Page numbers printed in boldface type refer to tables or figures.
ACA.
See Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010
Accompaniment, as strategy for social justice in clinical practice,247–248
Accountable care organizations (ACOs),220
Acculturation, and race-based mental inequities,50–51
Achievement gap, and schooling system,68
Adichie, Chimamanda Ngozi,10
Adolescents, community collective efficacy and mental health of,104
Adoption, federal policy on transracial,89
Adoption Assistance and Child Welfare Act (AACWA) of 1980,87, 88, 153
Adoption and Safe Families Act of 1997,88, 89, 153
Adverse Childhood Experience Questionnaire,190,
191–
192Adverse childhood experiences, as social determinant of mental health,18, 219.
See also Childhood trauma
Advocacy.
See also Mental health professionals
assessing effectiveness of,236
childhood trauma and,203competencies in,237development of new knowledge base,226–227
feedback on,236
iterative and sustainable process for,233–236
recognition of injustice and,230–233
reform of mental health care system and,221
self-care and,249
self-reflection and,232, 241
Affordability, of mental health services,132–134
African Americans.
See also Bias; Black people; Discrimination; Mental health inequities; Oppression; Race; Racism; Segregation; Social injustice; Urban development
cultural deprivation and,57
child welfare statistics and,81Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC),84–85
Alexander, Michelle,33, 116, 152
Alston, Philip,21
American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons,43
American Association for Cancer Research,6
“American Dream,”4
American Housing Act of 1949,96
American Indians/Alaska Natives.
See also Indigenous people; Native Americans; Race; Racism
child welfare statistics and,81percentage of children living in poverty,196
state intervention and,83
American Medical Association (AMA),128, 130
American Psychiatric Association,218
American Public Health Association,4
Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990,22
Anomie, and mental health,103
Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1996,149
Antisocial personality disorder (ASPD),172–186
Anxiety disorders, and comorbidity with borderline personality disorder,176
Arbery, Ahmaud,xx
Asian Americans.
See also Chinese Americans
child welfare statistics and,81childhood poverty and subgroups of,196
research on health inequities of,245
underrepresentation of in clinical trials,55
Assessment.
See also Diagnosis of personality disorders,178–182
Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC),128
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD),199, 202
Avoidance, and PTSD in children,201
Baldwin, James,xxiii, 33, 35
Baltimore (Maryland), and race-based zoning laws,98
Basaglia, Franco,212, 248
Behavior, racial bias in observation of problematic in children,176–177.
See also Conduct disorder; Oppositional defiant disorder
Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS),192, 193–194
Benjamin, Ruha,37, 43,
243Bias.
See also Confirmative bias; Discrimination; Expectation bias; Implicit bias; Race; Racism
in clinical interviews for antisocial and borderline personality disorders,179–180
racial bias, and treatment of schizophrenia,161–163
racialization in mental health diagnosis and screening,53–55
Billingsley, Andrew,82
Biological determinism,6, 34–36
Biopsychosocial model, of mental health,5
Black Men in Psychiatry Early Pipeline Program,218
Black people.
See also Bias; Discrimination; Mental health inequities; Oppression; Race; Racism; Segregation; Social injustice; Urban development
adversities of within schooling system,69–71
COVID-19 and,xx
child welfare statistics and,81community violence, childhood trauma, and,195–196
emphasis on in current book,7
historical trauma and,163–166
history of child welfare services in the South,83
intersectionality and,9
lack of mental health care for,132
overdiagnosis of schizophrenia in,54, 163
overrepresentation of in child welfare system,80–81
percentage of children living in poverty,196
schooling and subjugation of,75
underrepresentation of in clinical trials,55
“War on Drugs” and mass incarceration of,113
Blockbusting, and urban development,102
Borderline personality disorder (BPD),172–186
Bowlby, John,56
Brain Storm: The Flaws in the Science of Sex Difference (Jordan-Young),35
Brainstorming, and advocacy,234–235
Brave Heart, Maria Yellow Horse,10
Brown v. Board of Education (1954),99
Buchanan v. Warley (1917),98
Buck v. Bell (1927),22
California, and substance use disorders,151–152, 153.
See also Los Angeles
Carceral system.
