuroendocrinology
psychotherapy of. See Cognitive and behavioral therapies; Interpersonal psychotherapy; Psychoanalytic and psychodynamic psychotherapy
somatic interventions. See Antidepressants; Antipsychotics; Bupropion; Deep brain stimulation; Electroconvulsive therapy; Investigational agents; Ketamine; Lithium; Mirtazapine; Monoamine oxidase inhibitors; Mood stabilizers; Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and related antidepressants; Tetracyclic antidepressants; Transcranial magnetic stimulation; Trazodone; Tricyclic antidepressants; Vagus nerve stimulation
subtypes of. See Atypical depression; Cyclothymic disorder; Geriatric mood disorders; Major depressive disorder with psychotic features; Pediatric mood disorders; Persistent depressive disorder; Seasonal affective disorder; Women and subtypes of depression
Mood stabilizers
anticonvulsant mood stabilizers,
276–280
background,
271
indications,
657, 819
psychoneuroendocrinology of,
122–123
reversal of cell pathology with,
171
sleep affected by,
881–882
Mood syndromes, prevalence of,
33
Motivational interviewing,
732
Naltrexone,
367, 788, 789–790, 791
National Academy of Sciences Institute of Medicine,
496
National Comorbidity Survey (NCS),
776
National Epidemiological Survey of Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC and NESARC-III),
776, 778
National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH),
17–18, 19, 25–27, 577
Sequenced Treatment Alternatives to Relieve Depression (STAR*D),
236, 274, 297, 366, 368, 413, 498, 503, 509, 592, 609, 611, 613–619
National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA),
19
National Longitudinal Alcohol Epidemiologic Survey (NLAES),
776
National Suicide Prevention Strategies,
560
National Youth Suicide Prevention Blueprint,
577
Nausea,
369
Nefazodone
background,
255–256
comparative effectiveness,
407
comparative effectiveness to psychotherapy,
427
dosage,
243, 256
drug-drug interactions,
246, 256
indications,
243, 256
pharmacodynamics/pharmacokinetics,
242, 255–256
practice guidelines on,
502
sexual dysfunction mitigation strategy,
259
side effects,
256, 259
suicide risk,
260–261
Nervous system,
134, 135–136, 136–137.See also Psychoneuroendocrinology
NET (norepinephrine transporter),
240, 241, 242
Neural networks,
192–194, 193, 871–873, 898–899
Neurochemistry, of mood disorders,
93–104
background,
93
conclusion,
99–100
corticotropin-releasing hormone,
94–98
gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA),
98–99
glutamate,
99
monoamine hypothesis,
94–98
Neurodevelopmental models
of bipolar disorder,
687
of depression,
686–687
Neuroendocrine system,
11, 106–110, 107.See also Psychoneuroendocrinology
Neurohormones (releasing hormones),
106
Neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary),
106, 107, 109
Neuroimaging. See Brain neuroimaging
Neuroplasticity,
219, 221
Neuropsychological dysfunction,
668–669
Nicotine replacement treatment,
788–789
NIDA (National Institute on Drug Abuse),
19
Nightmare parasomnia,
871
NIMH. See National Institute of Mental Health
NLAES (National Longitudinal Alcohol Epidemiologic Survey),
776
NMDA receptor agonists,
394–395.See also Glutamatergic agents
Noncoding RNA,
221, 223
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs),
140
Nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI),
260, 261, 262, 301–302, 559–560, 564, 567–568
Noradrenergic system,
94–98, 137, 182–183
Norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitors,
498, 500
Norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors,
585–586, 590–592, 804
Norepinephrine transporter (NET),
240, 241, 242
Nortriptyline
classification,
234
clinical evidence (efficacy),
236
combined with electroconvulsive therapy,
305
comparative effectiveness to psychotherapy,
427, 429, 431
dosage,
235
drug-drug interactions,
587
indications
atypical depression,
652
combination use in major depressive disorder,
587, 591–592
depression in primary care setting,
429
substance use disorders,
789
practice guidelines on 502,
510, 513
side effects,
234, 235
therapeutic drug monitoring,
236
NR3C1 gene,
218–219
NSAIDs (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs),
140
NSSI (nonsuicidal self-injury),
260, 261, 262, 301–302, 559–560, 564, 567–568
Nucleus accumbens,
343, 343, 362
NV-5138,
390
Obesity,
138–139
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD),
248, 341–342, 586, 612
“Obstetric dilemma,”
149
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA),
876, 882–883
Olanzapine
background,
291
combination with fluoxetine,
288–289.See also Olanzapine-fluoxetine combination
comparative effectiveness,
273, 277, 287, 291–292
indications
acute mania,
277
bipolar depression,
288–289
bipolar disorder,
273
bipolar mania,
291–292
combination use in major depressive disorder,
593, 596, 597, 600, 618
major depressive disorder with psychotic features,
673, 674–675
pediatric bipolar disorders,
698
pharmacodynamics/pharmacokinetics,
597
practice guidelines on,
504, 512, 530, 531, 532, 534, 535
side effects,
289
sleep affected by,
882
Olanzapine-fluoxetine combination (OFC)
clinical evidence (efficacy),
617
indications
bipolar depression,
288–289
combination use in major depressive disorder,
