Page numbers printed in boldface type refer to tables and figures.
15q11-q13,7,
8, 68–74, 87, 89, 91–92, 153
15q11-q13 duplication syndrome (dup 15q),73–74, 92, 153
Acetylcarnitine,49, 82, 161
Activator protein 1 (AP-1),46
Adaptation,103, 153
Adenosine,2
Adrencorticotropic hormone (ACTH),106, 125, 127
Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) studies,103, 109, 117, 122
Aerobic activity,134
Age acceleration,144, 153
Age deceleration,144, 153
Aging,143–146
biological,143–146, 149
smoking effects,141
AHRR (aryl hydrocarbon receptor repressor gene),115, 143, 148–149, 154
Alcohol use. See also Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD)histone modifications,78
miRNA, effect on,79
protective role of exercise,136
Alcohol withdrawal,79
Allele,4, 153
Allelic expression,23–24,
25Alternative splicing,14, 153
Amyloid-β precursor protein gene (APP),136
Amyloidosis, hereditary,122
Angelman syndrome,68,
69–
71, 71–74,
75, 86–88, 91–92, 154
Angiogenesis,134
Animal models,42–43, 51
Anticipation,83, 154
Anticodon,4, 30, 154
Antidepressantsmethylation status, effect on,44
microRNA (miRNA) and treatment response,122
pharmacoepigenetics,47–52
stress response feedback,108
Antiparallel,2, 154
AP-1 (activator protein 1),46
Apoptosis,39, 42
APP (amyloid-β precursor protein gene),136
Arginine vasopressin (AVP),106, 125
Arsenic,141
Aryl hydrocarbon receptor repressor (AHRR),115, 143, 148–149, 154
Atherogenesis,135
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD),63–65, 87, 154
fragile X syndrome (FXS),80, 88
Simons Foundation Autism Research Initiative (SFARI Gene),64–65, 166
Autosome,4, 154
Base. See Nitrogen baseBase sequence,2, 154
BDNF/BDNF. See Brain-derived neutrophic factorβ-endorphin,134
Biallelic expression,24,
25, 32, 154
Biological aging,143–146, 149, 154
Bipolar II disorder,43, 46
Bisulfite sequencing,18–19, 65, 154
Black Women’s Health Study,111
Brain-derived neutrophic factor gene (BDNF)clinical populations,43–44, 51
expression increase with physical activity,134–135, 145
gene structure,40, 52
major depressive disorder (MDD), role in,43–44, 50
methylation,42–44, 47–49, 51, 53, 134
nomenclature,7
rodent gene (Bdnf),42, 49, 134–135
single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs),41–42, 51–52
in utero stress, effects of,118
Brain-derived neutrophic factor (BDNF) proteinanimal models,42–43, 51
BDNF-TrkB signaling pathways,41function and characterization,40–42, 50–52, 134
major depressive disorder (MDD), role in,43–44, 50
pro-BDNF,14, 164–165
Burnout,145
CAG trinucleotide repeat,83–85, 88, 95–96
Calcineurin,107cAMP response element-binding protein (CBP),85
Cannabis use,62
Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT),62, 87, 89, 155
CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF),24, 86
Central dogma of molecular biology,4, 155
CGG trinucleotide repeat,80–81, 88, 93–95
Chaperone,45
CHD8,65
Childhood trauma and abuse,108–115
Chromatin,4–5,
6, 29, 155
Chromatin remodeling,5, 155
CHD8 regulation of,65
nogalamycin, effect of,86
prenatal alcohol exposure effects,77–78, 88
regulation of gene expression,5, 13, 15, 29
Chromosome,2, 4, 155
autosome,4, 154
region naming conventions,7,
8sex chromosome,4, 166(
See also X-inactivation)
Chronic stress,9,
9, 108, 124
HPA dysregulation,111,
113major depressive disorder (MDD),39, 45
miRNA expression in,114
mood dysregulation,135
Codon,3–4, 30, 155
Cognition, effects of exercise on,134
COMT. See Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT)Copy number variant (CNV),61–62, 155
Core promoter,10–11,
11, 13, 156
Corticolimbic system,106, 124
Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH),106, 125
Cortisol,106,
107, 110–111, 125, 137, 146
CpG islanddescribed,11–12, 29, 156
in fragile X syndrome,81–82, 94–95
methylation of,11–13,
15–
