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Bipolar disorders (BDs), previously referred to as “manic depression,” are common worldwide, often severely disabling, and potentially fatal psychiatric illnesses. BDs refer to several disorders of mood, energy, and thought characterized by cycles of major depressive and either manic or hypomanic episodes that may be separated by periods of euthymic mood. Depressive episodes are defined by low or irritable mood, anhedonia, reduced energy leading to diminished activity, and social withdrawal. Although manic and hypomanic episodes differ by duration and intensity, they are broadly defined by elevated or irritable mood coupled with increased energy or overactivity as well as pressured speech, inflated self-esteem, impulsivity, and decreased need for sleep.
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