618
major depressive disorder with psychotic features,
673
pediatric bipolar disorders,
698
pharmacodynamics/pharmacokinetics,
596
practice guidelines on,
504, 512, 531, 532, 534
Oligodendrocytes,
168
Omega-3 fatty acids,
510, 512–513
Oral contraceptives,
280, 819
Other specified bipolar and related disorders,
23
Other specified depressive disorder,
25
Oxcarbazepine,
276, 277, 278, 279
Oxytocin (OT),
109, 110, 119, 123
P4 Screener,
546
“Pace of life,”
148–149
Pain and pain disorders,
254, 369
Paliperidone,
530, 531, 533, 535–536
Panax (ginseng),
123
Panic disorder,
429
Parasomnia,
870
Parental bipolar disorder,
39
Parental depression,
39
Pargyline,
233
Parkinson’s disease,
340, 347, 586, 596, 612, 708
Parkinson’s disease psychosis,
293
Paroxetine
background,
243, 247
comparative effectiveness,
249, 368, 408
comparative effectiveness to psychotherapy,
412–413
dosage,
243, 247, 695
drug-drug interactions,
246, 247–248, 263, 587
epigenetic evidence of treatment responsiveness,
220, 223
geriatric precautions,
713
indications
combination use in major depressive disorder,
587, 590
major depressive disorder with psychotic features,
673
overview,
243, 247
pediatric depressive disorders,
690, 692, 695
premenstrual dysphoric disorder,
818
overdose risk,
260
pharmacodynamics/pharmacokinetics,
120, 242, 246, 247–248, 252
practice guidelines on,
514
pregnancy and lactation safety,
808, 814
side effects,
692
suicide risk,
260–261
PASCET (Primary and Secondary Control Enhancement Training) manual,
476
Pathological gambling,
596, 598
Patient Health Questionnaire–9 (PHQ-9),
23, 58, 63, 509, 518, 710, 729, 753, 758
Pediatric mood disorders,
685–702
about
background,
685–686
future directions,
199, 699–700
theoretical model and hypothesized mechanism,
686–687
acute mania,
277
assessment instruments,
59, 67–68, 637
bipolar disorder,
697–699, 698
depressive disorders,
245, 262–263, 570–571, 690–691, 692–696, 696–697
diagnosis,
59, 687–690
electroconvulsive therapy,
301–303
epidemiology,
33, 637
ketamine abuse,
382
parental depression burden on,
39
pharmacotherapy,
245, 262–263, 382, 570–571
prevalence,
33
psychotherapy,
473–491
about,
473–474, 484–485
access in primary care settings,
482–484
for acute treatment,
474, 475, 480
for bipolar disorder in,
464–465
cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT),
475–477
for continuation- and maintenance-phase treatment,
480–482
evidence-based approaches to,
474–480
family-focused therapy,
478–480
interpersonal and social rhythm therapy for adolescents,
457
interpersonal therapy for adolescents (IPT-A),
427–428, 477–478
pharmacotherapy combinations,
475, 476
psychodynamic psychotherapy,
480
suicide,
559–581.See also Suicide and suicide prevention: youth suicide
Perceived Deficits Questionnaire (PDQ-5, PDQ-20, or PDQ-D),
736–737
Pergolide,
596
Perimenopausal depression,
122, 819–822
Perinatal depression,
112, 117–118, 643.See also Peripartum depression
Periodic limb movement disorder (PLMD),
876
Peripartum depression
.See also Postpartum depression
background,
804–805
pathogenesis,
806–807
risks associated with,
811–812
treatment
antidepressant safety,
807–811
collaborative care model,
731
frequently asked questions,
811–813
interpersonal psychotherapy,
429–430
lithium,
273–274
time-dependent decision making,
813–816
Peripheral DNA methylation
bipolar disorder biomarkers,
221–222, 223
depression biomarkers,
218–220, 223–224
stress and trauma effects,
224
treatment responsiveness and,
223–224
Perphenazine,
285, 287–288, 672, 673, 675
Persistent complex bereavement disorder,
706
Persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia),
653–656
about
background,
653–654
conclusion,
658–659
future directions,
656
clinical features,
654
comorbid cancer,
755
diagnostic criteria,
25
double depression,
305, 407, 430, 432–433, 613, 696
epidemiology,
33, 705
in geriatric population,
705
treatment
interpersonal psychotherapy,
430, 432–433, 437
overview,
654–655
psychoanalytic and psychodynamic psychotherapy,
444–447, 449
Persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (PPHN),
809
Personal and Social Performance (PSP) scale,
71
Personality disorders,
612
Pharmaceutical industry financial ties,
505–506, 514–515, 856
Pharmacotherapy. See Antidepressants; Antipsychotics; Combination pharmacological strategies; Electroconvulsive therapy; Glutamatergic agents; Mood stabilizers; Transcranial magnetic stimulation; Vagus nerve stimulation
Phase advancement (of sleep), as treatment for depression,
643, 644
Phenelzine
clinical evidence (efficacy),
234–236
comparative effectiveness to psychotherapy,
412
dosage,
233
indications,
235–236, 652
practice guidelines on,
235–236, 510
Phenotypic plasticity,
150
PHQ-9 (Patient Health Questionnaire–9),
23, 58, 63, 509, 518, 710, 729, 753, 758
Physical abuse,
446–447, 563, 903.See also Child maltreatment; Early-life stress and trauma
Physical activity. See Exercise Pimavanserin,
286, 293
Pindolol,
593, 600, 617
Pituitary gland,
106.See also Hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis; Hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis
PLMD (periodic limb movement disorder),
876
PMDD (premenstrual dysphoric disorder),
25, 118, 612, 816–819