See also Juvenile justice system
interaction with as social determinant of mental health,18label of antisocial personality disorder and,183–184
marginalization and,8mass incarceration and inequities in,112–114
prevalence of substance use disorders in,148–149
profit and politics of,116–119
reform of,119–120
use of term,111
Caregivers, and interventions for childhood trauma,203Case exampleof childhood trauma,197–198
of exploring, identifying, and assessing patient’s needs,235of schizophrenia in Black patient,165–166
Categorizations, evolution of terminology for,xxii
Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D),55
Charlotte (North Carolina), and segregation,97, 98
Charter schools,70
Chicago (Illinois), and collective efficacy of communities,104
Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act of 1974 (CAPTA),86,
87Child and Family Services Improvement and Innovation Act of 2011,88, 89
Child welfare systemchild protection, poverty, and race,83–86, 88–89
concept of family and,80
future directions for,92–93
history of,82–83
mental health care and,90–92
mental health inequities and,81–82
programmatic features of,80
substance use disorders and,152–153
Childhood traumaAdverse Childhood Experiences Study and,190–195
community violence and,195–196
mental health care and interventions for,203–204
poverty and social determinants of health,196–203
professional neglect of structural and complex forms of,200–203
substance use disorders and,153
Children.
See Adolescents; Childhood trauma; Child welfare system; Development
Children of the Storm: Black Children and American Child Welfare (Billingsley and Giovanni 1972),82
Children’s Bureau,85, 86
Chinese Americans, and racialized depictions of drug use,149.
See also Asian Americans
Civil Rights Act of 1964,126
Civil rights movement, and racial bias in diagnosis of schizophrenia,162
Climate changecollective efficacy and impact of trauma from,104
as social determinant of mental health,18Clinical interviews, and personality disorders,179–180
Clinton, Bill,116
Closing the Gap in a Generation: Health Equity Through Action on the Social Determinants of Health (Commission on Social Determinants of Health 2008),13, 20, 26
Cocainecriminalization and racialization of,149, 153–154
media portrayals of,147, 149
“War on Drugs” and,112–113, 151
Collaborative care models, and mental health service delivery,218–219
Collective efficacy, of communities,104–105
Commission on Social Determinants of Health (World Health Organization),13, 20
Community.
See also Neighborhoods advocacy and,
237childhood trauma and violence in,195–196
collective trauma and breakdown of,105–107
social integration and mental health in,103–105
Community mental health centers (CMHCs),135, 212–213
Community Mental Health Centers Act of 1963,213
Community-partnered participatory research (CPPR),220–221
Community Partners in Care (CPIC),221
Complex posttraumatic stress disorder (C-PTSD),200–201
Complex traumas, in children,200–203
Conduct disorder,39, 177, 202
Confirmative bias,180
Context, of mental health inequities,37–39
Continental Congress Survey of the Northwest Territory (1785),67
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic,xx, 26
Countertransference, and social determinants of mental health,24
Crenshaw, Kimberlé,9,
244Criminal justice system.
See Carceral system; Police; Prisons
Crimeantisocial personality disorder and,175, 183–184
public discourse on “street” versus white-collar,113
racialization of substance use disorders and,149–150
Cultural competency, and racial stereotypes,36
Cultural deprivation theory,56–58
Cultural determinism, and racial categories,36–37
Cultural humility, and historical trauma,165
Cultural imperialism,8Cultural overshadowing,179
Cultural syndromes,37
Culture, definition of,36
“Culture talk,”37
Decriminalization, of substance use,150
Deindustrialization, impact of on urban neighborhoods,106
Deinstitutionalization, and history of mental health care system,135–136, 213
Department of Defense (DoD),118
Department of Education,118
Deportation, and immigration,xix–xx, 53
Depression.
See also Major depressive disorder
collective efficacy and rates of,104
people with disabilities and,22
Desmond, Matthew,102–103,
242Detention, and immigration,53
Detroit (Michigan), and urban development,95–97, 99, 100, 103, 106
Development, Relief, and Education for Alien Minors (DREAM) Act,xix
Diagnosis.
See also Assessment of antisocial and borderline personality disorders,185–186
childhood trauma and,202
racial biasand racialization in,53–55
in treatment of schizophrenia and,161–163
social justice issues in clinical practice and,247–248
Diderichsen, Finn,196–197
Disabilities, and social determinants of mental health framework,21–23
Discrimination.