16, 21, 29, 31–33, 43–44, 53, 81–82, 114–115
methyl CpG-binding protein 2 (MeCP2),67–68, 87
orphan,12, 14, 31, 163
in promoter regions,11–13, 29, 31, 156
CpG island shores,111
CRH (corticotropin-releasing hormone),106, 125
CTCF (CCCTC-binding factor),24, 86
Cultural trauma,117
Cytidine,2
Cytosine methylation. See DNA methylationDAG (diacylglycerol),40,
41Deacetylation,15, 48
Demethylation,33, 49, 53, 64, 82, 112, 116
De novo mutation,4, 60, 73, 90–92, 156
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA),1, 28, 156
Deoxyribose,2, 156
Depressionenvironmental stress,39, 46
FKBP5,45, 48–49, 51, 122
major depressive disorder (MDD),39–55
maternal,138
serotonin transporter gene,45–46
Developmental delay,63,
66, 71, 73, 80, 92
Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (DOHaD),137, 146–148, 156
Diacylglycerol (DAG),40,
41Diathesis-stress model,105, 156
Diet,137–141,
140DiGeorge syndrome,61
Disomy,72–74,
75, 91–92
Distal promoter,10–11,
11, 156
DNA condensation,4,
6, 26–27, 29, 34–35, 86
DNA demethylation,33, 49, 53, 64, 82, 112, 116, 148
DNA hydroxymethylation,21
DNA methylationaging,141, 144, 149
alcohol use,136
animal models,20
arsenic effect on,141
autism spectrum disorder (ASD),64–65, 87
BDNF,42–44, 47–49, 51, 53, 134
catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT),62, 89
of CpG island,11–15,
15–
16, 21, 29, 31–33, 43–44, 53, 81–82, 114–115
depression link to,42–44, 46–47, 53
determining,16–20
enrichment analysis,20, 47, 157
epigenetic research on,20–21
exercise effects on,134–136
fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD),77–79, 88, 93
FKBP5,49, 112, 117–118, 121, 138
folic acid supplementation,64, 87
in fragile X syndrome,81–82, 88, 93–95
gene regulation,14–21,
15–
16, 29
genomewide profiling,17–19, 78, 141–142
GRIN2B,114
Huntington’s disease,86
imprinting,73–74
malnutrition effects on,138
MAOA,114–115
mapping with bisulfite sequencing,18–19
microarray analysis,19–20, 46–47, 115
NR3C1,109–111, 121, 126–127
oxytocin receptor (OXTR),120
patterns in peripheral blood cells,54–55
quantifying,16–17
s-adenosylmethionine, role in,139, 140
schizophrenia,62–63, 87, 89
SLC6A4,46
smoking, effects of,141–143, 146, 148
spatial distribution of,17
stress, effects of,138
stress response,136
treatment response, role in,47, 49–51
DNA methylation age,144, 149
DNA methytransferase (DNMT),14, 52–54, 156
arsenic effect on,141
fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD),78
nutrient interactions,138
phosphorylation of DNMT1,48–49
treatment response, role in,48–49, 52
DNA structure,1–6,
3DOHaD (Developmental Origins of Health and Disease),137, 146–148
Dopamine (D2) receptor,118
Dosage compensation,25
Downstream,7, 156
Dup 15q,73–74, 92, 153
Dutch Hunger Winter Famine,138, 147
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT),49–50, 52
Endorphin,134
Enrichment analysis,20, 47, 157
Environmental factorsassociation between stressors and depression,39, 46
autism spectrum disorder (ASD),64, 87
epigenetic interplay with genes,10expression rate affected by,3, 29
fetal development,137–138
gene and environment (GxE) interaction,105, 116
genetic predisposition, interaction with,9,
9Huntington’s disease,84–85,
85schizophrenia,61–62
smoking,141–143
Environmental stressactivator protein 1 (AP-1),46
BDNF expression,51
diathesis-stress model,105
exercise as protective,136
in utero exposure,124
Environmental toxins,138, 141, 143
Epigenetic age,144–145
Epigenetic clock,144–146, 157
Epigenetic diet,138
Epigenetic modifications,7–9,
10, 29
Epigenetics,1, 7–9, 157
Epigenetic scars,116
Epigenomealcohol withdrawal effect on,79
analysis,17, 19
arsenic effect on,141
defined,8, 17, 157
maternal behavior effect on,110
nutrient interaction,138
resilience and,123, 125, 128
smoking effects on,121–123, 141, 143, 146, 148–149