Political economy of depression,
854–855
Polygenic risk score (PRS),
207–209, 209
Polysomnography,
871–873, 881
Poor neonatal adaptation,
809
Positive affect,
241–244
Positron emission tomography (PET),
192
Posterior pituitary,
106, 107, 109
Postmortem studies. See Brain postmortem studies
Postpartum depression
.See also Peripartum depression
prevalence,
804
psychoneuroendocrinology of,
112, 117–118, 119
risks associated with,
812
treatment,
429–430, 623–624, 731, 815–816
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD),
612
Posttraumatic stress symptomatology,
224–225
PPHN (persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn),
809
Practice guidelines
for bipolar disorder,
527–541
for acute depression,
531–534, 532–533
for acute mania,
530–531, 532–533
background,
527–528
diagnosis considerations,
527, 528–529
evidence-based approach,
529–530
integrated practice unit (IPU) approach,
537, 538
ongoing safety evaluation,
536
for major depressive disorder,
495–525
about,
495–497, 519–520
American Psychiatric Association guidelines,
496, 500–517
American Psychological Association guidelines,
519
CANMAT guidelines,
518
Depression Guideline Panel primary care practice guidelines,
497–500, 501
Veterans Affairs and Department of Defense guidelines,
518
for suicide prevention,
507–508, 535–536
Pramipexole,
586, 593, 596, 619
Prednisolone suppression test,
108
Preeclampsia,
808, 815
Pregnancy and lactation
anticonvulsant mood stabilizer safety during,
278
antidepressant safety during,
807–811, 815–816
electroconvulsive therapy during,
301, 302
interpersonal psychotherapy for depressive disorders,
429–430
lithium and,
273–274
postpartum depression,
429–430, 623–624, 731, 804, 812, 815–816
prenatal depression,
806–807, 811–812, 813–814
psychoneuroendocrinology effects,
112, 117–118, 119
serotonin reuptake inhibitor discontinuation syndrome,
259
Premature aging,
222–223
Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD),
25, 118, 612, 816–819
Premenstrual Symptoms Screening Tool (PSST),
817
Prenatal depression,
806–807, 811–812, 813–814
Preterm birth risk,
808–809, 810
Primary and Secondary Control Enhancement Training (PASCET) manual,
476
Primary care setting,
727–742
about
background,
727
conclusion,
739
future directions,
736–737
behavioral activation treatment in,
735
depression care, role in
individual-patient-level responsibilities,
730–737, 731
integration with care of other chronic diseases,
734
population-level responsibilities,
727–730
practice guidelines for,
497–500, 499
practice-level management,
737–739, 738
treatment and planning management,
429–430, 733–736
treatment initiation,
732–733
youth access to care,
482–484
interpersonal therapy in,
429, 433
physical activity promotion strategies in,
734–735
suicide prevention strategies in,
536, 549
Probiotics,
121
Problem-solving therapy (PST),
711–712
Progesterone,
108–109, 117, 118, 803
Progesterone therapy,
821–822
Prolactin,
122, 287, 584–585, 586
Proserotonergic washout period,
233
Protriptyline,
235
Pseudodementia,
704–705
Pseudoresistance,
610–611, 613
PSP (Personal and Social Performance) scale,
71
PSST (Premenstrual Symptoms Screening Tool),
817
Psychiatric Research Interview for Substance and Mental Disorders (PRISM),
786, 787
Psychoanalytic and psychodynamic psychotherapy,
443–453
background,
443–444
in children and adolescents,
480
clinical efficacy (outcome studies),
448–449
online interventions,
452
practice guidelines on,
519
process of,
449–452
theoretical model and hypothesized mechanism,
444–447
in youth,
480
Psychoeducation
for bipolar disorder,
456–457, 458–460, 461, 463–464, 467
for depressive disorders,
509, 732–733, 738
group therapy,
458–460
Psychological stress. See Stress response Psychoneuroendocrinology,
105–132
about
background,
105–106
conclusion,
123–124
neuroendocrine system,
106–109, 107, 111
bipolar disorder,
113–114, 115–117, 118
clinical implications,
119–123
cross talk between endocrine and immune systems,
109–110
depression,
111–113, 114–115, 117–119
peripartum depression,
806–807
Psychoneuroimmunology, of mood disorders,
133, 138–140.See also Immune system
Psychosis domain,
69
Psychotherapy
for bipolar disorder,
455–471
background,
455
clinical efficacy,
465–466
cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) for,
457–458, 463–466, 531, 535, 884
early-onset bipolar patients,
464–465
family-focused therapy (FFT) for,
461–463, 535
future directions,
466–468
high-risk bipolar patients,
465
individual psychosocial approaches,
456–465
interpersonal psychotherapy,
456–457
limitations across efficacy studies,
466
study limitations,
466
comparative effectiveness to pharmacotherapy,
411–413, 426–429, 431, 432, 433, 434–436, 456–457
cultural adaptations,
853
for depressive disorders. See Cognitive and behavioral therapies; Interpersonal psychotherapy; Psychoanalytic and psychodynamic psychotherapy
for geriatric mood disorders,
711–713
for pediatric mood disorders,
473–491
about,
473–474, 484–485
access in primary care settings,
482–484
for acute treatment,
474, 475, 480
for bipolar disorder in,
464–465
cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT),
475–477
for continuation- and maintenance-phase treatment,
480–482