See also Bias; Race; Racism
cultural imperialism and,8definition of,49
as risk factor for psychosis,167
as social determinant of mental health,18Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder (DMDD),201
DSM-II, and overview of schizophrenia,158
DSM-IIIborderline personality disorder in,172
criteria for schizophrenia in,158
posttraumatic stress disorder in,200
DSM-III-R, and subtypes of schizophrenia,158–159
DSM-5antisocial personality disorder in,173, 178, 184
borderline personality disorder in,173–
174cultural syndromes in,37
definition of personality disorders in,172–173
disruptive, impulse control, and conduct disorders in,39
oppositional defiant disorder in,201
PTSD in children and,201
schizophrenia in,159–
160DuBois, W.E.B.,74–75
Durkheim, Emile,103
Economics, and impact of incarceration,117.
Seealso Affordability; Financial insecurity; Poverty; Socioeconomic factors
Education.
See also School(s)
advocacy and public information,237mental health inequities and,240–241
people with disabilities and,23
powerlessness and,8as social determinant of mental health,18Education for All Handicapped Children Act of 1975,22
Employment.
See also Unemployment
exploitation and,8financial security and,198
opportunities for formerly incarcerated people,117–118
Enacted stigma,146
Epidemiology.
See Life expectancy; Prevalence
Escalante, Jaime,73, 74
Essentialism, and mental health inequities,33–37
Essex County, New Jersey,101Expectation bias,180
Exploitation, as type of oppression,8Fair Sentencing Act of 2010,149
Family.
See also Caregivers
child welfare system and,80, 92–93
as sociolegal institution,79–80
Family First Prevention Services Act (2018),92
Fanon, Frantz,10, 240
Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI),118
Federal Bureau of Prisons,118
Federal Housing Administration (FHA),99
Financial insecurity,198.
See also Income inequality
Flexner Report (1910), and Black medical students,128
Floyd, George,xx
Food insecuritychildhood trauma and,198–200
as social determinant of mental health,18Foster care.
See also Child welfare system
detection system for abuse or neglect and increase in,86, 88
placement instability and,90
psychotropic prescribing practices for children in,91
racial identity of children in,80,
81Fostering Connections to Success and Increasing Adoptions Act (FCSIAA) of 2008,88, 89
Freud, Sigmund,10
Freire, Paulo,10, 20
Gannon, Linda,35
Garner, Eric,xx
Gateway providers, school staff as,66
Gender.
See also Sexism; Transgender and gender-nonconforming people; Women
bias in diagnosis of antisocial and borderline personality disorders,177, 180, 181
wage gap and race,198–199
Gender dysphoria,40
Genetics, and premature death,11
Gentrification, and impacts on neighborhoods of color,100, 103, 106.
See also Redlining; Urban renewal
Geographic accessibility, and availability of mental health services,134–135, 136–137
Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS),55
Giovannoni, Jeanne,82
Great Migration,98
Great Recession (2008),103
Guadalupe Hidalgo, Treaty of (1848),72
Hanchett, Thomas,97
Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (HTQ),52
Health care, and health care system.
See also Insurance; Primary care
access to as social determinant of mental health,18actions to address social determinants of health,23
definition of,126
hospitals and,126–127
inequities in treatment of substance use disorders,147–149
label in medical chart for personality disorder and access to,178
physicians and history of,128–130
universal system of,214–215
Health inequities, definition of,31
Health Professional Shortage Areas (HPSAs),216
Herman, Judith,200,
243Heroin,150, 154
Hierarchies, and biological determinism, See also Social hierarchiesHispanic, use of term,38
Hispanicschild welfare statistics and,81percentage of children living in poverty,196
Historical traumabasic assumptions of theory,164
in Black communities,163–166
History, Latinx youth and teaching of in U.S. schools,72
History of Psychiatry, A (Shorter 1997),10
Homelessness, as social determinant of mental health,18, 219.
See also Housing
Home Owners’ Loan Corporation (HOLC),99, 100
Hospitals, and health care system,126–127
Housing, and housing instability.
See also Homelessness
marginalization and,8segregation and public,98–99, 102
as social determinant of mental health,18Housing Act of 1949,100
Howard University,128
Immigration, and immigration policydeportation and,xix–xx
structural racism and,51–53
Imperialism, history of U.S. in Mexico,72
Implicit bias,7, 19
Income inequality.
See also Financial insecurity
powerlessness and,8social determinants of mental health and,219
Indian Child Welfare Act of 1978 (ICWA),86,
97Indigenous people.