in utero stress exposure,117–118, 124
Epimutation,74, 92, 157
Epinephrine,106
Euchromatin,5, 157
Exercise,133–137, 145–147
Exon,4, 14, 35, 157
Expression,4, 157
biallelic,24,
25, 32, 154
monoallelic,23–24,
25, 32, 162
rate affected by environment,3, 29
regulation of (See Gene regulation)Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD),74–79,
76–
77, 88, 92–93, 157
Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS),74, 158
Fetal developmentmalnutrition,138, 146
placenta gene expression,137–138
smoking exposure during gestation,142
Fetal environment,77
Fetal programming,77, 90, 158
FK506 binding protein51 gene (FKBP5)cognitive-behavioral therapy response,120–121
glucocorticoid response elements,112,
113methylation,49, 112, 117–118, 121, 138
placental expression,137–138
risk alleles in childhood trauma,121, 127
single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP),45, 112
stress effects,112–114,
113FK506 binding protein51 (FKBP5) protein,158
depression, role in,45, 48–49, 51, 122
glucocorticoid receptor interaction,107, 108, 112,
113, 124–126, 137
prevention of DNMT phosphorylation,48–49
stress response modulation,45,
107, 108, 112–114, 121, 124
Folic acid supplementation,64, 87
Fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS),81, 94
Fragile X messenger ribonucleoprotein (FMRP),80, 82, 158
Fragile X messenger ribonucleoprotein 1 (FMR1),80–82, 88–89, 93–95, 158
Fragile X-related elements 1 and 2 (FREE1 and FREE2)Fragile X syndrome (FXS),80–82, 88, 94–95, 158
GAD1 (glutamate decarboxylase 1),62–63, 159
γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA),62, 159
Gene,1–2, 30, 159
epigenetic interplay with environment,10nomenclature,7
number in human genome,12
Gene and environment (GxE) interaction,105, 116
Gene regulation,12–28
DNA methylation,14–21,
15–
16, 29
histone modification,21–23
imprinting,23–25
levels,12–14
by miRNA,27–28
by noncoding RNAs,27
posttranslational level,14
in stem cell differentiation,12,
13transcriptional level,12–13
translational level,14
X-inactivation,25–27
Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA),64, 159
Genome nomenclature,6–7,
8Genomewide DNA methylation profiling,17–19, 78, 141–142
Genotype,4, 159
Gestational stress. See Prenatal stressGlucocorticoid receptor,45, 51, 106–108,
107, 110, 112, 124–126, 137, 159
Glucocorticoid response element (GRE),107, 112, 126
Glucocorticoids,107, 112–113
Glucose intolerance,135
Glutamate decarboxylase 1 (GAD1),62–63, 159
Glutamate receptor subunit e-2 (GRIN2B),114, 159
Glycogen synthase kinase 3β gene (GSK3B),46
GRE (glucocorticoid response element),107, 112, 126
GSEA (gene set enrichment analysis),64, 159
Guanosine,2
H19 gene,24
HAT (histone acetyltransferase),22, 53–54, 85, 138, 160
HDAC (histone deacetylase),22, 30, 48, 51–52, 121, 138, 160
HDAC (histone deacetylase) inhibitors,49, 82, 86, 110
Heterochromatin,5, 26–27, 35, 86, 159
Heteroduplex,81, 88, 94–95, 159
High-density lipoprotein (HDL),135
Histone,4–5,
6, 29, 159
Histone acetylationFKBP5,45, 51, 112
gene expression altered by,5, 7, 22, 29, 34–35
Huntington’s disease,85–86, 88
increase with physical activity,135, 145
NR3C1,110
process overview,22
trauma studies,121
Xist downregulation of,26
Histone acetyltransferase (HAT),22, 53–54, 85, 138, 160
Histone deacetylase (HDAC),22, 30, 48, 51–52, 138, 160
Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors,49, 82, 86, 110
Histone deacetylation,15, 48
Histone demethylase,21, 160
Histone methylation,7, 15, 29, 33–35
FKBP5,45, 51, 112
gene expression via,15Huntington’s disease,86, 88
major depressive disorder (MDD),45, 50, 53–54
process overview,21–22
s-adenosylmethionine, role of,139, 140
schizophrenia,63
trauma and resilience association,121
treatment response, role in,48
Histone methyltransferase (HMT),21, 160
Histone modification,5, 34.
