Chapter 23.Suicide and Gender
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Gender plays an important role in suicide risk assessments, and rates of death from suicide vary widely across countries. In the Americas, males die from suicide 3.6 times more frequently than females and similarly in Europe the ratio is 4:1. In all countries except China (Värnik 2012), rates of death from suicide are higher for males than females. Male gender, especially with increasing age, is recognized to confer higher risk. However, with increasing rates of death from suicide among females in recent years (Hedegaard et al. 2018), understanding the identifiable risk factors in preventing female suicide is increasingly important. An improved cultural understanding of gender diversity has highlighted high rates of death from suicide amongst transgender and gender nonconforming individuals.
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