evidence-based approaches to,
474–480
family-focused therapy,
478–480
interpersonal and social rhythm therapy for adolescents,
457
interpersonal therapy for adolescents (IPT-A),
427–428, 477–478
pharmacotherapy combinations,
475, 476
psychodynamic psychotherapy,
480
for suicide prevention,
551, 568, 569
for treatment-resistant depression,
619
Psychotic depression,
610.See also Major depressive disorder with psychotic features
PTSD (posttraumatic stress disorder),
612
Public awareness and education,
547
Public service messages,
573–574
Question, Persuade and Refer (QPR),
548
Quetiapine
comparative effectiveness,
272, 273, 277
comparative effectiveness to psychotherapy,
456
epigenetic evidence of treatment responsiveness,
223
indications
bipolar disorder,
272, 273, 277, 289
combination use in major depressive disorder,
586, 593, 596, 597, 617, 618
comorbid substance use disorders,
785, 791
depressive disorders,
273, 274, 289
pediatric bipolar disorders,
698, 698, 699
premenstrual dysphoric disorder,
819
pharmacodynamics/pharmacokinetics,
597
practice guidelines on,
504, 512, 530, 531, 532, 533, 534, 535
sleep affected by,
882
Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology (QIDS),
63, 67, 68
Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology–Self-Report (QIDS-SR),
63, 67, 68, 509
Rapastinel,
389, 391
Rapid-acting antidepressant scales,
67
Rasch measurement theory (RMT),
64, 65
Rating scales,
60–82.See also specific rating scales
anhedonia scales,
70
for bipolar disorder,
528–529
in clinical practice,
78, 728–730, 736–737, 738
for COVID-19 pandemic,
61–62, 80–81
culture-specific measures of depression,
839–845, 840, 842–843
depression scales,
60–68
development challenges,
77
functional impairment scales,
70–73, 72
for geriatric mood disorders,
705, 710–711, 712, 839–841
global severity and improvement scales,
31, 69, 71, 72, 75
guidelines on,
509
intellectual property issues and violations,
82
interpretation of,
76–77
irritability scales,
69, 70
mania rating scales,
68–69
for medical illnesses with depression,
744–746, 753
model for,
57
patient ratings versus clinician ratings, comparison of,
76
in primary care settings,
728–730, 736–737, 738
in research settings,
78–80
role of,
58–59
for substance use disorder comorbidity,
785–786, 787
suicide screening,
62, 73–75, 564–567, 566
virtual administration of,
80–81
Reboxetine,
257–258, 590
Receptor desensitization,
241
Recurrent unipolar disorder (RUP),
210–213, 211.See also Depression and depressive disorders
Relapse prevention therapy,
789
Relationship violence,
38–39
Releasing hormones (neurohormones),
106
Remission From Depression Questionnaire (RDQ),
66–67
Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS),
306, 620, 715, 755, 875
Reproductive strategies (evolution),
148–149, 150
A Research Agenda for DSM-V (Kupfer et al.),
21–22
Research Diagnostic Criteria (RDC),
18, 653
Research Domain Criteria (RDoC),
25–27
Reserpine,
94
ReSET,
788
Response cutoffs,
77
Resting state neurocircuitry,
195–196
Restless legs syndrome (RLS),
586, 876
Reward processing neurocircuitry
brain imaging of,
193, 194–195
evolutionary adaptations and,
150–151
future directions,
198–199
substance use disorders and,
770–771, 771, 772–773, 782–783
Riluzole,
171
“Risk alleles,”
156–157
Risperidone
indications
combination use in major depressive disorder,
586, 593, 596, 597, 617–618
pediatric bipolar disorders,
698, 698
as long-acting injectable,
292
pharmacodynamics/pharmacokinetics,
597
practice guidelines on,
530, 531, 532, 534, 535
RMT (Rasch measurement theory),
64, 65
Role disputes,
420–421
Role transitions,
420–421
rTMS (repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation),
306, 620, 715, 755, 875
RUP (recurrent unipolar disorder),
210–213, 211.See also Depression and depressive disorders
s-adenosyl methionine (SAMe),
510
SADHART (Sertraline Antidepressant Heart Attack Randomized Trial),
748
Safe Alternatives for Teens and Youths (SAFETY),
568, 569
Safety Planning Intervention (SPI),
551–552
Saint Louis University Mental Status exam (SLUMS),
710
St. John’s wort,
510, 812
Salience network,
195–196
SAVE (Suicide Awareness Voices of Education),
574
Scale to Assess Unawareness of Mental Disorders,
668
S-CGI (Sheehan Clinical Global Improvement) scale,
75
Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (SADS),
18
Schedules for Clinical Assessment in Neuropsychiatry (SCAN),
19
Schemas (core beliefs),
409, 410–411, 410
Schizophrenia,
70, 207–209, 209, 287, 669
School setting
suicide prevention in,
548
youth access to depression care in,
482, 484
SCID (Structured Clinical Interview for DSM),
18
SCID-5 (Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5),
59–60, 529, 786
Screening and assessment in clinical care setting,
727, 728–730, 729
SDS (Sheehan Disability Scale),
71–73, 72
Seasonal affective disorder (SAD),
633–647
about
background,
633
conclusion,
644
clinical and demographic profiles,
634–636, 635
comorbidities,
636
diagnosis,
633–634, 634
epidemiology,
636–637
treatment,
366, 637–641, 884
“Seasonal pattern,” of major depressive disorder,
633–634
Seasonal Pattern Assessment Questionnaire (SPAQ),
636–637
Seasonal pattern of depression,
112, 612
Second-generation (atypical) antipsychotics
