On Altered Patterns of Brain Activation in At-Risk Adolescents and Young Adults
Study Type and Reference | Sample | Task and Performance in At-Risk Compared With Control Groups | Lateral PFC Activation in At-Risk Compared With Control Groups |
---|---|---|---|
Clinical at-risk mental state (ARMS) studies | |||
Yaakub et al. (in this issue of the Journal) | 60 ARMS patients (1 previously took antipsychotic); 38 healthy controls; mean ages, 21–23 years | Maintenance and manipulation task. Participants excluded if <75% correct, therefore no group differences | ↑ Right inferior frontal gyrus, right frontal eye field, left precentral gyrus during manipulation (whole-brain analysis). ↑ Right posterior DLPFC during manipulation (subsequent region-of-interest analysis) |
Smieskova et al. (Hum Brain Mapp 2012; 33:2281–2294) | 17 ARMS patients, short-term (average, 3 months after ascertainment);16 ARMS patients, long-term (average, 4.5 years after ascertainment) (2 ARMS patients medicated at time of scanning; 1 previously medicated); 20 healthy controls; 21 first-episode psychosis patients; mean ages, 25–29 years | N-back task (0, 1, 2 conditions). No group differences in accuracy; reaction time slower in short-term ARMS patients compared with healthy controls and long-term ARMS patients | Short-term ARMS patients: ↓ left superior frontal gyrus. Long-term ARMS patients: no group differences (data analyzed using a mask based on 2-back performance across all groups) |
Fusar-Poli et al. (J Psychiatr Res 2011; 45:190–198) | 15 ARMS patients (baseline and 12-month follow-up assessments; antipsychotic naive at baseline); 15 healthy controls (baseline assessments only); mean ages, 24–25 years (partly overlapping sample with Fusar-Poli et al., 2010) | N-back task (0, 1, 2 conditions). Baseline: trend toward lower accuracy but no reaction time difference. Follow-up: ARMS patients compared with healthy controls at baseline: no group differences | ↓ Left middle frontal gyrus at baseline; no group differences for ARMS patients follow-up data compared with control group baseline data (whole-brain analysis) |
Fusar-Poli et al. (Arch Gen Psychiatry 2010; 67:683–691) | 20 ARMS patients (antipsychotic naive); 14 healthy controls; mean ages, 25–27 years | N-back task (0, 1, 2 conditions). No group differences | ↓ Left middle frontal gyrus (whole-brain analysis) |
Broome et al. (Br J Psychiatry 2009; 194:25–33) | 17 ARMS patients (antipsychotic naive); 10 first-episode psychosis patients; 15 healthy controls; mean ages, 24–26 years | N-back task (0, 1, 2 conditions). No group differences | ↓ Left inferior frontal gyrus, right medial/superior frontal gyrus during 2-back. No group differences during 1-back (whole-brain analyses) |
Crossley et al. (Hum Brain Mapp 2009; 302:4129–4137) | 16 ARMS patients (antipsychotic naive); 10 first-episode psychosis patients; 13 healthy controls; mean ages not reported | N-back task (0, 1, 2 conditions). No group differences in errors, reaction time not reported | No group differences (whole-brain analysis) |
Twin studies | |||
Karlsgodt et al. (Schizophr Res 2007; 89:191–197) | 10 unaffected co-twins; 13 control twins; 8 schizophrenia probands; mean ages, 50–52 years | Modified Sternberg recognition task with 3, 5, 7, 9 letters. No group differences; trend for probands < co-twins < controls | No group differences (whole-brain and region-of-interest analyses) |
Unaffected relative studies | |||
Bakshi et al. (J Psychiatr Res 2011; 45:1067–1076) | 19 offspring; 25 healthy controls; mean ages, 14–15 years | N-back task (0,1,2 conditions). No accuracy differences; offspring had faster reaction times than controls | No group differences (region-of-interest analyses) |
Karch et al. (J Psychiatric Res 2009; 43:1185–1194) | 11 first-degree relatives; 11 healthy controls; 11 schizophrenia patients; mean ages, 33–34 years | N-back task (0–3 conditions). Relatives fell intermediate between healthy controls and schizophrenia patients for accuracy and reaction time; unclear if significantly different from healthy controls | ↓ Left and right superior and middle frontal gyrus; left middle/interior frontal gyrus (whole-brain analysis) |