See also Histone acetylation; Histone methylation
BDNF expression,42–43, 51
in fragile X syndrome,82
gene regulation,21–23, 29
prenatal alcohol use,78
trauma and resilience association,121
treatment response, role in,47–49, 51
Histone phosphorylation,7, 23, 29, 48–49
HMT (histone methyltransferase),21, 160
Holocaust survivors,117, 128
Homeostasis,104, 108
Human Genome Project,12, 17
Huntingtin gene (HTT),83–86, 88, 95–96, 160
Huntington’s disease,82–86,
83,
85, 88, 95–96, 160
11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase gene,118
11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (HSD11B2) enzyme,137
Hyperphagia, in Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS),68, 71
Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA),160
cortisol inhibition of,106, 125
DNA methylation, effects of,106, 110–111, 125
dysregulation of,108,
113FKBP5,45, 53,
113NR3C1,110–111, 124, 126–127
pre-conception stress, effect of,116
stress response,45, 106, 108,
113Imprinting,160
allelic expression,25, 31–32
Angelman syndrome,68, 72–74,
75, 86, 88, 91–92
dup15q syndrome,73
orphan CpG islands, role in,12, 14
parent-of-origin,68, 72–73, 88
Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS),68, 72–74,
75, 86, 88, 91–92
process overview,23–25
X-inactivation,25–26, 32, 35
Imprinting control region (ICR),24, 161
Inflammation,135–137, 145
Inositol trisphosphate (IP3),40,
41Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1),134
Insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2),24–25, 138
Intergenerational transmission,116, 161
Intergenerational trauma,116–117
Intergenic,12, 31, 161
Interleukin-8,142
Interleukin-10 gene,135
Intragenic,12, 31, 161
Intron,4, 35, 161
Intronic,27–28, 161
In utero stress exposure,117–118, 124
IP3 (inositol trisphosphate),40,
41l-acetylcarnitine (LAC),49, 161
Lifestyle, epigenetics ofdiet and nutrition,137–141,
140exercise,133–137, 145–147
smoking,141–143, 148–149
work/occupational issues,145
Long interspersed element 1 (LINE-1),17, 160
Major depressive disorder (MDD),39–55
brain-derived neutrophic factor (BDNF) regulation in,42–44
FKBP5,112
microarray studies,46–47
pharmacoepigenetics,47–50
treatment response,47–50
Maladaptation,103, 160
Malnutrition,137–138
MAO (monoamine oxidase),142
MAOA (monoamine oxidase A gene),114–115
MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase),40,
41Mastectomy, depression following,43
MBDP (methyl-CpG-binding domain protein),160
MDD. See Major depressive disorder (MDD)Messenger RNA (mRNA),2,
5, 14, 28, 160
Methionine,140, 148
Methylation. See DNA methylation; Histone methylationMethyl-CpG-binding domain protein (MBDP),160
Methyl CpG-binding protein 2 (MeCP2),162
BDNF promoter, binding to,134–135, 145–147
recruitment by methylated CpG segments,15
Rett syndrome,67–68, 87, 89–90, 92
structure and function,67
Microarray analysis,162
autism spectrum disorder (ASD),64, 87
DNA methylation,19–20, 46–47, 115
major depressive disorder (MDD),46–47
MicroRNA (miRNA),8, 162
alcohol exposure effects on,79, 88
exercise effects on,135–137
FKBP5 expression,113–114
fragile X syndrome, role in,82
MeCP2, effect of,67
neuroapoptosis,79, 88
nutrition, effects of,138