background,
285
conclusion,
293–294
indications
bipolar depression,
288–290
bipolar mania,
291–292
pediatric bipolar disorders,
697–698, 698
treatment-resistant depression,
289, 290–291
practice guidelines on,
504
Secure attachment,
149
Seize the Awkward campaign,
574
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and related antidepressants,
239–270
about
background,
239–240, 244–245, 286
conclusion,
264
comparative effectiveness,
249–252, 368
comparative effectiveness to psychotherapy,
412–413
comparative effectiveness with psychotherapy,
475
discontinuation syndrome,
258–259
drug-drug interactions,
243, 246, 248, 250–251, 263, 587
immune dysfunction and,
140
indications
atypical depression,
652
combination use in major depressive disorder,
588–592, 591, 593, 594, 595–596, 597, 600, 616
comorbid substance use disorders,
785
geriatric mood disorders,
713
major depressive disorder with psychotic features,
672
medical illnesses with depression,
747–748, 753–754
pediatric depressive disorders,
690–691, 692, 695, 696
perimenopausal depression,
821
persistent depressive disorder,
654, 655
premenstrual dysphoric disorder,
118, 818
substance-induced depression,
790
treatment-resistant depression,
613
overdose risk,
260
pharmacodynamics/pharmacokinetics,
240–241, 242, 252, 286, 584–585
practice guidelines on,
498, 500, 502, 510–511, 531, 532
pregnancy and lactation safety,
808–810
proserotonergic washout period,
233
reversal of cell pathology with,
171
serotonin reuptake inhibitor discontinuation syndrome,
258–259
sex differences in treatment response,
804
sexual dysfunction and,
259–260, 287
side effects,
252–253, 258–263, 287, 692
sleep affected by,
874, 875–876
specific medications,
245–249.See also Atomoxetine; Citalopram; Escitalopram; Fluoxetine; Fluvoxamine; Nefazodone; Paroxetine; Reboxetine; Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors; Sertraline; Vilazodone; Vortioxetine
suicide risk,
260–263
therapeutic effect vs. implications,
241–244, 243–244
Selegiline,
232–233, 233, 503, 510, 693, 696, 734
Self-efficacy,
709
Self-esteem,
444–447
Self-harm,
260, 261, 262, 301–302, 559–560, 564, 567–568
Semistructured diagnostic interviews,
58, 59–60, 529
Sequenced Treatment Alternatives to Relieve Depression (STAR*D),
236, 274, 297, 366, 368, 413, 498, 503, 509, 592, 609, 613–619
Serotonergic washout period,
233
Serotonergic system, altered function in mood disorders,
182
Serotonin
antidepressant strategies,
121, 584–585
depression levels of,
114
monoamine hypothesis and,
94–98
“risk allele” concept,
156–157
Serotonin antagonists,
593, 595–596, 597
Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs)
dosage,
243
indications
combination use in major depressive disorder,
593, 616
geriatric mood disorders,
713
overview,
241–244, 243
pediatric depressive disorders,
692–693, 695
perimenopausal depression,
821
treatment-resistant depression,
613
pharmacodynamics/pharmacokinetics,
242, 252, 585
practice guidelines on,
510
pregnancy and lactation safety,
810
sleep affected by,
874
specific medications,
253–255.See also Desvenlafaxine; Duloxetine; Levomilnacipran; Milnacipran; Venlafaxine
Serotonin reuptake inhibitor discontinuation syndrome,
258–259
Serotonin syndrome,
263
Serotonin transporter (SERT),
95, 240–241, 242, 252, 899.See also Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and related antidepressants; Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors
Sertraline
about,
245
comparative effectiveness to psychotherapy,
432–433
comparative effectiveness with psychotherapy,
437
dosage,
243, 247, 695
drug-drug interactions,
245–247, 246, 263
frequency of use,
245
indications
combination use in major depressive disorder,
586, 592, 593
major depressive disorder with psychotic features,
672, 673, 674–675
medical illnesses with depression,
748, 751, 754
overview,
243, 245
pediatric depressive disorders,
690, 692, 695
postpartum depression,
815
premenstrual dysphoric disorder,
818
overdose risk,
260
pharmacodynamics/pharmacokinetics,
241, 242, 245–247
side effects,
692
sleep affected by,
875
suicide risk,
260–261
Sertraline Antidepressant Heart Attack Randomized Trial (SADHART),
748
Setiptiline,
234
Sex differences
in bipolar disorder,
118
in depression,
122, 801–804
in pediatric mood disorders,
685–686
psychoneuroendocrinology effects of,
112, 117–118, 119
in seasonal affective disorder,
635–636, 635
suicide attempts and,
561–562
Sex hormones,
108–109.See also Estrogens; Progesterone; Testosterone
Sexting,
571
Sexual abuse,
446–447, 563, 903
Sexual dysfunction
antidepressants and,
254–255, 259–260, 287, 369, 371
antipsychotics and,
287
management of,
259–260, 369, 371
Sexual orientation, rejection of,
562, 563
Sheehan Clinical Global Improvement (S-CGI) scale,
75
Sheehan Disability Scale (SDS),
71–73, 72
Sheehan Irritability Scale (SIS),
70
Sheehan Patient Global Improvement (S-PGI) scale,
75
Sheehan–Suicidality Tracking Scale (S-STS),
74
Sheehan–Suicidality Tracking Scale Clinically Meaningful Change Measure (S-STS CMCM) version,
74
SIBAT (Suicide Ideation and Behavior Assessment Tool),
74
Sibling studies,
206, 210
Sickness behavior,
154–155
“SIGECAPS” mnemonic,
688–689