Meda et al. (Schizophr Res 2008; 104:85–95) | 23 first-degree relatives; 43 healthy controls; mean ages, 42–51 years | Modified Sternberg task (sizes 4, 5, 6 conditions) with encoding and response selection phases. No group differences for accuracy; relatives had slower reaction times than healthy controls | ↓ Middle and inferior frontal during encoding phase. ↓ Superior frontal during response selection phase (region-of-interest analyses) |
Seidman et al. (Neuropsychology 2007; 21:599–610) | 12 first-degree relatives; 13 healthy controls; mean ages, 35–37 years | Three versions of auditory CPT: baseline vigilance QA task; WM–60% INT; high load WM task WM–100% INT. No significant performance differences | No group differences (region-of-interest analyses) |
Brahmbhatt et al. (Schizophr Res 2006; 87:191–204) | 18 siblings; 72 healthy controls; 19 schizophrenia patients; mean ages, 20–22 years | Word and face N-back task (0 and 2 conditions). Decreased accuracy on “lure” trials | ↑ Right PFC for words. ↓ Right PFC for faces (whole-brain analyses) |
Seidman et al. (Schizophr Res 2006; 85:58–72) | 21 first-degree relatives; 24 healthy controls; mean ages, 18–20 years | N-back (2-back) task. No group differences | ↑ Right DLPFC (region-of-interest analysis) |
Thermenos et al. (Biol Psychiatry 2004; 55:490–500) | 12 first-degree relatives; 12 healthy controls; mean ages, 32–36 years | Two versions of auditory CPT: baseline vigilance QA task; high load WM task Q3A-INT. No group differences on QA task; relatives worse on Q3A-INT and trend toward slower reaction time | ↑ Left DLPFC (region-of-interest analysis) |
Callicott et al. (Am J Psychiatry 2003; 160:709–719) | Study 1: 23 unaffected siblings; 18 healthy controls. Study 2: 25 unaffected siblings; 15 healthy controls. Mean ages, 28–37 years | N-back task (0,1,2 conditions). No group differences | Study 1: ↑ Right DLPFC, left and right inferior frontal gyrus. Study 2: ↑ Right DLPFC, right inferior frontal gyrus (whole-brain analyses) |
Keshavan et al. (Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2002; 26:1143–1149) | 4 offspring; 4 healthy controls; mean ages, 12 years | Visually guided saccade task and memory-guided saccade task. No group differences | ↓ Left and right DLPFC, right middle frontal (whole-brain analyses) |
Clinical at-risk plus unaffected relative studies | |||
Choi et al. (Schizophrenia Bull 2012; 38:1189–1199) | 21 ultra-high-risk patients (5 taking antipsychotics); 17 first-degree relatives; 15 schizophrenia patients; 16 healthy controls; mean ages, 21–23 years | Spatial delayed response task, including encoding, maintenance, retrieval stages. No differences between ultra-high-risk patients and healthy controls; relatives compared with healthy controls: no accuracy differences but relatives had decreased reaction time | Ultra-high-risk group: Encoding: ↓ Right DLPFC; maintenance: no group differences; retrieval: ↓ right ventrolateral PFC, ↑ left DLPFC. Relatives group: Encoding: ↑ Right DLPFC; maintenance: no group differences; retrieval: no group differences (whole-brain analyses) |
References
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
History
Authors
Competing Interests
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Export Citations
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.
For more information or tips please see 'Downloading to a citation manager' in the Help menu.
View Options
View options
PDF/EPUB
View PDF/EPUBGet Access
Login options
Already a subscriber? Access your subscription through your login credentials or your institution for full access to this article.
Personal login Institutional Login Open Athens loginNot a subscriber?
PsychiatryOnline subscription options offer access to the DSM-5-TR® library, books, journals, CME, and patient resources. This all-in-one virtual library provides psychiatrists and mental health professionals with key resources for diagnosis, treatment, research, and professional development.
Need more help? PsychiatryOnline Customer Service may be reached by emailing [email protected] or by calling 800-368-5777 (in the U.S.) or 703-907-7322 (outside the U.S.).