See also American Indians/Alaska Natives; Native Americans; Race; Racism
carceral system and,113
forced dislocation of,67
lack of data on,7
overrepresentation of in child welfare system,80–81, 83
resistance to marginalization,34
schooling and subjugation of,75
use of methamphetamine,15
underrepresentation of in clinical trials,55
Individualistic fallacy, in assessments of personality disorders,182–184
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (1990),22
In Our Own Voice (NAMI),241
Insecure attachment,199
Insurance, healthaccess to mental health care and,118, 213
health care system and,130–131
private psychiatric practices and acceptance of,24–25, 133
Interethnic Placement provisions (IEP) of 1996,87, 89
Intergenerational trauma, and multisystem failure,198–200
Interrater reliability, for antisocial and borderline personality disorders,176
Intersectionality, as important concept in social justice,9
Ionia State Hospital (Michigan),161–162, 163
Italy, public psychiatry model in Trieste,212–213
Jacobs, Jane,107
Jewish communities, and historical trauma,164
Jim Crow era,33, 95, 116, 164
Johnson, Lyndon B.,56, 67, 99
Jordan-Young, Rebecca,35
Journals, social justice issues for peer-reviewed,246
Juvenile justice system, and inequities in carceral system,114–116
Kraepelin, Emil,158
Labelingdiagnosis of antisocial and borderline personality disorders and,177–178, 184
substance use disorders and,146
Language, mental health inequities and imprecision in use of terms,32–33
Latinx people.
See also Bias; Discrimination; Oppression
adversities of within schooling system,71–74
carceral system and,113
community violence and childhood trauma in,196
immigration policies and,52
lack of data on,7
lack of mental health care for,132
schooling and subjugation of,75
underrepresentation of in clinical trials,55
use of term,38
Lead exposure, and cognitive impairment,171
Lewis, John,249
Liberation theology,24
Life expectancy,xvi
Linnaeus, Carl, and racial categories,34, 40, 44
Lorde, Audre,249
Los Angeles (California),73, 221
Major depressive disorder,15,
19, 51–52, 166, 176, 219
Malingering, and gender bias,181
Mann, Horace,67
Marginalizationsubstance use disorders and,148, 152
of people with disabilities,21
as type of oppression,8Marijuana, criminalization and racialization of,149–150
Mark of Oppression: A Psychosocial Study of the American Negro, The (Kardiner and Ovesey 1951),57
Massachusetts, laws of and history of education,67
Maternal deprivation, during child development,56
McGill University,56
Media portrayalsof schizophrenia,161
of substance use disorders,146–147, 154
Medicaidaccess to mental health services and,134, 215–216
child welfare system and mental health care,91
expansion of under ACA,127, 130, 131, 215–216
private psychiatric practices and,25
Medical model, and people with disabilities,22
Medical screening, and immigration,51–52
Medicare,126, 130
Medications, and prescribing practices for children in foster care,91
Meharry Medical College,128
Menopause, and structural oppression in medical discourse,40
Mental health.
See also Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; Conduct disorder; Depression; Mental health care; Mental health inequities; Mental health professionals; Oppositional defiant disorder; Personality disorders; Posttraumatic stress disorder; Schizophrenia; Substance use disorders
examination of connection between social justice and,4–5
of incarcerated persons,113
limitations of social justice theory in,10–11
neuroscience and advances in,5–6
self-study resources on,242–
245urban development and,103–107
Mental health care.
See also Access; Diagnosis; Mental health; Mental health inequities; Mental health professionals
childhood trauma and,203–204
child welfare system and,90–92
inequities of current system,211
insurance coverage and access to,132–134
recommendations and rationale for reform of,214–221
review of present-day reform efforts,213–214
social injustice and system of,131–137
structural racism in diagnosis and screening,53–55
Trieste model of,212–213
Mental health disparities, definition of,15
Mental health inequities.
See also Mental health; Mental health care
child welfare system and,81–82
debate on causes of,14
definition of,15
erasure of context in medical discourse on,37–39
essentialism and,33–37
imprecision in language and perpetuation of,32–33
positionality and,39–43
presumption of objectivity and,43–44
social justice issues and,239–241, 245–250
structural racism and,50–53
vectors of,33
Mental Health Parity Act of 1996,213
Mental and Health Parity and Addiction Equity Act of 2008,213
Mental health professionals.