SIGH-D (Structured Interview Guide for the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale),
61
SIGMA (Structured Interview Guide for the MADRS),
62–63
Signs of Suicide (SOS),
548
Single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) heritability,
205–207, 207–208, 213, 781–782, 899–900, 900–901
Single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT),
192
Sleep deprivation,
644, 875, 880, 884
Sleep disorders,
869–893
background,
869–870
comorbid bipolar disorder,
877–884
conclusion,
884–885
epidemiology,
870, 878
in major depressive disorder,
870–877
slMFB (superolateral branch of the medial forebrain bundle),
343, 344, 363–364
SLUMS (Saint Louis University Mental Status exam),
710
Social Adjustment Scale (SAS),
72, 73
Social and Occupational Functioning Assessment Scale (SOFAS),
71, 72
Social competition,
152–154
Social learning theory,
788
Social media,
571–572, 573–574
Social rank theory of depression,
152–153
Social rhythm therapy,
456–457, 883.See also Interpersonal and social rhythm therapy
Social withdrawal, as evolutionary adaptation,
154–155
Sodium butyrate,
223
Somatic anxiety,
241–244
Somatization and cultural idioms of distress,
846–849, 848–849
SPAQ (Seasonal Pattern Assessment Questionnaire),
636–637
SPECT (single-photon emission computed tomography),
192
SPI (Safety Planning Intervention),
551–552
SSRIs. See Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and related antidepressants
S-STS (Sheehan–Suicidality Tracking Scale),
74
Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing (American Educational Research Association),
79–80
STAR*D (Sequenced Treatment Alternatives to Relieve Depression),
236, 274, 297, 366, 413, 498, 503, 509, 592, 609, 611, 613–619
STEP-BD (Systematic Treatment Enhancement Program for Bipolar Disorder) study,
457, 463–464
Stevens-Johnson syndrome,
279, 698
Stigmatization
of depression,
856–857
of electroconvulsive therapy,
298
Stimulants,
531, 534, 754–755
St. John’s wort,
510, 812
Stress response
anatomical pathology of,
171
CBT model for,
410–411
diathesis-stress model,
146, 156, 411, 544
epigenetic effects of,
218–220, 221, 224–225
geriatric mood disorders and,
709
immune dysfunction and,
138–139
psychoneuroendocrinology of,
106–108.See also Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis
substance use disorder and,
774
suicide attempts and,
563
triggers,
420–421, 432, 433
Strokes,
707–708, 743, 744–745, 752–755
Structured Clinical Interview for DSM (SCID),
18
Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5 (SCID-5),
59–60, 529, 786
Structured diagnostic interviews,
17, 57, 58–59, 81, 529
Structured Interview Guide for the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (SIGH-D),
61
Structured Interview Guide for the MADRS (SIGMA),
62–63
Subcortical structures,
170–171
Subgenual cingulate gyrus,
342, 343, 356–359
Substance/medication-induced bipolar and related disorder,
23, 25
Substance use disorders,
769–800
about
background,
769–770
future directions,
791
comorbidity of mood disorders,
36, 775–777, 778
diagnosis in patients with mood disorders,
785–786
diagnosis of substance-induced mood disorders,
786–787
medical management of,
788
pathophysiology of,
770–773, 771
phenomenology of,
773–775, 774
relationships between mood disorders and,
777, 779, 780–785
risk factors,
773–774
suicide and,
550, 562
Subsyndromal anxiety disorder,
34
Subsyndromal depression,
34, 755
Subsyndromal SAD,
633, 636–637, 639–641
Suicide and suicide prevention
about
anatomical pathology,
167
cultural epidemiology of,
841
as distinct mental disorder,
544–545
neurochemistry of,
95, 99
postmortem brain studies,
178, 179, 182–184, 185–186, 220
psychoneuroendocrinology of,
118
theoretical model and hypothesized mechanism,
544–545
definitions,
545
epidemiology,
543–544, 559–562, 560–561
family interventions,
564–565, 566
grants,
574–577, 575–576
prevention,
543–558
about,
546–547, 552–553
bright light therapy,
884
care process model,
564, 565, 566
definitions,
545, 565–567
individual-level strategies,
549–552, 552
institutional strategies,
548–549, 552
pharmacotherapy,
274, 279, 549–550, 618, 874, 882, 884
population-level strategies,
547–548, 552
practice guidelines on,
507–508, 535–536
in primary care setting,
536, 549
protective factors,
563
psychotherapy,
551, 568, 569
risk assessment,
545–546, 562–563
in school setting,
548
screening for,
62, 74–75, 564–567, 566
risk factors
assessment,
545–546, 562–563
childhood maltreatment,
897
comorbid cancer,
756
comorbid HIV,
758
cortisol nonsuppression,
882
in geriatric mood disorders,
705
insomnia,
871
ketamine and esketamine association,
622–623
in major depressive disorder with psychotic features,
677
SSRI use,
260–263
suicide “clusters,”
574
suicide contagion,
571
youth suicide,
559–581
about,
543, 559–560, 577
community-based youth suicide prevention efforts,
574–577, 575–576
epidemiology,
559–562, 560–561
pharmacotherapy,
261, 262–263, 569–571
protective factors,
563
psychosocial interventions,
567–569
risk factors,
261, 262–263, 562–563, 570–573, 897
screening and assessment in clinical care setting,
564–567, 565
social media and,
571–572, 573–574
warning signs,
563–564
Suicide Awareness Voices of Education (SAVE),
574
