Thalamo-Cortical Activation and Connectivity During Response Preparation in Adults With Persistent and Remitted ADHD
Abstract
Objective
Method
Results
Conclusions
Method
Participants
Characteristic | Comparison Subjects (N=32) | ADHD (N=35) | Remitted ADHD (N=19) | Persistent ADHD (N=16) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | SD | Mean | SD | p | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | p | |
Age | 24.38 | 2.40 | 24.60 | 2.04 | 0.68 | 24.74 | 2.10 | 24.44 | 2.02 | 0.66 |
Full-scale IQ | 102.81 | 15.78 | 96.94 | 16.15 | 0.13 | 98.53 | 16.68 | 95.06 | 15.83 | 0.51 |
Socioeconomic status | 50.28 | 14.13 | 42.46 | 16.94 | 0.05 | 43.53 | 15.22 | 41.19 | 19.21 | 0.69 |
Conners' Adult ADHD Diagnostic Interview for DSM-IV (number of symptoms) | ||||||||||
Inattentive | 45.09 | 8.37 | 55.42 | 12.65 | <0.001 | 49.29 | 11.54 | 61.94 | 10.55 | <0.01 |
Hyperactive/impulsive | 42.78 | 6.23 | 52.61 | 12.50 | <0.001 | 45.65 | 9.43 | 60.00 | 11.18 | <0.001 |
ADHD symptom total | 43.41 | 7.86 | 55.36 | 14.38 | <0.001 | 47.76 | 11.91 | 63.44 | 12.43 | <0.001 |
ADHD semistructured interview (number of symptoms) | 0.81 | 1.26 | 6.26 | 4.82 | <0.001 | 2.52 | 1.84 | 10.69 | 3.16 | <0.01 |
N | % | N | % | p | N | % | N | % | p | |
Male | 27 | 84.4 | 29 | 82.9 | 0.83 | 17 | 89.5 | 12 | 75.0 | 0.51 |
Right-handed | 30 | 93.8 | 31 | 88.6 | 0.67 | 16 | 84.2 | 15 | 93.8 | 0.60 |
Race | 0.26 | 0.50 | ||||||||
Caucasian | 13 | 40.6 | 20 | 57.1 | 9 | 47.4 | 11 | 68.8 | ||
African American | 11 | 34.4 | 7 | 20.0 | 4 | 21.1 | 3 | 18.8 | ||
More than one race | 6 | 18.8 | 7 | 20.0 | 5 | 26.3 | 2 | 12.5 | ||
Asian | 2 | 6.3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
Ethnicity | 0.24 | 0.88 | ||||||||
Hispanic/Latino | 11 | 34.4 | 17 | 48.6 | 9 | 47.4 | 8 | 50.0 | ||
Current mood disorder | 4 | 12.5 | 8 | 22.9 | 0.27 | 3 | 15.8 | 5 | 31.3 | 0.42 |
Current anxiety disorder | 8 | 25.0 | 8 | 22.9 | 0.83 | 1 | 5.3 | 7 | 43.8 | 0.01 |
Current substance disorder | 8 | 25.0 | 15 | 42.9 | 0.12 | 9 | 47.4 | 6 | 37.5 | 0.56 |
Procedures
Cued reaction time paradigm.
Image acquisition.
Statistical Analysis
Performance.
Neuroimaging.
Psychophysiological interaction.
Results
Performance
Variablea | Comparison Subjects (N=32) | ADHD (N=35) | Remitted ADHD (N=19) | Persistent ADHD (N=16) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | |
Reaction time cued target | 311.67 | 52.51 | 346.87 | 82.37 | 341.82 | 60.38 | 352.86 | 104.59 |
Reaction time noncued target | 491.19 | 61.26 | 509.24 | 89.18 | 514.07 | 86.33 | 503.50 | 94.97 |
Reaction time standard deviation cued target | 79.54 | 26.25 | 100.23 | 36.51 | 98.33 | 27.29 | 102.50 | 45.58 |
Reaction time standard deviation noncued target | 93.19 | 23.94 | 100.26 | 24.45 | 100.17 | 23.29 | 100.37 | 26.53 |
Commission errors | 0.11 | 0.28 | 0.27 | 0.49 | 0.24 | 0.51 | 0.30 | 0.49 |
Omission errors | 4.30 | 5.64 | 6.39 | 6.93 | 4.82 | 4.93 | 8.66 | 8.92 |
Neuroimaging
MNI Coordinates | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Contrast and Region | BA | Cluster Size | x | y | z | t |
Comparison subjects > probands | ||||||
Supplementary motor area | 6 | 1,279 | 8 | –2 | 68 | 4.56 |
Anterior cingulate gyrus | 24 | 6 | 6 | 42 | 4.02 | |
Middle frontal gyrus | 6 | 163 | 46 | 2 | 50 | 3.45 |
Middle frontal gyrus | 10 | 217 | 34 | 48 | 18 | 3.90 |
Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex | 9 | 32 | 42 | 30 | 2.73 | |
Inferior parietal lobule | 40 | 356 | 62 | –30 | 24 | 3.92 |
Inferior parietal lobule | 40 | 392 | –64 | –30 | 24 | 3.73 |
Fusiform gyrus | 19 | 112 | 26 | –56 | 12 | 3.24 |
Thalamus | 208 | 4 | –4 | 14 | 3.15 | |
Putamen | 24 | 4 | –2 | 2.97 | ||
Caudate | 14 | –2 | 14 | 3.07 | ||
Precuneus | 7 | 318 | –6 | –74 | 38 | 2.99 |
Middle occipital gyrus | 19 | 353 | 50 | –64 | –10 | 3.80 |
Cerebellum | 408 | –34 | –56 | –24 | 3.79 | |
Remitted ADHD > persistent ADHD | ||||||
Posterior insula | 13 | 125 | 44 | –12 | 2 | 3.34 |
Discussion
Acknowledgments
Supplementary Material
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