See also Advocacy; Psychiatrists
acknowledging existence of childhood trauma,204
actions to address social determinants of mental health,24–25
carceral system reform and,119–120
framework for combating structural racism,58,
59mental health care reform and,216–218, 221
negative workers and,248
policy and law on substance use and,154
power, individual identity, and group membership,228–
229reform of schools and schooling system,74–75
structural inequities in diagnosis of antisocial and borderline personality disorders,186
Mental Health Services Act of 1980,135
Meritocracy,4, 70
Metabolic syndrome,38
Methamphetamine,151–153
Me Too movement,20
Metzl, Jonathan,161,
243Mexico, history of U.S. imperialism in,72
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI),54, 165, 181–182
Moral panic, and inequities in treatment of substance use disorders,147
Morrison, Toni,7, 10
Mothers’ pension laws,84
Multi-Ethnic Placement Act of 1994,87, 89
National Alliance on Mental Illness,241
National Crime Victimization Survey,196
National Health Service Corps (NHSC),216
National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA),118
Native Americans.
See also American Indians/Alaska Natives; Indigenous people; Race; Racism
child welfare system and removal of children from parents,67, 86
forced placement of children in boarding schools,67, 83
historical trauma and,164
Native Hawaiians/Pacific Islanders, child welfare statistics and,81Naturalization Act of 1790,51
Nature versus nurture,5
Negative thoughts, and PTSD in children,201
Negative workers, and mental health professionals,248
Neighborhoods.
See also Community
as social determinant of mental health,19urban development and,100–103, 107
Neoliberalism, and Black and Latinx adversities in schooling system,70, 73–74
Neuroscience, and mental health care,5–6
New Deal,84
New Jersey, life expectancy and race in,xvi.
See also Essex County
New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness, The (Alexander 2010),33, 152
New York (state), “War on Drugs” and mass incarceration in,112, 150–151.
See also New York City
New York Children’s Aid Society,84
New York City, and urban development,98, 102
North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA),38
Obama, Barack,33
Objectivity, mental health inequities and presumption of,43–49
Opioid epidemic,147, 153–154
Oppositional defiant disorder,177, 201
Oppression,7, 10, 11, 37.
See also Bias; Structural oppression
biological determinism and,34, 37
experiences of Black students in schooling system,71
gendered,40
historical,57
intersectionality and,9
institutionalized,230
people with disabilities and,22
poor outcomes of mental illness and,20
social determinants of mental health and,24
structural,39–41, 70, 183, 197, 230
types of and expressions in mental health,8Oregon, and accountable care organizations,220
Orphan train movement,84
Others and othering, as important concepts in social justice,9
Outpatient mental health services, geographic access to,136–137
Paranoid subtype, of schizophrenia,163
Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9),52
Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010 (ACA),52, 127, 130–131, 214
Patriarchy, and social norms,19–20
Personality Assessment Inventory-2 (PAI-2),181–182
Personality disorders.
See also Antisocial personality disorder; Borderline personality disorder
assessment of,178–182
definition of in DSM-5,172–173
individualistic fallacy and,182–184
label in medical chart and access to health care,178
lack of specificity to diagnoses,176
persistence of across life span,174
Personal responsibility, and social justice theory,11
Physicians, and history of health care system,128–130
Pipeline programs, and mental health workforce,217–218
Pittsburgh (Pennsylvania), and urban renewal,106
Placing out, and child welfare system,84
Plague of Prisons (Drucker 2011),149
Planned shrinkage, and urban development,102, 106
Policecriminalization of Black youth as group and,183–184
killings of unarmed Black people by,xx
Politics, and advocacy,237.
See also Public policies
Pollution exposure, as social determinant of mental health,19Portugal, and decriminalization of drug use,150
Positionality, and mental health inequities,39–43
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD),164–165, 200–203
Poverty.
See also Economics
childhood trauma and,196–203
child welfare system and,83–86, 88–89
public policies and,16–17
as social determinant of mental health,18Poweradvocacy for patient empowerment,237dynamics of in clinical settings,231,
233types of oppression and expression of in mental health,8Prejudice, definition of,49
Premenstrual dysphoric disorder,40
Prevalenceof antisocial personality disorder,172
of borderline personality disorder,172
of substance use disorders in incarcerated persons,148
Primary care, and collaborative care models,218–219
Primary Care Evaluation of Mental Disorders (PRIME-MD),52
Prisons, mass incarceration and increase in populations of,112.