Suicide Ideation and Behavior Assessment Tool (SIBAT),
74
Suicide Prevention Resource Center,
574
Superego,
445–446, 447, 450
Superolateral branch of the medial forebrain bundle (slMFB),
343, 344, 363–364
Switching strategies,
613–616, 615
Syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion (SIADH),
109, 123
Systematic Treatment Enhancement Program for Bipolar Disorder (STEP-BD) study,
457, 463–464
TADS (Treatment for Adolescents with Depression Study),
261–262, 476, 690
TADS (Treatment for Adolescents with Depression Study) CBT Manual,
476
Task Force on Novel Biomarkers and Treatments of the American Psychiatric Association Research Council,
622
TCAs. See Tricyclic antidepressants
TDCRP (Treatment of Depression Collaborative Research Program),
409, 426–427, 428, 434–436
tDCS (transcranial direct current stimulation),
306–307, 620–621, 755
Testosterone,
108–109, 117, 118, 122–123
Tetracyclic antidepressants,
232, 234, 236–237
Texas Medication Algorithm Project,
498
Thase-Rush classification system for treatment-resistant depression,
498
Therapeutic alliance
in primary care settings,
732
in psychoanalysis,
450–452
Therapeutic Education System,
788
Theta-burst stimulation (TBS),
323, 326–327
13 Reasons Why (television series),
573
Threshold anxious depression,
34
Thymus,
110
Thyroid,
107, 108.See also Hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis
Thyroid autoimmunity,
110, 115, 116–117
Thyroid hormone therapy,
121, 274, 503, 512, 617, 618–619
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH),
108, 114–116, 121, 122
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH),
108, 110, 114, 122
TNF-a antagonists,
140
Toolkit for Schools, After A Suicide,
574
TORDIA (Treatment of Resistant Depression in Adolescents),
476, 690
Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS),
306–307, 620–621, 755
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS),
317–333
about
background,
317–319
conclusion,
328–329
further developments,
517
acute efficacy,
320–322
cost-effectiveness,
325
indications,
319–320, 325–327, 822
maintenance and retreatment,
322–323
mechanism of action,
327–328
motor threshold procedure,
319
neurochemistry,
98–99
practice guidelines on,
503, 504, 512, 518
safety and clinical considerations,
323–325
transcranial direct current stimulation,
306–307, 620–621, 755
Tranylcypromine,
233, 236, 368, 510, 616
Trauma,
224–225, 709.See also Early-life stress and trauma
Traxoprodil,
389
Trazodone,
255–256, 365, 370–371, 875–876
TRD. See Treatment-resistant depression Treatment for Adolescents with Depression Study (TADS),
261–262, 476, 690
Treatment for Adolescents with Depression Study (TADS) CBT Manual,
476
Treatment of Depression Collaborative Research Program (TDCRP),
409, 426–427, 428, 434–436
Treatment of Resistant Depression in Adolescents (TORDIA),
476, 690
Treatment-refractory psychotic depression,
674
Treatment-resistant depression (TRD),
609–630
about
background,
335–336, 609
conclusion,
625–626
definitions,
609, 610, 616
further developments,
517
adjunctive (combination) strategies,
616–619
burden of,
375–376, 610
comorbidity,
612–613
diagnostic accuracy,
610–613
differential diagnosis,
611–612
epidemiology,
610
in geriatric population,
714
patient factors,
611
practice guidelines for,
498, 502–503, 504, 510, 512, 616
pseudoresistance and,
610–611, 613
treatment
bright light therapy,
884
combination pharmacological strategies,
586, 588–592, 591, 596, 616–619
experimental therapies,
624–625
forced sleep deprivation,
875
neuromodulation therapies,
297, 619–621, 624–625, 875
pharmacotherapy,
274, 278, 289, 290–291, 517, 613–619, 615, 621–624, 873–874, 884
psychotherapy,
619
TRH (thyrotropin-releasing hormone),
108, 110, 114, 122
Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs)
about
background,
94, 231–232, 233–234
conclusion,
237
antipsychotic effects,
287
combined with electroconvulsive therapy,
305
comparative effectiveness,
249, 252
comparative effectiveness to psychotherapy,
411–412
dosage,
235
drug-drug interactions,
587
indications
atypical depression,
652
combination use in major depressive disorder,
618
geriatric mood disorders,
714
medical illnesses with depression,
754
pediatric depressive disorders,
693, 695
persistent depressive disorder,
654
treatment-resistant depression,
614
overdose risk,
260
practice guidelines on,
498, 500–501, 502–503, 510, 514
pregnancy and lactation safety,
810
serotonin reuptake inhibitor discontinuation syndrome,
258
sex differences in treatment response,
804
side effects,
234, 693
sleep affected by,
873–874
specific medications,
235.See also Amitriptyline; Amoxapine; Clomipramine; Desipramine; Doxepin; Imipramine; Nortriptyline; Protriptyline; Trimipramine
suicide risk,
261
therapeutic drug monitoring,
236
Triiodothyronine,
593, 593, 618–619
Trimipramine,
235
Triple chronotherapy,
644
Tryptophan,
110, 584–585
TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone),
108, 114–116, 121, 122
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF),
110, 134, 136, 140, 806–807, 820, 902
12-step groups,
788
Twin studies,
206–207, 209–210, 219, 222
Tyramine,
232
Unipolar depressive disorders,
8, 32.See also Major depressive disorder; Persistent depressive disorder