structure and function,27–28, 30
trauma and resilience association,121–122
treatment response of antidepressants,122
in utero stress exposure,117–118
Mindfulness,145
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK),40,
41Monoallelic expression,23–24,
25, 32, 162
Monoamine oxidase (MAO),142, 162
Monoamine oxidase A gene (MAOA),114–115
Monoamine oxidase inhibitor,47
Mutation,11, 162
de novo,4, 60, 73, 90–92, 156
epimutation,74, 92, 157
premutation,80–81, 94–95, 164
Negative feedback system,45, 51, 106, 108,
113, 125
Neuroapoptosis,79, 88, 162
Neurodevelopmental and neuro-degenerative disorders,59–96
15q11-q13 duplication syndrome,73–74, 92, 153
Angelman syndrome,68,
69–
71, 71–74,
75, 86–88, 91–92
autism spectrum disorder (ASD),63–65, 87
fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD),74–79,
76–
77, 88, 92–93
fragile X syndrome (FXS),80–82, 88, 94–95
Huntington’s disease,82–86,
83,
85, 88, 95–96
overview,59–60
Prader-Willi syndrome,68,
69–
71, 71–74,
75, 86–88, 90–92
Rett syndrome,65–68,
66, 86–87, 89–90
schizophrenia,60–63, 87
Neurogenesis,39, 42, 67, 89, 117, 134
Neurotransmitter,61, 134
Next-generation sequencing (NGS),18, 162–163
Nitrogen base (base),2, 163
Nogalamycin,86
Nomenclature,6–7,
8Noncoding RNA,2, 8, 163.
See also MicroRNA (miRNA)
fragile X syndrome, role in,82
functions,27–30
Xist,26–27
Norepinephrine,106
Nuclear factor kB,107Nuclear receptor subfamily 3 group C member 1 (NR3C1),163
cognitive-behavioral therapy response,120–121
DNA methylation,109–111, 121, 126–127
hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA axis),110–111, 124, 126–127
nomenclature,107overview of,109–111
placental expression,137–138
stress response,109–110
Nucleoside,2, 163
Nucleosome,4–6,
6, 29, 31, 34, 163
Nucleotide,2, 163
Nurse-Family Partnership project,121
Nutrition,137–141, 146
Orphan CpG island,12, 14, 31, 163
Oxytocin receptor (OXTR),114, 118, 120
p arm,7, 163
Paroxetine,48–49
Penetrance,61, 87, 88, 163
Pentose sugar,2, 163
Peripheral blood cells, DNA methylation patterns in,54–55
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ),46
Pharmacoepigenetics,23, 47–52, 164
Phenotype,2, 164
Phosphoinositide 3-kinase,40,
41Physical activity,133–137, 145–147
Placenta,137
Pleiotropic,60, 164
Polygenic inheritance,60, 164
Polyglutamine (polyQ),84, 88, 96
Polynucleotide,2, 164
Posttranslational level of gene regulation,14
Posttranslational modification,4,
5, 28–29
PPAR-γ (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma),46
Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS),68,
69–
71, 71–74,
75, 86–88, 90–92, 164
Preconception stress,116, 164
Preinitiation complex,10, 164
Pre-mRNA,5, 164
Premutation,80–81, 94–95, 164
Prenatal stress,116, 164
Primer,18, 164
Pro-BDNF,14, 164–165
Promoter,8, 10–11,
11, 31, 165
Promoter structures,10–11,
11Protein kinase C,40,
41Proximal promoter,10–13,
11, 165
PTSD,104, 108, 112, 115, 134
PWS. See Prader-Willi syndromeq arm,7, 165
Reelin (RELN),62–63, 87, 89, 165
Resilience,104–105, 118–122, 125, 128–129, 165
defining,118–119, 122–123
epigenetics of,120–122
future research,123
moderators of,119
skin-deep,122, 128–129
Rett syndrome (RTT),65–68,
66, 86–87, 89–90, 165
Ribonucleic acid (RNA),2, 28, 165