See also Carceral system; School-to-prison pipeline
Privilegedialogue as a way of understanding,227
as important concept in social justice,8–9
media coverage and,147
mental health inequities and,24, 41–43
of mental health professionals,xxiii, 5, 25, 36, 45, 227, 231,
232,
Profitcarceral system and,116–119
hospitals and,127
Protest Psychosis: How Schizophrenia Became a Black Disease, The (Metzl),161
Psychiatrists.
See also Mental health professionals
Medicaid participation by,135
private insurance networks and,133
underrepresented in medicine (URM) population and,217–218
Psychosis, and trauma,164–165
PTSD Checklist–Civilian version (PCL-C),52
Public health, social justice as moral foundation of,4
Public policiesadvocacy and,237people with disabilities and,22–23
social determinants of mental health and,16–17, 21, 24
structural racism andin mental health research,56–58
race-based mental health inequities,50–53
substance use disorders and,150–153
on taxation for funding of schools,69
Public stigma, as barrier to treatment of substance use disorders,146
Race.
See also American Indians/Alaska Natives; Asian Americans; Black people; Indigenous people; Latinx people; Native Americans; Racism; Segregation
bias andin diagnosis and treatment of schizophrenia,161–163
in mental health diagnosis and screening,53–55
biological determinism and construction of,34–36
child protection and poverty as issues in child welfare system,83–86, 88–89
of children in foster care,80,
81COVID-19 and racial inequities,xx
criminalization of substance use disorders and,149–150
evaluation of problem behaviors in children and,176–177
personality test instruments and,181
poverty in children and,196
as social construct,48–49
social-justice informed research and,245
wage gap and,198
Racial disadvantage, and cultural deprivation theory,56
Racialized legal status, and immigration,52–53
Racism.
See also Bias; Discrimination; Oppression; Race; Structural racism
assessment of personality disorders and,182–184
as critical psychosocial stressor,48
definition of,48, 49
PTSD and,200
Rawls, John,3, 4
Reagan, Ronald,67, 116
Redlining, and segregation in urban development,99, 100–103
Reefer Madness (1936 film),149–150
Reexperiencing, and PTSD in children,201
Rehabilitation, and juvenile justice system,114
Rent, burden of in Black neighborhoods,102–103
Researchpromotion of social-justice informed,245–246
structural racism and racial bias or racialization in,55, 56–58
Resilience, and childhood trauma,204
Restrictive covenants, and segregation,98
Robert Wood Johnson Foundation,xv, xvi, 58
Rural areaslocation of correctional facilities in,118
methamphetamine use disorders and,152
Safety, and carceral system,119
Safety net providers, and mental health care,136
Sampson, Robert,104, 105
“Say Their Names” protests,xx
Scheper-Hughes, Nancy,248
Schizophreniahistory of,158–161
overdiagnosis of in Black male patients,54, 163
racial bias in diagnosis and treatment of,161–163
socioeconomic factors and,166–168
trauma and,163–166
vulnerability-stress model and,157
School(s), and schooling system.
See also Education
Black students and adversities in,69–71
historical context of,66–67
inequality and,71juvenile justice system and disciplinary policies of,114
Latinx students and adversities in,71–74
perpetuation of social hierarchies by,68
role of in child development,65
use of term schooling system,66
School-to-prison pipeline,114, 115
Secure attachment,199
Segregationhospitals and,126–127
urban development and,97–99
Self-study resources, on social injustice and mental health,242–
245Sensory deprivation theory,56
Serial forced displacement, of minority communities in American cities,106
Sexism.
See also Gender
biological determinism and,35
social determinants of mental health and,19–20
Shared decision making, medical concept of,248
Shelley v. Kraemer (1948),98
Sims, J. Marion,34–35, 44
“Social Causes as Fundamental Causes of Disease” (Link and Phelan 1995),47
Social context, and impact of urban development on mental health,103–107
Social defeat hypothesis, and schizophrenia,167–168
Social determinants of healthchildhood trauma and,196–203
definition of,13–14
health care system and actions to address,23
substance use disorders and,153
Social determinants of mental healthas cause of mental health inequities,6
distribution of opportunity and,20–21
framework of,15–23
people with disabilities and,21–23
reform of mental health care system and,219
social justice theory and,11
taking action to address,23–25
Social disorganization, and breakdown of communities,105–106
Social drift hypothesis, and schizophrenia,167
Social hierarchies, and schooling system,68, 74
Social injustice.