Unspecified bipolar and related disorders,
23
Unspecified depressive disorder,
25
U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF),
482, 727, 728, 730
VA Augmentation and Switching Treatments for Improving Depression Outcomes (VAST-D) trial,
518
Vaccines,
138
Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS),
335–340
about
background,
335–336, 337
further developments,
517
clinical evidence (efficacy),
338–340
electroconvulsive therapy and,
306, 307
in epilepsy,
336, 337–338
indications,
338–340, 621
mode of action,
338
practice guidelines on,
503, 504, 512
Valproate,
122–123, 223, 286, 785
Valproic acid
comparative effectiveness,
273, 277
drug-drug interactions,
280
indications,
272, 273, 276–277, 278
pharmacodynamics/pharmacokinetics,
276
safety and tolerability,
279
side effects,
273, 278, 279
sleep affected by,
881
teratogenic effects,
273, 278
therapeutic drug monitoring,
279–280
Varenicline,
789
Vascular dementia,
705
Vascular depression hypothesis,
707–708
VC/VS (ventral capsule/ventral striatum),
342, 343, 360
Venlafaxine
background,
253
combined use with electroconvulsive therapy,
305–306
comparative effectiveness,
236, 249, 368
dosage,
243, 253, 695
drug-drug interactions,
263
indications
combination use in major depressive disorder,
236, 585, 590–591, 616
geriatric mood disorders,
713
major depressive disorder with psychotic features,
673
overview,
243, 253
pediatric depressive disorders,
695
premenstrual dysphoric disorder,
818
treatment-resistant depression,
614, 616
pharmacodynamics/pharmacokinetics,
242, 252, 587
practice guidelines on,
502, 510, 514
pregnancy and lactation safety,
810
side effects,
253, 692
suicide risk,
260–261
Ventral capsule/ventral striatum (VC/VS),
342, 343, 360
Veterans Affairs (VA) and Department of Defense (DoD) Clinical Practice Guideline for the Management of Major Depressive Disorder (VA-DoD CPG for MDD),
518
VHS (volitional help sheet),
552
Vilazodone
comparative effectiveness,
257
dosage,
244, 695
indications
combination use in major depressive disorder,
593
overview,
244, 256, 515–516
pediatric depressive disorders,
690, 693, 695
pharmacodynamics/pharmacokinetics,
242, 256–257
pregnancy and lactation safety,
810
side effects,
257, 693
Vitamin D insufficiency,
813
Vitamin D supplementation,
641
Vitex agnus-castus,
819
VNS. See Vagus nerve stimulation
Volitional help sheet (VHS),
552
Vortioxetine
comparative effectiveness,
257
dosage,
244, 695
indications
combination use in major depressive disorder,
593
overview,
244, 257, 515–516
pediatric depressive disorders,
693, 695
treatment-resistant depression,
613
pharmacodynamics/pharmacokinetics,
242, 257
pregnancy and lactation safety,
810
side effects,
257, 693
“Vulnerability genes,”
156
Wake therapy,
644.See also Sleep deprivation
Warfarin,
263
White matter,
197, 898
White Mountain Apache Garrett Lee Smith Suicide Prevention Program,
574
WHO. See World Health Organization
WHODAS 2.0 (World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule),
71, 72
“Winter blues,”
633, 634
Withdrawal states and syndromes,
772, 773
WMH (World Mental Health) Surveys,
32–33, 35
Women and subtypes of depression,
801–835.See also Pregnancy and lactation; Sex differences
background,
801
conclusion,
822
neurobiology of,
802–803, 806–807
perimenopausal depression,
819–822
peripartum depression,
804–816.See also Peripartum depression
premenstrual dysphoric disorder,
816–819
prevalence,
801–802
treatment response,
803–804
Work and Social Adjustment Scale (WSAS),
72, 73
World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry practice guidelines,
618
World Health Organization (WHO) on burden of mood disorders,
146
“Classification of Mental Disorders,”
16–17
Collaborative Study on the Assessment of Depressive Disorders,
841
Cross-National Study of Mental Disorders in Primary Care,
841–842, 842
on DSM-III operational criteria,
19
Expert Committee on Drug Dependence,
382
Global Burden of Disease,
31
ICD-6,
15–16
ICD-8,
15–16
ICD-9,
15–16, 19, 20–21
ICD-10,
18, 19, 34, 59, 804
ICD-11,
22–24, 26, 804, 817
International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health,
72
World Mental Health (WMH) Surveys,
32–33, 35
World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule (WHODAS 2.0),
71, 72
Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS),
68
Youth. See Pediatric mood disorders
Youth Partners in Care trial,
482
“Zero Suicide” (ZS),
564
Zimelidine,
240
Ziprasidone
indications,
291, 597, 618, 699
pharmacodynamics/pharmacokinetics,
597
practice guidelines on,
530, 531, 533, 535
sleep affected by,
882
Zolpidem,
876
Zonisamide,
278
Zuranolone,
624, 816

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Go to The American Psychiatric Association Publishing Textbook of Mood Disorders
The American Psychiatric Association Publishing Textbook of Mood Disorders
Pages: 909 - 946
Editors: Charles B. Nemeroff, M.D., Ph.D., Natalie Rasgon, M.D., Ph.D., Alan F. Schatzberg, M.D., and Stephen M. Strakowski, M.D.

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Published in print: 16 June 2022
Published online: 5 December 2024
© American Psychiatric Association Publishing

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