Ribose,2, 165
RNA polymerase II (Pol II),9–10, 165–166
RNA splicing. See SplicingRTT. See Rett syndromes-adenosylmethionine (SAM or SAM-e),14,
139, 140, 148, 166
Sanger sequencing,18
Scars, epigenetic,116
Schizophrenia,60–63, 87, 166
Seizure, in Angelman syndrome,71–72
Serotonin,134
Serotonin transporter (SERT),45–46, 51
SETD1A,63
Sex chromosome,4, 166
Sexual abuse,108, 111, 115
Simons Foundation Autism Research Initiative (SFARI Gene),64–65, 166
Single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP),41–42, 51–52, 112, 166
Skewed X-inactivation,27, 166
SmokingDNA methylation, effects on,141–143, 146, 148
early childhood adversity,122–123
epigenome, effects on,121–123, 141, 143, 146, 148–149
Smoking cessation,142–143, 146, 149
Sodium butyrate,49, 166
Solute carrier family 6 member 4 gene (SLC6A4),17, 45–46, 51, 53–54, 166
Splicing,4,
5, 28, 35, 166
alternative,14, 153
Stem cell, differentiation of,12,
13Stop codon,4, 167
Stress,104, 167
chronic (See Chronic stress)depression linked to,39, 50
diathesis-stress model,105, 156
DNA methylation,136
environmental (See Environmental stress)exercise benefits,136
inflammatory response,135
maternal,138
occupational,145
physiology of,106–108, 124
preconception,116, 164
prenatal,116, 164
as schizophrenia risk factor,62
toxic,42, 49, 51–52, 104–105, 120, 124, 136, 167
in utero exposure,117–118, 124
Yerkes-Dodson law,104
Stress inoculation,105
Stress response,104–110, 167
DNA methylation,121, 136
FKBP5 modulation of,45,
107, 108, 112–114, 121, 124
hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA axis),45, 106, 108,
113miRNAs, effects on,117
NR3C1 effects on,109–110
skin-deep resilience,122
Suicide,44, 54, 110–111, 134
TCA (tricyclic antidepressant),47
Telomeres,144
Ten-eleven translocation (TET) enzyme,21
Thymidine,2
TNKS,49
Tobacco use,62
Toxic stress,42, 49, 51, 104–105, 120, 124, 167
BDNF expression,51–52
exercise as protective,136
Transcription,2,
5, 28, 167
by Pol II,9–10
promoter structures,10–11,
11Transcriptional level of gene regulation,12–13
Transcription factor,10–11, 13, 167
Transcription start site,11,
11Transgenerational transmission,116, 167
Transgenerational trauma,115–118, 124, 128
Translation,3,
5, 28, 167
Translational level of gene regulation,14
Trauma,3, 39, 104, 167
childhood,108–115
cultural,117
epigenetic scars,116
future research,123
intergenerational,116–117
long-term effects of early,109
preconception,104
response to,105
as schizophrenia risk factor,62
transgenerational,115–118, 124, 128
Trauma prevention,122
Trauma vulnerability,122–123
Tricyclic antidepressant (TCA),47
Trinucleotide repeat expansion,35, 60, 80–86, 167
Tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB),40,
41, 44, 53–54, 167
Tumor necrosis factor genes,135
UBE3A gene,72–74, 89, 91–92
Upstream,7, 167
Uridine,2
Valproic acid,48, 82
Variant of uncertain significance (VUS),60, 167–168
Velocardiofacial syndrome,61
Window of opportunity,108, 120, 125, 128
X-inactivation,168
escape,27, 67, 168
imprinting,25–26, 32, 34–35
process overview,25–27
in Rett syndrome,67, 90
skewed,27, 166
X-inactivation escape,27, 67, 168
X-inactive specific transcript (Xist),26, 168
Yerkes-Dodson law,104