See also Carceral system; Childhood trauma; Child welfare system; Health care system; Mental health inequities; Personality disorders; Schizophrenia; Schools; Social determinants of mental health; Social justice; Structural racism; Substance use disorders; Urban development
connection between mental health and,4–5
lived experiences of readers of current volume,xxii–xxiv mental health care system and, 131–137
self-study resources on,242–
245as topic of current volume,4
Social integration, importance of community to mental health,103–105
Social justice.
See also Advocacy; Mental health care; Mental health inequities; Social injustice
definition of,3–4
foundational theories in,9–10
health care system and,126–131
important concepts,6–9
limitations of theory in mental health,10–11
neuroscience and advances in mental health,5–6
Social justice warrior, as pejorative term,3
Social normsDSM-5 description of disruptive, impulse control, and conduct disorders,39
people with disabilities and,22–23
social determinants of mental health and,16,
17, 19, 21, 24
Social Security Act of 1935,16, 84, 85
Social structures, definition of,48, 50
Socioeconomic factors, and schizophrenia,166–168.
See also Economics
Specialty outpatient mental health treatment,135–136
Stevens, Rosemary,126
Stigmadiagnosis of antisocial and borderline personality disorders and,177–178
substance use disorders and,146, 148
Stirling County Study (Nova Scotia),103, 105
Structural oppression, and mental health inequities,39–43
Structural racism.
See also Race; Racism
definition of,50
diagnosis and screening for mental disorders and,53–55, 202
future directions for combating,58,
59health insurance and,131
immigration policies and,51–53
mental health inequities and,50–53
mental health policy and research,56–58
schools and,70
“War on Drugs” policies and,151
Structural stigma, and substance abuse disorders,146
Structural trauma, in children,190, 197, 200–203
Structural violence, and distribution of opportunity,20
Substance use disorders.
See also “War on Drugs”
criminalization and racialization of,149–150
inequities in treatment of,147–149
media portrayals of,146–147
public policies and,150–153
stigma and,146
Suicide and suicide attemptsadverse experiences and,18,
192anomie and,103
increase in rates of,211
transgender people and,15
Trieste model and reduced rates of,212–213
Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program,17
Systema Naturae (Linnaeus),34
Taxation, and schooling system,69
Taylor, Breonna,xx
Test-retest reliability, of personality test instruments,181–182
Time’s Up movement,20
Transgender and gender-nonconforming peoplerace and intersectionality,9
risk of depression in,40
suicide attempts and,15
Transinstitutionalization, and mental health care system,116, 137, 213
Transportation insecurity, as social determinant of mental health,18Trauma.
See also Childhood trauma; Historical trauma; Intergenerational trauma
carceral system and structural,119
juvenile justice system and,114
schizophrenia and,163–166
Trauma-informed, family-centered approaches, to mental health care for children,91,
203Trieste model, of mental health care,212–213
Truman, Harry,130
Underrepresented in medicine (URM), and psychiatrists,217–218
Undocumented immigrants,52
Unemployment.
See also Employment
carceral system and,117–118
people with disabilities and,23
as social determinant of mental health,18United Nations Human Rights Council,21
U.S. Housing Act of 1937,98
Urban developmentDetroit as example of,95–97
healing of urban neighborhoods and,107
legacy of injustice in twentieth-century,97–103
mental health in social context of,103–107
Urban renewal,99, 100–102.
See also Gentrification; Redlining
Valenzuela, Angela,72
Value-based payment models, and reform of mental health care system,219–220
V code, and structural trauma,200
Veterans Administration (VA),99
Violence, exposure tochildhood trauma and,195–196, 201–202
as social determinant of mental health,18types of oppression and expressions of in mental health,8Voting, and felony convictions,119
Vulnerability-stress model, of schizophrenia,157
“War on Drugs,”102, 112, 116, 118, 150–153
“War on Poverty,”58
Weak ties, and collective efficacy of communities,106
White flight, and urban development,99
White House Conference on Dependent Children (1909),84
Wilson, Mary Ellen,82
Women, and diagnosis and treatment of schizophrenia in prior to 1960s,161–162.
See also Gender
Women’s Medical College of Pennsylvania,128
Woodson, Carter G.,71
World Health Organization,13, 31, 213, 196–197
Wraparound services, and child welfare system,91
Wretched of the Earth, The (Fanon 2004),240
